2015 Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown

2015 Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown

A Russian Sukhoi Su-24M at Khmeimim airbase, similar to that shot down
Incident summary
Date 24 November 2015
Summary Shot down by Turkish Air Force F-16 fighter jet
Site Syria–Turkey border
Crew 2 + CSAR helicopter with unknown crew
Fatalities 1 pilot, 1 marine (during rescue operation)
Survivors 1 weapon systems officer[1]
Aircraft type 1 Sukhoi Su-24M
1 Mi-8AMTsh CSAR helicopter (during rescue operation)
Operator Russian Air Force
Registration 83[2]
Flight origin Khmeimim airbase

A Turkish Air Force F-16 fighter jet shot down a Russian Sukhoi Su-24M attack aircraft near the Syria–Turkey border on 24 November 2015.[3][4] According to Turkey, the aircraft—whose nationality was unknown at the time—was fired upon while in Turkish airspace because it violated the border up to a depth of 2.19 kilometres (1.36 miles) for about 17 seconds after being warned to change its heading 10 times over a period of five minutes before entering the airspace.[5][6] The Russia Defence Ministry denied the aircraft ever left Syrian airspace, counter-claiming that their satellite data showed that the Sukhoi was about 1,000 metres (1,100 yd) inside Syrian airspace when it was shot down.[7] The US State Department said that the US independently confirmed that the aircraft's flight path violated Turkish territory, and that the Turks gave multiple warnings to the pilot, to which they received no response and released audio recordings of the warnings they had broadcast.[8][9] Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan pointed out that Turkey had the right to defend its airspace.[10] Russian president Vladimir Putin said that the US knew the flight path of the Russian jet and should have informed Turkey; two US officials said that Russia did not inform the US military of its jet's flight plan.[11]

The Russian pilot and weapon systems officer both ejected from the aircraft. The weapon systems officer was rescued;[1] the pilot was shot and killed by Syrian rebel ground fire while descending by parachute.[12] The shooting of an ejecting aircraft pilot is in contravention of Article 42 of the 1977 additional protocol of the Geneva Convention.[13] A Russian naval infantryman from the search-and-rescue team launched to retrieve the two airmen was also killed when a rescue helicopter was targeted by the rebels.[12]

The shooting down of the Sukhoi Su-24M was the first destruction of a Russian or Soviet Air Forces warplane by a NATO member state since the attack on the Sui-ho Dam (during the Korean War).[14][15][16] Reactions to the incident included denunciation from Russia and an attempt to defuse the situation by NATO afterwards. Russia deployed the guided missile cruiser Moskva armed with S-300F (SA-N-6 Grumble) long-range SAM missiles off the Syrian coast near Latakia[17] and S-400 (SA-21 Growler) mobile SAM systems to Khmeimim airbase. In response, the Turkish Armed Forces deployed the KORAL land-based Radar Electronic Support System in Hatay Province along the Turkish-Syrian border.[18][19]

Background

Erdoğan (left) and Putin at the G-20 summit in Antalya on 15 November 2015

After the 2012 shooting down of a Turkish jet by Syrian forces, Turkish Prime Minister Erdoğan protested, saying that brief incursions should not trigger an attack, pointing out that Turkey did not shoot down Syrian helicopters that strayed into Turkish airspace.[20][21][22] Nevertheless, as a response to the event he announced that Turkey changed its rules of engagement, and said it would start to consider all "military elements" approaching from Syria an enemy threat and would act accordingly.[23][24] Subsequently, Turkey shot down a Syrian Mi-17 helicopter in September 2013[25] and a MiG-23 warplane in March 2014.[26]

Russia is one of several countries directly involved in the Syrian conflict. On 30 September 2015, Russia began its air campaign against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) and other anti-government forces.

