1609

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January 15: Avisa newspaper.

August 25: Galileo Galilei.

1609 (MDCIX) was a common year starting on Thursday (dominical letter D) of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Sunday (dominical letter A) of the Julian calendar, the 1609th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 609th year of the 2nd millennium, the 9th year of the 17th century, and the 10th and last year of the 1600s decade. As of the start of 1609, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1918.

Events

January–June

• January – The Basque witch trials begin.
• January 15 – One of the world's first newspapers, Avisa Relation oder Zeitung, begins publication in Wolfenbüttel (Holy Roman Empire).
• January 31 – Bank of Amsterdam is established.
• February 4 – The last day of Keichō 慶長 13 (according to the Japanese lunar calendar).
• c. March – Hugo Grotius publishes Mare Liberum, his legal text on freedom of the seas, in Leiden.
• April 4
  • King Philip III of Spain signs an edict to expel of all moriscos from his country (see September 11).
  • English explorer Henry Hudson in the service of the Dutch East India Company sets out from Amsterdam in the Halve Maen.^[1]
• April 5 – Invasion of Ryukyu in Japan: Soldiers of the Shimazu clan capture the castle on Ryukyu Island, beginning to make the Ryukyu Kingdom a vassal of Satsuma han.
• April 9 – By the Treaty of Antwerp the Netherlands and Spain agree the Twelve Years' Truce (1609–1621) in the Eighty Years' War, allowing the Dutch East India Company to trade within the Spanish Empire.
• May 20 – London publisher Thomas Thorpe issues Shake-speares Sonnets, with a dedication to "Mr. W.H.", and the poem A Lover's Complaint appended; it is uncertain whether this publication has Shakespeare's authority.
• May 23 – The Second Virginia Charter is officially ratified; it is intended to replace the council with a Governor who has absolute control in the colony.

July–December

• c. Early July – Samuel de Champlain claims the Lake Champlain area of Vermont for the Kingdom of France.
• July 6 – Bohemia is granted freedom of religion (Letter of Majesty).
• July 10 – The German Catholic League is formed to counteract the Protestant Union.
• July 23 – A hurricane at sea separates the 9 London Company's ships (600 more settlers) en route to relieve the Jamestown settlement, one ship sinks, and the Sea Venture is driven ashore at Bermuda on July 25, thus effectively first settling the colony.
• July 30 – At what is now Crown Point, New York, Samuel de Champlain participates in a battle between the Huron and Iroquois, shooting and killing two Iroquois chiefs; this helps set the tone for French–Iroquois relations for the next 100 years.
• August 25 – Galileo Galilei demonstrates his first telescope to Venetian officials.
• August 28 – Henry Hudson is the first European to see Delaware Bay.^[1][2]
• August – Seven ships arrive at the colony of Jamestown, Virginia, with 200–300 men, women, and children, reporting the Sea Venture wrecked near Bermuda.
• September 2 – Henry Hudson enters New York Bay aboard the Halve Maen.
• September 10 – Jamestown: Capt. George Percy replaces Captain John Smith as president of the Council, and Smith returns to England.
• September 11 – Valencia expels all the Moriscos (see April 4).
• September 11–12 – Henry Hudson in the Halve Maen sails into Upper New York Bay^[3] and begins a journey up the Hudson River.^[4]
• October 12 – A version of the rhyme "Three Blind Mice" is published in London.^[5] The editor, and possible author of the verse, is the teenage Thomas Ravenscroft.^[6]

Date unknown

• The Dutch East India Company imports tea to Europe.
• The Dutch East India Company establishes a trading post in Hirado, Japan.
• Warsaw becomes the capital of Poland.
• The municipality of Buenavista in Marinduque, Philippines is founded.
• The Statutes of Iona are passed, marking the end of the bloody feuds between the clans in the Scottish Highlands.
• The Douay–Rheims Bible Old Testament translation from the Vulgate into English vol. 1 is published in Reims.
• English-born Sister Mary Ward founds the Sisters of Loreto at Saint-Omer, at this time in the Spanish Netherlands.
• Johannes Kepler publishes his first two laws of planetary motion in Astronomia nova.
• Cornelis Drebbel invents the thermostat.

