1897

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1897 (MDCCCXCVII) was a common year starting on Friday (dominical letter C) of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Wednesday (dominical letter E) of the Julian calendar, the 1897th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 897th year of the 2nd millennium, the 97th year of the 19th century, and the 8th year of the 1890s decade. As of the start of 1897, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1918.

Events

January–March

March 4, President William McKinley

• January 2 – The International Alpha Omicron Pi sorority is founded.
• January 4 – A British force is ambushed by Chief Ologbosere, son-in-law of the Oba of Benin. This leads to a punitive expedition against Benin.
• January 22 – In this date's issue of the journal Engineering, the word "computer", is first used to refer to a mechanical calculation device, according to the Oxford English Dictionary.^[1]
• January 23 – Elva Zona Heaster is found dead in Greenbrier County, West Virginia. The resulting murder trial of her husband is perhaps the only capital case in United States history where spectral evidence helps secure a conviction.
• January 31 – Czechoslav Trade Union Association is founded in Prague.
• February 10 – Freedom of religion is proclaimed in Madagascar.
• February 16 – The French conquer the island of Raiatea and capture the rebel chief Teraupoo, ending the Leeward Islands War and bringing all of the Society Islands under their control.
• February 18 – Benin is put to the torch by the British Army's Benin Expedition.
• February 24 – Foundation of Čekan Mekenroff 1897 association football club in Pozsony in the Kingdom of Hungary.
• February 26 – The Sigma Pi fraternity is founded.
• February 27 – The French military governor of Madagascar, Joseph Gallieni, exiles Queen Ranavalona III to Réunion, abolishing the monarchy the next day.
• March 4 – William McKinley is sworn in as President of the United States.
• March 13 – San Diego State University is founded.
• March 22 – Emilio Aguinaldo unseats Andrés Bonifacio at the Tejeros Convention, becoming the new head of the Filipino revolutionary group Katipunan (KKK).

April–June

• April 15 – Drillers near Bartlesville, Oklahoma, strike oil for the first time in the designated "Indian Territory", on land leased from the Osage Indians. The gusher, at the Nellie Johnstone Number One well, leads to rapid population growth.^[2]
• April 19 – The first Boston Marathon is held, with fifteen men competing, and won by John McDermott.^[3]
• April 30 – J. J. Thomson of the Cavendish Laboratory announces his discovery of the electron as a subatomic particle, over 1,800 times smaller than a proton (in the atomic nucleus), at a lecture at the Royal Institution in London.^[4]
• May 11 – A patent is awarded for the invention of the first automotive muffler, with the granting by the US Patent Office of application number 582,485 to Milton Reeves and his brother Marshall T. Reeves, of the Reeves Pulley Company of Columbus, Indiana.^[5]
• May 14
  • "The Stars and Stripes Forever', the American patriotic march by John Philip Sousa, is performed for the first time.^[6]
  • (or May 15) – The Scientific-Humanitarian Committee (Wissenschaftlich-humanitäres Komitee, WhK) is founded in Berlin as an LGBT campaigning organization, the first such in history.^[7]
• May 19 – Oscar Wilde is released from prison in England and goes into exile on the continent.
• May 26 – Irish-born theatrical manager Bram Stoker's contemporary Gothic horror novel Dracula is first published (in London); it will influence the direction of vampire literature for the following century.^[8]
• June 22 – Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria celebrated in the United Kingdom.^[9] No other British monarch celebrated such a jubilee until Elizabeth II in 2012.

Display in celebration of Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee on Alma Place in Coleraine, County Londonderry, Ulster

July–September

• July 11 – S. A. Andrée's Arctic Balloon Expedition of 1897 begins. The ill-fated expedition to fly over the Arctic results in the death of the entire team within months.
• July 17 – The Klondike Gold Rush begins when the first successful prospectors arrive in Seattle.
• July 25 – Writer Jack London sails to join the Klondike Gold Rush where he will write his first successful stories.
• July 26–August 2 – Siege of Malakand: British troops are besieged by Pashtun tribesmen in Malakand on the North-West frontier of the British Raj (modern-day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan).
• July 31 – Mount Saint Elias, the second highest peak in the United States and Canada, is first ascended.
• August 10 – At the Bayer pharmaceutical company, pharmacist Felix Hoffmann successfully synthesizes acetylsalicylic acid after isolating a compound from a plant of the Spiraea family; the company markets it under the brand name "Aspirin".^[10]
• August 21 – The Olds Motor Vehicle Co. is founded in Lansing, Michigan by Ransom E. Olds.
• August 29 – The First Zionist Congress convenes in Basel, Switzerland.
• August 31 – Thomas Edison is granted a patent for the Kinetoscope, a precursor of the movie projector.

