18th century in LGBT rights

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Events

1700s

1704

12 December - The Province of New Jersey adopted a statute issuing a general pardon for any pending prosecutions for same-sex intercourse and they were abandoned as of that date.^[1]

1710s

1714

12 December – The Province of South Carolina adopts English common law and criminalizes buggery, punishing same-sex intercourse and zoophilia with the death penalty and forfeiture of property for males only.^[2]

1715

Between 17 November and 19 January – The Province of North Carolina adopts English common law, thus criminalizing anal sex and zoophilia with the death penalty.^[3]

1718

31 May – The Province of Pennsylvania adopts English common law, thus criminalizing anal sex and zoophilia with the death penalty.^[4]
14 May - The Province of New Hampshire reword their sodomy statute.^[5]

1719

The Delaware Colony adopts English common law, thus punishing anal intercourse and zoophilia with the death penalty.^[6]

1720s

1729

The Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations adopted a statute that reworded the sodomy law.^[7]

1730s

1730

8 July - The Province of New Jersey adopted a statute imposing a duty on people convicted of sodomy.^[1]

1770s

1776

The State of Connecticut retained all existing laws in force.^[8]
2 July - The New Jersey Constitution retained all existing laws in force.^[1]
14 October – The State of Maryland enacts English common law, thus criminalizing anal sex and zoophilia.^[9]

1777

15 January - The Vermont Republic is created out of the Province of New Hampshire and the Province of New York, thus legalizing same-sex intercourse in the Republic of Vermont.

1779

11 February - The Vermont Republic adopted a statute that enacted English common law as it is practiced thought New England.^[10]

1780s

1782

June - The Vermont Republic adopted a statute that enacted only English common law, but also all statutes passed by English Parliament before 1 October, 1760, thus criminalizing anal sex and zoophilia in the Vermont Republic.^[10]

1785

20 December - The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania executes Joseph Ross for sodomy. This is the last person in the United States of America to be executed for sodomy.^[4]

1787

8 April – The Russian Empire annexes the Crimean Khanate, thus legalizing same-sex intercourse in the annexed territory.

1789

18 August – The Republic of Liège is created from the Prince-Bishopric of Liège.

1790s

1790

January – The United Belgian States was created out of the Austrian Netherlands.
8 February - The State of New Hampshire enacted a statute that changed the language of the law to read that "if any Man shall carnally lie with a Man as Man carnally lieth with a Woman." Thus it was made clear that only sodomy between two men was a crime.^[5]
2 April - The Territory South of the River Ohio is created out of the State of North Carolina, thus legalizing anal sex and zoophilia in the territory.^[11]
December – The Austrian Netherlands annexes the United Belgian States.

1791

12 January – The Republic of Liège is abolished and the Prince-Bishopric of Liège is restored.
25 September and 6 October – The Kingdom of France adopts the Penal Code of 1791, legalizing same-sex sexual intercourse and zoophilia, becoming the first country to do so.^[12]

1792

The French Republic annexes the Duchy of Savoy (Kingdom of Sardinia), thus extending the Penal Code of 1791 to the territory.
The French Republic annexes the Imperial Town of Speyer, thus extending the Penal Code of 1791 to the territory.
The French Republic annexes the Imperial City of Worms, thus extending the Penal Code of 1791 to the territory.
The Erie Triangle is sold to the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, thus criminalizing same-sex intercourse with a maximum penalty of forfeiture of estate and a maximum of 10 years in prison.
5 August – The First Partition of Poland happens, with the Kingdom of Prussia and Hapsburg Empire annexes parts of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, thus criminalizing same-sex intercourse in those annexed territories.
10 December – The Commonwealth of Virginia criminalizes buggery, including criminalizing female same-sex intercourse, with the death penalty.^[13]
17 December – The Rauracian Republic is created from the Prince-Bishopric of Basel.