John Suckling (poet) born 10 February

Judith Leyster born 28 July

Paul Fleming (poet) born 5 October

Josias von Rantzau born 18 October

Births

January–March

• January 18
  • Ferdinando Hastings, 6th Earl of Huntingdon, English politician (d. 1656)
  • Henry Oxenden, English poet (d. 1670)
• January 20 – Carlo Ceresa, Italian painter (d. 1679)
• January 30 – Václav Eusebius František, Prince of Lobkowicz, Austrian field marshal and prince (d. 1677)
• February 10
  • Lancelot Lake, Members of the Parliament of England (d. 1680)
  • John Suckling, English poet (d. 1642)
• February 14 – Bartram de Fouchier, Painter (d. 1673)
• February 18 – Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon, English statesman and historian (d. 1674)
• February 21 – Raimondo Montecuccoli, Italian general (d. 1680)
• March 16
  • Michael Franck, German composer and poet (d. 1667)
  • Agostino Mitelli, Italian painter (d. 1660)
• March 22 – John II Casimir of Poland (d. 1672)
• March 23 – Johann Heinrich Schönfeld, German artist (d. 1684)
• March 25 – Paul Fréart de Chantelou, French collector and patron of the arts (d. 1694)
• March 27 – Thomas Greene, Colonial Governor of Maryland (d. 1651)
• March 28 – King Frederick III of Denmark (d. 1670)
• March 29 – Sarah Boyle, English noblewoman (d. 1633)

April–June

• April 6 – Walter Aston, 2nd Lord Aston of Forfar, second and eldest surviving son of Walter Aston (d. 1678)
• April 15 – Richard Winwood, English politician (d. 1688)
• May 6 – Antonie Waterloo, Flemish painter (d. 1690)
• May 10 – Mauritia Eleonora of Portugal, Princess of Portugal and through marriage countess of Nassau-Siegen (d. 1674)
• June 2 – Zsófia Bosnyák, Hungarian noblewoman (d. 1644)
• June 17 – John of Hesse-Braubach, German general (d. 1651)
• June 29 – Pierre-Paul Riquet, French engineer and canal builder (d. 1680)

July–September

• July 17 – Wilhelm Gumppenberg (d. 1675)
• July 28 – Judith Leyster, Dutch painter (d. 1660)
• July 29 – Maria Gonzaga, Duchess of Montferrat, Italian noble (d. 1660)
• August 6 – Richard Bennett, British Colonial Governor of Virginia (d. 1675)
• August 21 – Jean Rotrou, French poet and tragedian (d. 1650)
• August 25 – Giovanni Battista Salvi da Sassoferrato (d. 1685)
• August 30
  • Sir Alexander Carew, 2nd Baronet, English politician (d. 1644)
  • Artus Quellinus the Elder, Flemish sculptor (d. 1668)
• September 3 – Raymond Breton, French missionary (d. 1679)
• September 19 – Thomas Gouge, English minister (d. 1681)