October 6, Ethiopian flag.

• September 1 – The Tremont Street Subway in Boston opens, becoming the first underground metro in North America.
• September 10 – Lattimer massacre: A sheriff's posse kills 19 unarmed immigrant miners in Pennsylvania.
• September 11 – After months of searching, generals of Menelik II of Ethiopia capture Gaki Sherocho, the last king of Kaffa, bringing an end to that ancient kingdom.
• September 12 – Battle of Saragarhi: Twenty-one Sikhs of the 36th Sikhs regiment of the British Indian Army defend an army post to the death against 10,000 Afghan and Orakzai tribesmen in the Tirah Campaign on the North-West frontier of the British Raj (modern-day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan).
• September 20 – Greece and Turkey sign a peace treaty to end the Greco-Turkish War.

October: USS Baltimore in Hawaii

• September 21 – Francis P. Church responds to a letter to the editor that is known as the famous "Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus" letter.

October–December

• October 2 – The first issue of the radical paper Tocsin is published.
• October 5 – After a long siege, Brazilian government troops take Canudos in north Brazil, crushing Antônio Conselheiro and his followers.
• October 6 – Ethiopia uses the tricolor flag: green is for the land, yellow for gold, and red is symbolic of strength and the blood shed.
• October 12
  • The Joseon kingdom becomes the Korean Empire, ending the Joseon era which has existed since 1392.
  • The City of Belo Horizonte, Brazil is created. The construction of the second Brazilian planned city is completed successfully, an immigration of 1,000,000 people is estimated.
  • The USS Baltimore (Cruiser # 3, later CM-1) is recommissioned, since 1890, for several months of duty in the Hawaiian Islands.
• October 13 – The HMS Canopus, a pre-dreadnought battleship of the Royal Navy, is launched at Portsmouth, England; she will be deployed widely in World War I.
• October 23 – The Kappa Delta sorority is founded in the United States.
• November 1 – Juventus F.C. is founded as an association football club in Turin.
• November 25 – Spain grants Puerto Rico autonomy.
• December 9 – The first issue of the feminist newspaper La Fronde is published by Marguerite Durand.
• December 12 – The comic strip The Katzenjammer Kids debuts in the New York Journal.
• December 14 – Pact of Biak-na-Bato: The Philippine Revolution is settled with Spanish promises to reform.
• December 28 – The play Cyrano de Bergerac, by Edmond Rostand, premieres in Paris.
• December 30 – Natal annexes Zululand.

Women study at École des Beaux-Arts in Paris.

Date unknown

• France allows women to study at the École des Beaux-Arts.
• Karl Lueger becomes mayor of Vienna.
• Zhejiang University is founded in China.
• The Duke University Debating Society is founded in the United States.
• Émile Durkheim publishes his classic study Suicide.
• The pan-African anthem "Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika" ("God Bless Africa") is composed as a Xhosa hymn by South African teacher Enoch Sontonga.
• The British Ayrshire Yeomanry Cavalry adopts the sub-title Earl of Carrick's Own in honour of the future King Edward VII.
• Dos Equis beer is first brewed in Mexico in anticipation of the new century.

