1700 Cascadia earthquake

1700 Cascadia earthquake

Date	January 26, 1700 (1700-01-26)
Origin time	21:00 local time [1]
Magnitude	8.7–9.2 Mw
Epicenter	45°N 125°W / 45°N 125°W / 45; -125Coordinates: 45°N 125°W / 45°N 125°W / 45; -125 [1]
Fault	Cascadia subduction zone
Type	Megathrust
Tsunami	Yes

The 1700 Cascadia earthquake occurred along the Cascadia subduction zone on January 26 with an estimated moment magnitude of 8.7–9.2.^[2] The megathrust earthquake involved the Juan de Fuca Plate that underlies the Pacific Ocean, from mid-Vancouver Island in British Columbia, Canada, south along the Pacific Northwest coast as far as northern California. The length of the fault rupture was about 1,000 kilometers (620 miles) with an average slip of 20 meters (66 ft).

The earthquake caused a tsunami that struck the coast of Japan,^[3] and may also be linked to the Bonneville Slide and the Tseax Cone eruption in British Columbia.^[4]

Evidence

Evidence supporting the occurrence of the 1700 earthquake has been gathered into the 2005 book The Orphan Tsunami of 1700, by Brian Atwater, Kenji Satake, David Yamaguchi, and others.

The evidence suggests that it took place at about 21:00 on January 26, 1700 (NS).^[5] Although there were no written records in the region at the time, the earthquake's precise time is nevertheless known from Japanese records of a tsunami that has not been tied to any other Pacific Rim earthquake. The Japanese records exist primarily in the prefecture of Iwate, in communities such as Tsugaruishi, Kuwagasaki and Ōtsuchi.

Cascadia subduction zone

Scientific research

The most important clue linking the tsunami in Japan and the earthquake in the Pacific Northwest comes from studies of tree rings (dendrochronology), which show that several "ghost forests" of red cedar trees in Oregon and Washington, killed by lowering of coastal forests into the tidal zone by the earthquake, have outermost growth rings that formed in 1699, the last growing season before the tsunami.^[6] This includes both inland stands of trees, such as one on the Copalis River in Washington,^[6] and pockets of tree stumps that are now under the ocean surface and become exposed only at low tide.^[7]

Sediment layers in these locations also demonstrate a pattern consistent with seismic and tsunami events occurring around this time.^[8] Core samples from the ocean floor, as well as debris samples from some earthquake-induced landslides in the Pacific Northwest, also support the timing of the event,^[7] and archaeological research in the region has uncovered evidence of several coastal villages having been flooded and abandoned around 1700.^[9]

Cultural research

Local Native American and First Nations groups residing in Cascadia did not have a written tradition of record-keeping, so the event is not as well-documented locally as the Japanese tsunami is. However, numerous oral traditions describing a great earthquake and tsunami-like flooding do exist among indigenous coastal peoples all the way from British Columbia to Northern California.^[6][10] These do not specify an exact date, and not all earthquake stories in the region can be definitively isolated as referring to the 1700 quake in particular; however, virtually all of the native peoples in the region have at least one traditional story of an event much stronger and more destructive than any other that their community had ever experienced.

Some of the stories do contain temporal clues — such as an estimate of how many generations had passed since the event^[9] — which can be traced back to a date range in the late 1600s or early 1700s,^[6] or which concur with the event's timing in other ways. The Huu-ay-aht legend of a large earthquake and ocean wave devastating their settlements at Pachina Bay, for instance, speaks of the event occurring on a winter evening shortly after the village's residents had gone to sleep.^[11] Masit was the only community on Pachina Bay not to have been wiped out, as it sat on a mountainside approximately 75 feet above sea level.^[12] Nobody else from Pachina Bay survived the event — Anacla aq sop, a young woman who happened to be staying at Kiix?in on the more tsunami-sheltered Barkley Sound at the time of the event, came to be known as the last living member of her community.

Kwakwaka'wakw (Kwakiutl) stories from the north end of Vancouver Island report a nighttime earthquake which caused virtually all houses in their community to collapse;^[9] Cowichan stories from Vancouver Island's inner coast speak of a nighttime earthquake, causing a landslide that buried an entire village.^[9] Makah stories from Washington speak of a great nighttime earthquake, of which the only survivors were those who fled inland before the tsunami hit.^[13] The Quileute people in Washington have a story about a flood so powerful that villagers in their canoes were swept inland all the way to the Hood Canal.^[14]

Ethnographic research has focused on a common regional pattern of art and mythology depicting a great battle between a thunderbird and a whale,^[9] as well as cultural signifiers such as earthquake-inspired ritual masks and dances.^[15]

Future threats

The geological record reveals that "great earthquakes" (those with moment magnitude 8 or higher) occur in the Cascadia subduction zone about every 500 years on average, often accompanied by tsunamis. There is evidence of at least 13 events at intervals from about 300 to 900 years with an average of 570–590 years.^[16] Previous earthquakes are estimated to have occurred in 1310 AD, 810 AD, 400 AD, 170 BC and 600 BC.