In early October, Turkey and NATO protested against what they saw as Russia's deliberate violations of Turkish airspace.[27][lower-alpha 1] The Russian Defence Ministry admitted that a Russian Su-30 aircraft had entered Turkish airspace "for a few seconds" because of bad weather, adding that measures had been taken to prevent a repeat of such incidents, however Turkish radar had tracked the aircraft straying into Turkish airspace for up to 8 km (5 mi) lasting "several minutes".[34][35][36] From 3–15 October, five discussions between senior ranking officials from Turkey and Russia occurred, concerning Turkish rules of engagement and Russian violations of Turkish airspace.[37][38][39][40] On 6 November 2015, six U.S. Air Force F-15C fighters were deployed by US European Command from the 48th Fighter Wing at their Lakenheath base in Britain to Incirlik Air Base as part of Operation Inherent Resolve.[24][41] The Government of Turkey requested these to secure the sovereignty of Turkish airspace because of earlier repeated Russian intrusions into Turkish airspace.[24][41]

On 19 November, Russian Ambassador to Turkey Andrei Karlov and the Russian military attaché Colonel Andrei Victorovich Dovger were summoned by Turkey.[42] Russia, which was criticised by Turkey for having conducted operations near the Turkish border, a region inhabited by Syrian Turkmen and largely free of ISIL (though al-Nusra Front, the al-Qaeda affiliate in Syria, is present in the region),[43][44] was notified that Turkey's rules of engagement were in place and it would react to any violations of its border security. Turkey also warned Russia that it would not be indifferent to "attacks targeting the life security of Turkmen" in the Bayırbucak area.[45][46] The preceding week Turkey had called for the UN Security Council to discuss attacks against Turkish-backed Turkmens.[47] Approximately 1,700 people had fled the area in the previous three days due to battles between Syrian government forces and anti-government Syrian Turkmen and al-Nusra Front fighters.[44] Russia has bombed the area near the Turkish border to support Syrian government forces.[47] Syrian Turkmen formed their own armed brigades named Syrian Turkmen Brigades in opposition to the Syrian government of President Bashar al-Assad, loosely affiliated with other rebels such as the Free Syrian Army. The Turkmen brigades also cooperate with al-Qaeda's Syrian affiliate the al-Nusra Front and with the Salafi coalition known as Ahrar al-Sham.[48] In Latakia the Turkish-supported rebels formed the Jabal al-Turkman Brigade.[48]

The shootdown

Approximate flight paths according to the Turkish and Russian military

On 24 November 2015 at 9:24 am, as it was returning to Khmeimim airbase, a Russian Sukhoi Su-24 bomber aircraft with tail number 83 was shot down near the Syrian–Turkish border by a AIM-9X Sidewinder missile[49] from a patrolling Turkish Air Force F-16 fighter jet.[50][51] The Economist reported that the two Su-24s were on their way to strike Syrian Turkmen targets.[46] Syrian government forces supported by the Shiite militias and the Russian air force were fighting against Syrian Turkmen brigades, Army of Conquest and al-Nusra Front fighters.[44]

Early reports from Russian news agencies citing the Russian Defence Ministry, indicated that the aircraft had been downed by a ground-based strike from Syrian Turkmen rebels,[52] but they later confirmed Turkish reports that the aircraft had been shot down by Turkish fighter jets. The Turkish military released a graphic of the Russian aircraft's flight pattern, which shows it crossing the southern tip of Hatay Province before being shot down and crashing near Turkmen Mountain.[53][54] Russia then countered Turkey's radar trace analysis by publishing a different flight map showing no airspace violation.[55][56] Three days later, on 27 November, Russia published another map.[2]

According to Turkey's statement to the UN Security Council, two aircraft, whose nationalities were unknown at the time, violated Turkish airspace up to a depth of 2.19 km (1.36 mi) for about 17 seconds.[5][57] According to Turkish officials, the aircraft were given 10 warnings within the span of 5 minutes, by operators at a ground-controlled interception station, to change their course.[53] Turkey later released the audio recording ("The unknown air traffic position to Humaymim 020 radial 26 miles. This is Turkish Air Force speaking on Guard. You are approaching Turkish airspace, change your heading south immediately").[58][59][60] The Russians claim there were no warnings.[61][62] Analysts have noted that Turkey's warnings were issued on a dedicated mutually-agreed radio channel, which was the international Guard (emergency) channel (243.0 MHz), but the R-862M radio fitted to the Su-24M is not able to monitor this channel without optional equipment, which may not have been installed.[63][64] According to Turkey, one aircraft left Turkish national airspace after violating it; the other aircraft was fired upon by Turkish F-16s patrolling the area and crashed into Syrian territory after being hit in Turkish airspace.[5] Based on its heat signature, an anonymous American official stated that the jet was hit in Syrian airspace after a short incursion into Turkey.[65] On 30 November, US Ambassador to NATO Douglas Lute stated that the data supported the Turkish version of events.[66]