Births

January–February

Marion Davies

Ludwig Erhard

Marian Anderson

• January 3
  • Marion Davies, American actress (d. 1961)
  • Pola Negri – Polish born actress (d. 1987)
• January 8 – Dennis Wheatley, English writer (d. 1977)
• January 14 – Hasso von Manteuffel, German general and politician (d. 1978)
• January 21 – René Iché, French sculptor (d. 1954)
• January 23
  • Subhas Chandra Bose, Indian political leader, led the I.N.A.(d. 1945)
  • Margarete Schütte-Lihotzky, Austrian architect and anti-Nazi activist (d. 2000)
• January 26 – Yakov Alksnis, Soviet aviator and commander of Red Army Air Forces (d. 1938)
• January 28 – Ivan Stedeford, British Industrialist (d. 1975)
• February 1 – Denise Robins (aka Francesca Wright, Ashley French, Harriet Gray, Julia Kane) British romance novelist (d. 1985)
• February 4 – Ludwig Erhard, Chancellor of Germany (d. 1977)
• February 7 – Quincy Porter, American composer (d. 1966)
• February 8 – Zakir Hussain, Indian politician and 3rd President of India (d. 1969)
• February 9 – Charles Kingsford Smith, Australian aviator famous for his trans-pacific flight (d. 1935)
• February 10
  • Dame Judith Anderson, Australian actress (d. 1992)
  • John F. Enders, American scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1985)
• February 21
  • Elizabeth Harrison, daughter of President Benjamin Harrison (d. 1955)
  • Celia Lovsky, Austrian American actress (d. 1979)
• February 25
  • Peter Llewelyn Davies, British Publisher and one of the Llewelyn Davies boys (d. 1960)
  • possibly Mikhail Krichevsky, Ukrainian unverified supercentenarian and last Imperial Russian Army veteran of WWI (d. 2008)
• February 27
  • Marian Anderson, American contralto (d. 1993)
  • Edgar Henry Banger, cartoonist, (d. 1968)
  • Ferdinand Heim, World War II German general, the "Scapegoat of Stalingrad" (d. 1977)
  • Bernard Lyot, French astronomer (d. 1952)

March–April

Lefty O'Doul

• March 1 – Shoghi Effendi, Guardian of the Bahá'í Faith (d. 1957)
• March 2 – Minor Hall, American jazz musician (d. 1959)
• March 4 – Lefty O'Doul, American baseball player and restaurateur (d. 1969)
• March 5
  • Set Persson, Swedish communist politician (d. 1960)
  • Soong Mei-ling, Chinese wife of Chiang Kai-shek (d. 2003)
• March 6 – John D. MacArthur, American businessman and philanthropist (d. 1978)
• March 11 – Henry Cowell, American avant-garde composer (d. 1965)
• March 15 – Jackson Scholz, American sprinter (d. 1986)
• March 16 – Flora Eldershaw, Australian novelist, critic, and historian (d. 1956)
• March 21 – Sim Gokkes, Dutch-Jewish composer (d. 1943)
• March 24 – Wilhelm Reich, Austrian psychotherapist (d. 1957)
• March 28
  • Frank Hawks, American aviator (d. 1938)
  • Sepp Herberger, German football coach (d. 1977)
• March 31
  • Oto Iskandar di Nata, Indonesian politician (d. 1945)
  • Harold Houser, American admiral, 35th Governor of American Samoa (d. 1981)
• April 4 – Dina Manfredini, Italian-American supercentenarian (d. 2012)
• April 7
  • Erich Löwenhardt, German World War I fighter ace (d. 1918)
  • Walter Winchell, American broadcast journalist (d. 1972)
• April 8 – Herbert Lumsden, British general (d. 1945)
• April 9 – John B. Gambling, American radio talk-show host (d. 1974)
• April 10 – Prafulla Chandra Sen, Indian politician and Chief Minister of West Bengal (d. 1990)
• April 13 – Werner Voss, German World War I fighter ace (d. 1917)
• April 17 – Thornton Wilder, American dramatist (d. 1975)
• April 19
  • Jiroemon Kimura, Japanese supercentenarian; World's oldest person; last surviving man born before 20th century; last surviving person born in 1897 (d. 2013)
  • Peter de Noronha, Indian businessman (d. 1970)
• April 21 – Aiden Wilson Tozer, American Protestant pastor (d. 1963)
• April 23 – Lester B. Pearson, 14th Prime Minister of Canada, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1972)
• April 25 – Mary, Princess Royal of England (d. 1965)
• April 26
  • Eddie Eagan, American boxer and bobsledder (d. 1967)
  • Douglas Sirk, German-born director (d. 1987)
• April 29 – Charles Seel, American actor (d. 1980)