Cascadia earthquake sources

As seen in the 1700 quake, the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, and the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, subduction zone earthquakes can cause large tsunamis, and many coastal areas in the region have prepared tsunami evacuation plans in anticipation of a possible future Cascadia earthquake. However, the major nearby cities, notably Seattle, Portland, Vancouver, Victoria, and Tacoma, which are located on inland waterways rather than on the coast, would be sheltered from the full brunt of a tsunami. These cities do have many vulnerable structures, especially bridges and unreinforced brick buildings; consequently, most of the damage to the cities would probably be from the earthquake itself. One expert asserts that buildings in Seattle are vastly inadequate even to withstand an event of the size of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, let alone the much more powerful one that may well occur.^[17]

Recent findings conclude that the Cascadia subduction zone is more complex and volatile than previously believed. In 2010 geologists predicted a 37 percent chance of an M8.2+ event within 50 years, and a 10 to 15 percent chance that the entire Cascadia subduction zone will rupture with an M9+ event within the same time frame.^[18][19] Geologists have also determined the Pacific Northwest is not prepared for such a colossal quake. The tsunami produced could reach heights of 80 to 100 feet (24 to 30 m).^[20]

In 2004, a study conducted by the Geological Society of America analyzed the potential for relative mean sea level rise (cause by subsidence) along the Cascadia subduction zone. It postulated that cities on the west coast of Vancouver Island, such as Tofino and Ucluelet, are at risk for a 1–2 m subsidence, relative to mean sea level.^[21]

The confirmation of their oral traditions about a great earthquake has led many aboriginal groups in the area to initiate projects to relocate their coastal communities to higher and safer ground in preparation for the predicted next earthquake.^[11] The Huu-ay-aht people have rebuilt their administration building on a high point of land in their territory;^[11] coastal residents are immediately evacuated to this building whenever a tsunami warning is issued, as an interim measure toward eventually relocating all residents to higher ground.^[22] The Quileute people secured a land grant from the federal government of the United States in 2012 to move their settlement inland, both as protection from a future tsunami threat and because of more frequent flooding on the Quillayute River.^[14]

Some other subduction zones have such earthquakes every 100 to 200 years; the longer interval results from slower plate motions. The rate of convergence between the Juan de Fuca Plate and the North American Plate is 60 millimetres (2.4 in) per year.^[23]

See also

• 1949 Queen Charlotte Islands earthquake
• Geology of the Pacific Northwest
• List of earthquakes in Canada
• List of earthquakes in the United States
• List of historical earthquakes
• Lists of earthquakes
• Neskowin Ghost Forest

References

External links

General

• Historic Earthquakes – United States Geological Survey
• Giant earthquakes beneath Canada's West coast – Natural Resources Canada
• Cascadia Subduction Zone Earthquakes: A magnitude 9.0 earthquake scenario – The Cascadia Region Earthquake Workgroup 2005
• Tsunami Animation: Cascadia 1700 – Pacific Tsunami Warning Center

Native and Japanese accounts

• Native American Stories expand history – Pacific Northwest Seismic Network
• Native American Legends of Tsunamis in Pacific NW – United States Geological Survey
• Fault slip and seismic moment of the 1700 Cascadia earthquake inferred from Japanese tsunami descriptions – Journal of Geophysical Research
• Japanese Shipwreck Adds To Evidence Of Great Cascadia Earthquake In 1700 – Science Daily

Current hazards

• Surviving a Tsunami—Lessons from Chile, Hawaii, and Japan – United States Geological Survey
• Big earthquake coming sooner than we thought, Oregon geologist says – The Oregonian

Early History of Oregon (1500–1806)
Topics	Fur trade Lady Washington Columbia Rediviva Northwest Passage Discovery Age of Discovery Chatham
Events	Bridge of the Gods 1700 Cascadia earthquake Nootka Convention Vancouver Expedition Entering the Columbia by Gray Lewis and Clark Expedition
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