According to the Russian Defence Ministry, the Su-24 was downed from an altitude of 6,000 metres (20,000 ft) within one kilometre of the Turkish border and in Syrian airspace, while returning to the Khmeimim airbase in Syria.[51] Russia has maintained that the aircraft never left Syrian territory.[50] The Russian Defence Ministry confirmed the aircraft was an Su-24 but said that it had proof the jet was within Syrian airspace.[53] According to the commander-in-chief of the Russian Aerospace Forces, Viktor Bondarev, a Turkish F-16 entered Syria's airspace for 40 seconds and flew 2 km (1.2 mi) inside Syrian territory, but the Russian bomber did not violate the Turkish border.[67]

Casualties

Repatriation of Oleg Peshkov's body at Chkalovsky Airport

Both pilots ejected after the aircraft was hit.[53] Initially, the deputy commander of a Turkmen Syrian opposition rebel brigade in Syria, Alparslan Çelik (a Turkish citizen and member of the Grey Wolves ultra-nationalist group [68][69][70]), claimed his forces had shot dead the two pilots as they descended with parachutes,[71] and in a film a person could be heard in the background repeatedly shouting "Stop shooting!" in Turkish as the parachutists descended.[72] A Turkish official reported that he believed both were alive.[73] It was also reported that one of the pilots had been captured by the Turkmen fighters and a video was circulated which allegedly showed the pilot's body.[74]

Russia's military general staff spokesman Lieutenant General Sergei Rudskoi confirmed that one pilot, Lieutenant Colonel Oleg Anatolyevich Peshkov, was killed by ground fire;[75][76] the other pilot, who was the navigator, was rescued.[1][77]

The shooting of an ejecting aircraft pilot is in contravention of Article 42 of the 1977 additional protocol of the Geneva Convention.[13]

The pilot of the Su-24, Oleg Peshkov, 45, was posthumously awarded the Hero of the Russian Federation, the country's highest military honour; the surviving weapon systems officer, Konstantin Murakhtin, and the killed rescuer, Alexander Pozynich, received the Order of Courage.[78] On 2 December Peshkov was buried with full military honours in the Alley of Heroes of the cemetery in Lipetsk with about 10,000 people attending.[79][80][81]

Search and rescue

The Turkish state-owned Anadolu Agency showed the initial video footage of the aircraft crashing and the two pilots parachuting down. Russian helicopters conducted low-altitude combat search and rescue flights in the area to look for the pilot.[82]

Two Mil Mi-8 helicopters were sent to find and recover the pilots from the crash site. One of the helicopters was damaged by small-arms fire from Syrian Turkmen Brigade militants, resulting in the death of a naval infantryman, and was forced to make an emergency landing.[83][84] All the surviving crew of the helicopter were rescued and evacuated later on.[85] The Free Syrian Army's 1st Coastal Division claimed that they subsequently destroyed the abandoned helicopter using a US-made BGM-71 TOW missile.[86]

As the Russian armed forces began planning an operation to extract the pilot, Iranian General Qasem Soleimani contacted them and proposed a joint rescue operation under his supervision. The rescue team which General Soleimani put forth consisted of eight Hezbollah special forces personnel and 18 Syrian commandos, who were trained by Iran and had firsthand knowledge of the geography of the area, with Russia providing transport, logistical support, air cover and satellite intelligence. One of the pilots had been wounded and then killed by rebels after parachuting on the ground, while the other one, Konstantin Murahtin, escaped and was rescued. The rescue team returned to the base safely and handed over the pilot to Syrian Army. Vladimir Putin was reportedly closely following the operation.[87][88][89] The body of the dead pilot was flown to Turkey and Russian officials in Ankara arranged for its repatriation to Moscow.[90][91]