1793

The French Republic annexes Riquewihr and the County of Horbourg (part of the Duchy of Württemberg), thus extending the Penal Code of 1791 to the territory.
The French Republic annexes the County of Nice (part of the Kingdom of Sardinia), thus extending the Penal Code of 1791 to the territory.
Great Britain occupies Saint Pierre and Miquelon.
Great Britain occupies Puducherry.
Great Britain occupies Karaikal.
Great Britain occupies Yanam.
Great Britain occupies Mahé.
19 January – The French Republic occupies the Principality of Monaco.
23 January – The Second Partition of Poland happens, with the Kingdom of Prussia and Hapsburg Empire annexes parts of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, thus criminalizing same-sex intercourse in those annexed territories.
24 February – The French Republic annexes the Principality of Monaco, thus extending the Penal Code of 1791 to the territory.
3 March – The French Republic annexes the Principality of Salm-Salm, thus extending the Penal Code of 1791 to the territory.
18 March – The Republic of Mainz is created out of the Electorate of Mainz.
23 March – The French Republic annexes the Rauracian Republic, thus extending the Penal Code of 1791 to the territory.
15 April – The French Republic loses control of Tobago.
18 May – The Republic of the Seven United Netherlands occupies Saint Martin.
22 July – The Electorate of Mainz annexes the Republic of Mainz.
November – The French Republic annexes the County of Montbéliard, thus extending the Penal Code of 1791 to the territory.

1794

The French Republic annexes the Austrian Netherlands, thus extending the Penal Code of 1791 to the territory.
The French Republic annexes the Free Imperial City of Aachen, thus extending the Penal Code of 1791 to the territory.
The French Republic annexes the Free Imperial City of Cologne, thus extending the Penal Code of 1791 to the territory.
The French Republic annexes the Duchy of Jülich, thus extending the Penal Code of 1791 to the territory.
The French Republic annexes the Electorate of Cologne on the Left bank of the Rhine, thus extending the Penal Code of 1791 to the territory.
The French Republic annexes the Electorate of Trier on the Left bank of the Rhine, thus extending the Penal Code of 1791 to the territory.
The French Republic annexes Maastricht and other enclaves inside the Holy Roman Empire (part of the Dutch Republic), thus extending the Penal Code of 1791 to the territory.
Great Britain occupies Chandernagore.
30 March – Great Britain occupies Martinique and reinstates the Ancien Régime there.
5 April – The Republic of the Seven United Netherlands occupation of the Saint Martin ends and the Great Britain occupation of the Saint Martin begins.
21 April – Great Britain occupies Guadeloupe.
24 April – The Republic of Bouillon is created from the Duke of Bouillon.
17 June – The Anglo-Corsican Kingdom is established, thus extending the Buggery Act 1533 to the territory, enacting the death penalty for anal intercourse and zoophilia.

1795

The French Republic annexes counties of Créhange and Dabo, thus extending the Penal Code of 1791 to the territory.
The French Republic annexes the Prince-Bishopric of Liège, thus extending the Penal Code of 1791 to the territory.
The French Republic annexes the Duchy of Cleves on the Left bank of the Rhine, thus extending the Penal Code of 1791 to the territory.
The French Republic occupies Sint Eustatius.
The Cape of Good Hope annexes the Republic Swellendam.
The Republic Graaff-Reinet is created from the Dutch Cape Colony.
26 April – The Republic of Alba is formed from the Kingdom of Sardinia.
28 April – The Kingdom of Sardinia annexes the Republic of Alba.
29 April – The Great Britain occupation of the Saint Martin ends, Saint Martin restored to French Republic control, and Sint Maarten occupied by the French Republic.
14 July - The Territory Northwest of the River Ohio adopts English common law, thus criminalizing anal sex and zoophilia with the death penalty.^[14]
17 June – The Republic Swellendam is created from the Dutch Cape Colony.
22 July – The French Republic annexes the Captaincy General of Santo Domingo into Saint-Domingue, thus extending the Penal Code of 1791 to the territory.
24 October – The Third Partition of Poland happens, with the Kingdom of Prussia and Hapsburg Empire annexes the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, thus criminalizing same-sex intercourse in those annexed territories.
26 October – The French Republic annexes the Republic of Bouillon, thus extending the Code of Offences and Penalties to the territory.

1796

The Duchy of Modena and Reggio is occupied by French Republic.
The Cape of Good Hope annexes the Republic Graaff-Reinet.
Great Britain occupies Saint Lucia.
18 March - The State of New Jersey adopted a statute reduced the penalty for same-sex intercourse from death to a fine and a maximum of 21 years of solitary imprisonment with hard labor. This is the first sodomy law in the United States of America to use the term crime against nature.^[1]
June – The Bolognese Republic is formed from the States of the Church.
3 August - The Treaty of Friendship, Limits, and Navigation Between Spain and the United States was proclaimed. The Kingdom of Spain ceased parts of West Florida to the United States of America, thus legalizing same-sex intercourse to the territory.
16 October – The Cispadane Republic annexes Bolognese Republic.
19 October – The French Republic annexes the Anglo-Corsican Kingdom, thus extending the Code of Offences and Penalties to the territory and re-legalizing anal intercourse and zoophilia in the territory.
5 November - The Vermont Republic adopted a statute that amends the English common-law statute.^[10]
15 November – The Transpadane Republic is created from the Duchy of Milan.