October–December

• October 5 – Paul Fleming, German physician and poet (d. 1640)
• October 8 – John Clarke, English physician (d. 1676)
• October 9 – Thomas Weston, 4th Earl of Portland, younger son of the Richard Weston (d. 1688)
• October 14 – Ernest Günther, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein of its Sonderborg line (d. 1689)
• October 16 – Thomas Minors, English politician and merchant (d. 1677)
• October 18 – Josias von Rantzau, Marshal of France (d. 1650)
• October 19 – Gerrard Winstanley, English Protestant religious reformer (d. 1676)
• October 26 – William Sprague, English co-founder of Charlestown, Massachusetts (d. 1675)
• October 29 – Wadham Wyndham, Judge (d. 1668)
• November 1 – Matthew Hale, Lord Chief Justice of England (d. 1676)
• November 23 – Sophia Eleonore of Saxony, German duchess (d. 1671)
• November 25 – Henrietta Maria of France, queen of Charles I of England (d. 1669)
• November 26 – Henry Dunster, first President of Harvard College (d. 1659)
• December 11 – Alexander Cooper, English Baroque miniature painter (d. 1660)
• December 13 – Isbrand van Diemerbroeck, physician (d. 1674)
• December 24 – Philip Warwick, English writer and politician (d. 1683)
• December 30 – Anna Maria von Eggenberg, née Brandenburg-Bayreuth, Austrian noble (d. 1680)
• date unknown
  • Luc d'Achery, French Benedictine (d. 1685)
  • Samuel Cooper, English miniature painter (d. 1672)
  • Alberich Mazak, Austrian composer (d. 1661)
  • Hannibal Sehested, Danish statesman (d. 1666)
• probable – Gauthier de Costes, seigneur de la Calprenède, French novelist and dramatist (d. 1663)

Deaths

Isabelle de Limeuil died 25 March

Annibale Carracci died 15 July

John Leonardi died 9 October

Jacobus Arminius died 19 October

January–March

• January – Thomas East, English printer (born c. 1540)
• January 9 – Joannes Bochius, civic officeholder and neo-Latin poet in the city of Antwerp (b. 1555)
• January 21 – Joseph Justus Scaliger, French Protestant scholar (b. 1540)
• February 17 – Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (b. 1549)
• February 28 – Paul Sartorius, German composer (b. 1569)
• March – James Hamilton, 3rd Earl of Arran (b. c. 1537)
• March 9 – William Warner, English poet (b. c. 1558)
• March 17 – Olaus Martini, Swedish Archbishop of Uppsala (b. 1557)
• March 22 – Al-Jilani, Persian physician
• March 25
  • Isabelle de Limeuil, French noble (b. 1535)
  • John William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg (b. 1562)

April–June

• April 4 – Charles de L'Écluse, Flemish botanist (b. 1526)
• April 6 – Merkelis Giedraitis, Lithuanian bishop (b. 1536)
• April 8 – Mark Kerr, 1st Earl of Lothian, Scottish statesman (b. 1553)
• April 9 – William Overton, English bishop (b. 1525)
• April 11 – John Lumley, 1st Baron Lumley, English Baron (b. 1533)
• April 14 – Gasparo da Salò, name given to Gasparo Bertolotti (b. 1540)
• May 15 – Giovanni Croce, Italian composer (b. 1557)
• May 19
  • Jacob Lorhard, German philosopher (b. 1561)
  • García Hurtado de Mendoza, 5th Marquis of Cañete (b. 1535)
• June 15 – Yamada Arinobu, Japanese nobleman (b. 1544)

July–September

• July 15 – Annibale Carracci, Italian Baroque painter (b. 1560)
• July 20 – Federico Zuccari, Italian painter (b. 1543)
• August 4 – Cecily Bulstrode, English courtier (b. 1584)
• August 22 – Maharal of Prague, Jewish mystic and philosopher (b. 1525)
• August 28 – Francis Vere, English soldier (b. c. 1560)
• September 2 – Thomas Scrope, 10th Baron Scrope of Bolton, English general (b. 1567)
• September 3 – Jean Richardot, Belgian diplomat (b. 1540)
• September 20 – Ebba Lilliehöök, Swedish countess (b. 1529)

October–December

• October 1 – Giammateo Asola, Italian composer (b. c. 1532)
• October 9 – John Leonardi, Founder of the Clerks Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca (b. 1541)
• October 16 – Dorothea Hedwig of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Princess of Anhalt-Zerbst (b. 1587)
• October 19 – Jacobus Arminius, Dutch Reformed theologian (b. 1560)
• December – Barnabe Barnes, English poet (b. c. 1571)
• December 4 – Alexander Hume, Scottish poet (b. 1560)

References