Aftermath

Russian Defence Minister Sergey Shoygu presents President Putin with the flight data recorder of the Su-24

On 25 November, the foreign ministers of Russia and Turkey spoke for an hour by telephone, and both governments stated that day that they would not initiate a war as a result of the incident. Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov told journalists that his country would "seriously reevaluate" its relationship with Turkey.[92][93][94] The Russian Defence Ministry broke off military contacts with the Turkish Armed Forces and Russian defence officials said that future airstrikes in Syria would be escorted by fighters.[95] According to the Russian Minister of Defence Sergey Shoygu, Russia will deploy S-400 surface-to-air missile systems to Khmeimim airbase in Syria, where the Russian Aerospace Forces group is stationed.[96][97] On 2 December it was reported that Turkey had countered by installing the KORAL electronic jamming system along its southern border with Syria.[98]

Reactions

Involved parties

A few hours after the incident, Russian President Vladimir Putin spoke from Sochi, where he was meeting with King Abdullah II of Jordan,[99] saying that it was a "stab in the back by terrorist accomplices,"[53][100] that Russia would not put up with attacks like this one[47] and that Russia–Turkey relations would be affected. Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov was due to visit Turkey the next day, and Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan had scheduled a visit to Russia later in the year.[101][102][103] Lavrov cancelled his trip after the incident.[95] Lieutenant General Sergey Rudskoi said that forces threatening Russia would be targeted.[104] Protesters pelted the Turkish embassy in Russia with eggs before police cleared the area.[105] On 26 November, Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev announced broad economic sanctions against Turkey that would affect their joint investment projects,[106] including the possible shelving of a multibillion-dollar deal to build Turkish Stream gas pipeline through Turkey.[107] Chechen leader Ramzan Kadyrov said that Turkey would regret its actions.[108] Putin accused Turkey of helping ISIL in the illegal oil trade, saying that funds from the sale of oil were used to support terrorists.[109] The Russian Air Force had recently started bombing the oil tankers en route to other countries, including Turkey, and the infrastructure for processing and storage of crude oil.[110][111] Putin later claimed that the Turkish shoot-down was an "ambush" that had been prepared in advance.[112] A bill making denial of the Armenian Genocide illegal has been introduced in the Russian State Duma.[113]

Syrian Information Minister Omran al-Zoubi said the shooting would be added to the criminal record of insurgent groups fighting in the country and of those countries that were financing and arming them; he mentioned Turkey, Saudi Arabia and Qatar as the strongest such backers.[114]

Erdoğan pointed out that Turkey had the right to defend its airspace. He said worse incidents have not taken place in the past because of Turkey's restraint. He also stressed that Turkey's actions were fully in line with the new rules of engagement adopted after Syria shot down a Turkish jet in 2012.[10] Turkish Foreign Minister Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu offered condolences and said the Turkish pilots did not know it was a Russian plane.[115] Turkish Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu defended the action saying Turkey has the right to defend itself against border violations, but that it did not amount to an aggression against any foreign territory and the country called for NATO to hold an extraordinary meeting later in the day.[116] He further called for working towards solving the crisis in Syria.[114] Davutoğlu also said that attacks on Turkmen could not be legitimised under the justification of attacking ISIL.[92] Turkey's Ambassador to the United States, Serdar Kilic, asked for Turkey's warnings to be taken seriously.[117] Davutoglu said Turkey would cooperate but did not offer an apology.[118] Dozens of protesters were reported outside the Russian consulate in Istanbul demonstrating against Russian military operations in the Turkmen-populated areas of Syria.[114] Russian President Putin issued a decree within hours of Turkey's statement which placed a ban on trade of some goods, forbade extensions of labour contracts for Turks working in Russia as of 1 January 2016, ended chartered flights from Russia to Turkey, disallowed Russian tourism companies from selling holiday packages with a stay in Turkey, and called for ending visa-free travel between Russia and Turkey, while ordering tighter control over Turkish air carriers in Russia, using security as a justification.[119]