May–June

Frank Capra

Anthony Eden

• May 2 – J. Fred Coots, American songwriter (d. 1985)
• May 4 – Phelps Phelps, 38th Governor of American Samoa and United States Ambassador to the Dominican Republic (d. 1981)
• May 14 – Sidney Bechet, American musician (d. 1959)
• May 16 – Zvi Sliternik, Israeli entomologist (d. 1994)
• May 17 – Odd Hassel, Norwegian chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1981)
• May 18 – Frank Capra, American producer, director, and writer (d. 1991)
• May 19
  • Frank Luke, American World War I pilot (d. 1918)
  • Kitty McShane, Irish actress (d. 1964)
• May 21 – Nikola Avramov, Bulgarian painter (d. 1945)
• May 27 – John Cockcroft, English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1967)
• May 29
  • Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna of Russia (Old Style) (d. 1918)
  • Erich Wolfgang Korngold, Austrian composer (d. 1957)
• June 7 – George Szell, Hungarian conductor (d. 1970)
• June 8 – John G. Bennett, British mathematician (d. 1974)
• June 11 – Ram Prasad Bismil, Indian Revolutionary, Founded H.R.A. in 1924. (d. 1927)
• June 12 – Anthony Eden, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1977)
• June 13 – Paavo Nurmi, Finnish runner (d. 1973)
• June 16 – Georg Wittig, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1987)
• June 19
  • Cyril Norman Hinshelwood, English chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1967)
  • Moe Howard, American comedian and actor (The Three Stooges) (d. 1975)
• June 22 – Edmund A. Chester, American broadcaster and journalist (d. 1973)

July–August

• July 7 – Mikhail Kovalyov, Soviet Army colonel-general (d. 1967)
• July 9 – Albert C. Wedemeyer, American general (d. 1989)
• July 14 – Plaek Phibunsongkhram, Thai field marshal, prime minister, and dictator (d. 1964)
• July 20 – Tadeusz Reichstein, Polish-born chemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1996)
• July 24 – Amelia Earhart, American aviator (year of death uncertain)
• July 26 – Harold D. Cooley, American politician (d. 1974)
• July 28 – James Fairbairn, Australian pastoralist, aviator, and politician (d. 1940)
• July 29 – Sir Neil Ritchie, British WWII general (d. 1983)
• August 2 – Max Weber, Swiss Federal Councilor (d. 1974)
• August 5 – Aksel Larsen, Danish politician (d. 1972)
• August 10 – John W. Galbreath, American businessman (d. 1988)
• August 11 – Enid Blyton, British children's writer (d. 1968)
• August 15 – Ludovic Arrachart, French aviator (d. 1933)
• August 16 – Hersch Lauterpacht, Ukrainian-born international lawyer (d. 1960)
• August 27 – Carlo del Prete, Italian aviator (d. 1928)
• August 31 – Fredric March, American actor (d. 1975)

September–October

Walter Pidgeon

William Faulkner

Pope Paul VI

• September 1 – Andy Kennedy, Northern Irish footballer (d. 1963)
• September 8 – Jimmie Rodgers, American singer (d. 1933)
• September 10 – Otto Strasser, German Nazi politician (d. 1974)
• September 12 – Irène Joliot-Curie, French physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (d. 1956)
• September 16 – Milt Franklyn, American musician (d. 1962)
• September 17 – Earl Webb, American baseball player (d. 1965)
• September 23 – Walter Pidgeon, Canadian actor (d. 1984)
• September 25 – William Faulkner, American writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1962)
• September 26
  • Pope Paul VI (d. 1978)
  • Arthur Rhys-Davids, British World War I fighter ace (d. 1917)
• September 30 – Alfred Wintle, British army officer and eccentric. (d. 1966)
• October 3 – Louis Aragon, French author (d. 1982)
• October 7 – Elijah Muhammad, co-founder of the Nation of Islam (d. 1975)
• October 8 – Rouben Mamoulian, Armenian-American film and theatre director (d. 1987)
• October 15
  • Johannes Sikkar, Estonian statesman (d. 1960)
  • Mudicondan Venkatarama Iyer, South Indian Carnatic music singer and musicologist (d. 1975)
• October 15 – Mudicondan Venkatarama Iyer South Indian Musician (d. 1975)
• October 20 – Yi Un, Korean Crown Prince (d. 1970)
• October 28 – Edith Head, American costume designer (d. 1981)
• October 29 – Joseph Goebbels, German Nazi propagandist (d. 1945)
• October 31 – Delma Kollar, American supercentenarian (d. 2012)