1797

The French Republic annexes the County of Nassau-Saarbrücken, thus extending the Code of Offences and Penalties to the territory.
The French Republic annexes the Palatinate-Birkenfeld-Zweibrücken, thus extending the Code of Offences and Penalties to the territory.
The French Republic annexes parts of the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt on the Left bank of the Rhine, thus extending the Code of Offences and Penalties to the territory.
The French Republic annexes parts of the Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel on the Left bank of the Rhine, thus extending the Code of Offences and Penalties to the territory.
The French Republic annexes parts of the County Palatine of the Rhine on the Left bank of the Rhine, thus extending the Code of Offences and Penalties to the territory.
The French Republic annexes the Ionian Islands (part of the Most Serene Republic of Venice), thus extending the Code of Offences and Penalties to the territory.
The French Republic annexes the Republic of Ancona (part of the Most Serene Republic of Venice), thus extending the Code of Offences and Penalties to the territory.
4 February – The Tiberina Republic is created from the States of the Church.
13 March – The Republic of Bergamo is created from the Most Serene Republic of Venice
18 March – The Republic of Brescia is created from the Most Serene Republic of Venice
28 March – The Republic of Crema is created from the Most Serene Republic of Venice
19 May – The Transpadane Republic annexes the Duchy of Modena and Reggio
14 June – The Ligurian Republic is created from the Republic of Genoa.
28 August – The Cisrhenian Republic is created out of the Electorate of Cologne, the Electorate of Mainz, the Electorate of Trier, the Electorate of the Palatinate, the Duchy of Jülich, the Duchy of Cleves, and the Free City of Aachen.
16 October – The Cispadane Republic is created from the Duchy of Modena and Reggio and the Papal Legations (part of the States of the Church.
22 October The Cisalpine Republic annexes Valtellina (part of the Most Serene Republic of Venice).
25 October – The French Republic gains control of Tobago again, thus extending the Code of Offences and Penalties to the territory.
17 November – The Anconine Republic is created from the States of the Church.

1798

The French Republic annexes Republic of Geneva, thus extending the Code of Offences and Penalties to the territory.
The Republic of Connacht was created from the Kingdom of Ireland.
The Kingdom of Ireland annexes the Republic of Connacht.
The State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations adopted a statute that reworded the sodomy law.^[7]
Johann Stavorinus, a Dutchman traveler, wrote that among the Moghuls of Bengal that "sin of Sodom is not only universal in practice among them, but extends to a bestial communication with brutes, and in particular with sheep."^[15]
24 January – The Lemanic Republic is created out of the Republic of the Swiss
28 January – The Treaty of Mulhouse is signed and the Republic of Mulhouse becomes part of French Republic, thus extending the Code of Offences and Penalties to the territory.
10 February - The Commonwealth of Kentucky adopts a statute reducing the penalty for same-sex intercourse from the death penalty to 2-5 years in the jail and penitentiary house.^[16]
15 February – The Roman Republic is created from the States of the Church.
12 April – The Helvetic Republic is created out of the Republic of the Swiss and same-sex intercourse is legalized in the nation.
11 June – The French Republic occupies Malta.
1 July - The French occupation of Eyalet of Egypt begins.

1799

21 January – The Parthenopean Republic is created from the Kingdom of Naples.
4 February – The Most Serene Republic of Lucca is occupied by the French Republic and the Republic of Lucca is created from the Most Serene Republic of Lucca.
13 June – The Parthenopean Republic annexed into the Kingdom of Naples. The State of New Jersey abolishes English common law in the state.^[1]
17 July – The Habsburg Empire occupies the Republic of Lucca and established a provisional government.
30 September – The Kingdom of Naples occupies the Roman Republic.

1800

25 January – The Commonwealth of Virginia reduces the penalty for free peoples for committing buggery to 1–10 years in prison, but did not reduce the death penalty for slaves.^[13]
20 June – The Subalpine Republic is created out of the Kingdom of Sardinia.
October – The States of the Church is re-created from the Roman Republic.
9 October – The French Republic re-occupies the Republic of Lucca.

References

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