Russia started bombarding rebels – including Turkmen insurgents – in Latakia, ignoring demands made by Turkey over the previous week to end its military operations close to the Turkish border.[120] A Turkmen commander said missiles fired from Russian warships in the Mediterranean were also hitting the area.[121] Russian Defence Ministry spokesman Igor Konashenkov said that as soon as the pilot was rescued the groups responsible for the attack had been killed by Russian bombing and Syrian government rocket artillery.[122] A Turkish supply convoy, reportedly carrying small arms, machine-guns and ammunition, was bombed by what is believed to have been Russian airstrikes in the northwestern town of Azaz, in north-western Syria. Claimed as an aid convoy by the Turks, no organization has as yet confirmed that the convoy belonged to them. At least seven people died and ten people were injured as around 20 trucks went up in flames.[123] Turkish state-run Anadolu Agency accused Russia of supporting the Kurdish YPG, PYD and Syrian Democratic Forces.[124]

On 25 November – the day after the jet was shot down, a Russian lawmaker, Sergei Mironov, introduced a bill to the Russian parliament that would criminalize the denial of the Armenian Genocide,[125] a political move that Turkey has strongly opposed when countries like France and Greece adopted similar laws.[126]

On 26 November, Russia deployed the guided missile cruiser Moskva armed with S-300F (SA-N-6 Grumble) long-range SAM missiles positioned off Latakia, off the Syrian coast[17] and S-400 (SA-21 Growler) mobile SAM systems to Khmeimim airbase.[127] The Russian military warned it would shoot down any aerial target that posed a threat to its planes.[128]

On 26 November, the Russian Ministry of Defence broke off contact with the Turkish military. All existing channels of communication between the two sides have been shut down, the ministry said.[129]

On 27 November, Russia announced that it had also suspended its participation in joint Black Sea naval drills indefinitely. The Russian navy's envoy in charge of coordinating the actions of Russia's Black Sea Fleet with the Turkish navy has reportedly been recalled.[129] On 27 November, Russian Foreign minister Sergey Lavrov announced that Moscow will halt the existing visa-free regime starting on 1 January, saying that Turkey has become a conduit for terrorists and has been reluctant to share information with Moscow about Russian citizens accused of involvement in terrorist activities.[130] On 28 November, Russian President Vladimir Putin signed a decree imposing economic sanctions against Turkey. The decree, which came into force immediately, banned charter flights from Russia to Turkey, prevented tour firms selling holidays there, and outlawed some Turkish imports, and halted or curbed the economic activities of Turkish firms and nationals.[131] On 2 December, Russian Deputy Defence Minister Anatoly Antonov said in a media briefing with foreign journalists that Turkey was the biggest buyer of "stolen" oil from Syria and Iraq and accused the family of Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan of being directly involved in the trade of petroleum with the Islamic State group.[132] On 3 December, Putin referred to the incident during his annual state of the nation speech.[133]

On 23 December, Selahattin Demirtaş, co-leader of Turkey's pro-Kurdish Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP), criticized Ankara's stance regarding a Russian jet shot down by Turkey.[134]

On 27 December, the Turkish newspaper Hurriyet published an interview with Alparslan Çelik who spoke about the downing. TASS reported that the Turkish militant had fought in Syria for two years. The Russian foreign ministry expressed surprise and indignation that a major Turkish newspaper had given floor to the "murderer and terrorist... filled with hatred towards Russia and the Russian people." On 30 December, the Russian foreign ministry called for Ankara to arrest Çelik.[135][136]

On 27 June 2016, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan send letter to Russian President Vladimir Putin expressing "his deep regret for what happened", and that "a judicial investigation is underway against the Turkish citizen said to be involved in the Russian pilot’s death".[137] Russian media interpreted the contents of the letter as an apology for downed aircraft.[138] Three weeks later (in the meantime, there had been a coup d'état attempt against him), Erdogan announced in an interview that the two Turkish pilots were arrested and that a court should find out "the truth".[139]