November–December

• November 9
  • Harvey Hendrick, American baseball player (d. 1941)
  • Ronald George Wreyford Norrish, British chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1978)
• November 15 – Sir Sacheverell Sitwell, Bt, English author (d. 1988)
• November 17 – Frank Fay, American actor (d. 1961)
• November 18 – Patrick Blackett, Baron Blackett, English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1974)
• November 23 – Nirad C. Chaudhuri, Bengali author (d. 1999)
• November 24 – Lucky Luciano, Sicilian-American Mafia boss (d. 1962)
• November 30 – Virginia Henderson, American nurse theorist (d. 1996)
• December 2 – Dean Alfange, American politician (d. 1989)
• December 5
  • Gershom Scholem, German-born Israeli Jewish philosopher and historian (d. 1982)
  • Tina Lattanzi, Italian actress and voice actress (d. 1997)
• December 14 – Kurt Schuschnigg, Chancellor of Austria (d. 1977)
• December 18 – Fletcher Henderson, American musician (d. 1952)
• December 24
  • Koto Okubo, Japanese supercentenarian, world's oldest living woman (d. 2013)
  • Lazare Ponticelli, Italian-French supercentenarian; last surviving officially recognized French veteran of the First World War (d. 2008)
• December 25 – Dorothy Peterson, American film and television actress (d. 1979)
• December 30 – Alfredo Bracchi, Italian author (d. 1976)
• December 31 – Rhys Williams, Welsh actor (d. 1969)

Deaths

January–June

Johannes Brahms

• January 1 – Joseph S. Skerrett, American admiral (b. 1833)
• February 4 – Major Charles Bendire, U.S. Army captain and ornithologist (b. 1836)
• February 17 – Edmund Colhoun, American admiral (b. 1821)
• February 19 – Karl Weierstrass, German mathematician (b. 1815)
• March 9 – Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani, Iranian teacher and writer (b. 1838)
• March 11 – Henry Drummond, Scottish evangelical writer and lecturer (b. 1851)
• March 19 – Antoine Thomson d'Abbadie, Irish-born traveler (b. 1810)
• April 1 – Jandamarra, Aboriginal insurrectionist in Australia
• April 3 – Johannes Brahms, German composer (b. 1833)
• April 10 – Friedrich Franz III, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (b. 1851)
• May 4 – Duchess Sophie Charlotte in Bavaria (b. 1847)
• May 7 – Henri d'Orléans, Duke of Aumale (b. 1822)
• May 10 – Andrés Bonifacio, Filipino revolutionary (b. 1863)
• May 23 – Pusapati Ananda Gajapati Raju, Indian rajah (b. 1850)
• June 19 – Louis Brière de l'Isle, French general (b. 1827)

July–December

• August 8 – Antonio Cánovas del Castillo, Spanish politician and historian (b. 1828)
• August 24
  • Sébastien Lespès, French admiral (b. 1828)
  • Mutsu Munemitsu, Japanese statesman and diplomat (b. 1844)
• August 31 – Louisa Lane Drew, actress and theater manager (b. 1820)
• September 9
  • Richard Holt Hutton, English writer and theologian (b. 1826)
  • Ferenc Pulszky, Hungarian politician (b. 1814)
• September 21 – Wilhelm Wattenbach, German historian (b. 1819)
• September 27 – Charles-Denis Bourbaki, French military leader (b. 1816)
• September 30 – Saint Thérèse of Lisieux, French Catholic saint (b. 1873)
• October 3 – Yamaji Motoharu, Japanese general (b. 1841)
• October 9
  • John M. B. Clitz, American admiral (b. 1821)
  • Jan Heemskerk, prime minister of the Netherlands (b. 1818)
• October 2 – Edward Maitland, British writer (b. 1824)
• October 27 – Alexander Milton Ross, Canadian abolitionist (b. 1832)
• October 29 – Henry George, American economist (b. 1839)
• November – Francisco Gonzalo Marín, Cuban poet and freedom fighter (b. 1863)
• November 3 – Thomas Lanier Clingman, American "Prince of Politicians" (b. 1812)
• November 17 – George Hendric Houghton, American Protestant Episcopal clergyman (b. 1820)
• November 18 – Henry Doulton, English pottery manufacturer (b. 1820)
• November 19 – William Seymour Tyler, American educator and historian (b. 1810)
• November 20 – Ernest Giles, Australian explorer (b. 1835)
• December 17 – Alphonse Daudet, French writer (b. 1840)
• December 19 – Stanislas de Guaita, French poet (b. 1861)
• December 28 – William Corby, American Catholic priest (b. 1833)

Date unknown

• Owon, Korean painter (b. 1843)
• Isidora Goyenechea, international Chilean industrialist and miner (b. 1836)

References