International organizations

Countries

Financial markets

The MICEX and RTS Index, and Borsa Istanbul fell over 1%. The Turkish lira also dropped following news of the shootdown,[171] as did broader European stock markets.[172]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ On 15 October, Turkish jets shot down a drone operating in Turkish airspace.[28][29][30][31][32] United States defence officials said that the drone was Russian; Russian officials denied that any of their aircraft had been shot down.[28][29][30][31][32] On 17 October, Turkish Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu said Turkey would shoot down any aircraft violating its airspace.[33]

References

  1. 1 2 3 MacFarquhar, Neil (25 November 2015). "Navigator Rescued After Turkey Shot Down Warplane, Russia Says". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
  2. 1 2 "Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Aerospace Forces presents facts of the attack on the Russian Su-24M aircraft carried out by the Turkish F-16 fighter in the sky over Syria on November 24". Russian Ministry of Defence. Retrieved 28 November 2015.
  3. ↑ Lydia Tomkiw (24 November 2015). "What Is A Fencer Su-24? What To Know About The Russian Plane Shot Down By Turkey". International Business Times. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
  4. ↑ Press release (24 November 2015). "Hava sahası İletim" [Transmission of Airspace]. Turkish Armed Forces Chief of Staff (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 24 November 2015. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
  5. 1 2 3 "Turkey's statement to the United Nations Security Council". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
  6. ↑ "Turkey downs Russian jet". Al Jazeera. 24 November 2015. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
  7. ↑ Sputnik (24 November 2015). "Russian Defense Ministry Video Proves Su-24 Never Entered Turkish Airspace". sputniknews.com. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
  8. ↑ Andrea Mitchell. "U.S. Confirms That Downed Russian Plane Entered Turkish Airspace". NBC News. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  9. ↑ "Daily Press Briefing – November 30, 2015 – RUSSIA/TURKEY". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  10. 1 2 3 "Turkey's downing of Russian warplane – what we know". BBC. 24 November 2015.
  11. ↑ Phil Stewart, Russia didn't give downed jet's flight plan to U.S.: U.S. officials, Reuters (27 November 2015).
  12. 1 2 "Syrian rebels fired on parachuting Russian pilots, killing at least one after Turkey shot down warplane: official". National Post. 25 November 2015. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
  13. 1 2 "Turkey downs Russian plane for 'violating airspace'". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
  14. ↑ Gibbons-Neff, Thomas (24 November 2015). "The last time a Russian jet was shot down by a NATO jet was in 1952". Washington Post. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
  15. ↑ "Turkey downing that Russian fighter jet is terrible news for the war on ISIS.". Slate Magazine. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
  16. ↑ "A NATO Country Just Shot Down a Russian Warplane for the First Time Since the Cold War". Maxim.
  17. 1 2 Victoria Richards (25 November 2015). "Russia deploys warship to Mediterranean to destroy 'any target' after plane shot down by Turkey". The Independent. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  18. ↑ "Russia To Wage Electronic Warfare Against Turkey". Retrieved 23 May 2016.
  19. ↑ "TURKEY DEPLOYED KORAL RADAR-ELECTRONIC WARFARE SYSTEM CLOSE TO SYRIA TO COUNTER RUSSIAN S-400 MISSILE SYSTEM". DCSS News. Retrieved 23 May 2016.
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  25. ↑ Parkinson, Joe; Albayrak, Ayla (16 September 2015). "Turkey Shoots Down Syrian Helicopter". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  26. ↑ Arsu, Sebnem (23 March 2014). "Turkey Downs Warplane From Syria After Warning". The New York Times. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  27. ↑ "Syria conflict: Russia violation of Turkish airspace 'no accident'". BBC. 6 October 2015. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
  28. 1 2 Coskun, Orhan (from Ankara) (16 October 2015). "Turkey shoots down drone near Syria, U.S. suspects Russian origin". Reuters. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
  29. 1 2 Yeginau, Ceylan (16 October 2015). "Turkish Jets Shoot Down Drone Near Syria". The New York Times. New York City. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
  30. 1 2 Chulov, Martin; Shaheen, Kareem (16 October 2015). "Turkey shoots down unidentified drone near Syrian border: Sources suggest drone is of Russian origin but Ankara keen to avoid blaming Moscow as tensions simmer over airspace violations". The Guardian. Manchester. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
  31. 1 2 Staff (16 October 2015). "Turkey shoots down drone at Syria border: "Unmanned vehicle" entered airspace from Syria and was targeted by planes patrolling border, Turkish military says.". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
  32. 1 2 Melvin, Don (16 October 2015). "Turkish air force reports it shot down unidentified drone". CNN. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
  33. ↑ "Turkey would shoot down planes violating its air space: PM". 18 October 2015. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
  34. ↑ "The Aviationist » Russian Su-30SM, Su-24 violate Turkish airspace. Flanker locks on TuAF F-16 for +5 minutes". The Aviationist. Retrieved 23 May 2016.
  35. ↑ Shaheen, Kareem (6 October 2015). "Nato condemns Russia over violations of Turkey's airspace". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
  36. ↑ Barnes, Julian E.; Peker, Emre; Lubold, Gordon (5 October 2015). "Turkey Says Russian Fighter Jet Violated Its Airspace With Syria". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
  37. ↑ "Türkiye Ekim Ayında Rusya'yı Beş Kez Uyardı: Türk ve Rus yetkililer, Ekim ayında Rus jetlerinin Türk hava sahasını ihlalleri konusunda 5 kez görüştü." [The strict rules of engagement that had been transmitted to the Russian authorities will be implemented] (in Turkish). Haberler.com. 24 November 2015. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
  38. ↑ Press release (14 October 2015). "О консультациях заместителя Министра иностранных дел России А.Ю.Мешкова с заместителем Министра иностранных дел Турции А.К.Айдыном" [Consultations of the Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russia A. Yu. Meshkova with the Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of Turkey A. K. Aydynom]. Russian Embassy in Ankara (in Russian). Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  39. ↑ Press release (18 October 2015). "О консультациях спецпредставителя Президента Российской Федерации по Ближнему Востоку и странам Африки, заместителя Министра иностранных дел России М.Л.Богданова с заместителем Министра иностранных дел Турции У.Ялчином" [Consultations between Special Representative of the President of the Russian Federation for the Middle East and African countries, Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russia M. L. Bogdanov with the Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of Turkey U. Yalchinom]. Russian Embassy in Ankara (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2015-12-08. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  40. ↑ Press release (21 October 2015). "О телефонном разговоре Президента России В.В.Путина с Президентом Турции Р.Т.Эрдоганом" [A telephone Conversation with Russian President Vladimir Putin and President Recep Tayyip Erdogan]. Russian Embassy in Ankara (in Russian). Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  41. 1 2 "F-15Cs arrive at Incirlik Air Base". USAFE official website. 6 November 2015. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  42. ↑ "Embassy of the Russian Federation in Turkey: Office of the Military Attaché". Russian Embassy in Ankara. Archived from the original on 2015-12-08. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  43. ↑ Kim Sengupta (12 May 2015). "Turkey and Saudi Arabia alarm the West by backing Islamist extremists the Americans had bombed in Syria". The Independent.
  44. 1 2 3 "After shooting down Russian jet, what's next for Turkey?". Al-Monitor. 26 November 2015.
  45. ↑ Deniz Zeyrek (24 November 2015). "Turkey warns Russia over border security". Hürriyet Daily News. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
  46. 1 2 "Turkish frustration at Russian intervention has smouldered for months. All it needed was a spark". The Economist. 24 November 2015. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
  47. 1 2 3 "Turkey downs Russian warplane near Syria border, Putin warns of 'serious consequences'". Reuters. 23 November 2015.
  48. 1 2 "Who are the Turkmen in Syria?". BBC News. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
  49. ↑ "25 milyon dolarlık uçağı 100 bin dolarlık füze vurdu". Milliyet (in Turkish). 25 November 2015. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
  50. 1 2 "Turkey shoots down Russian jet near Syrian border". Business Standard. 24 November 2015. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
  51. 1 2 "Минобороны РФ: российский Су-24 сбили при возвращении на авиабазу в Сирии" [Defense Ministry: Russian Su-24 shot down while returning to base in Syria]. TASS (in Russian). 24 November 2015. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
  52. ↑ "Russian Jet Su-24 Crashes on Syrian-Turkish Border". Sputnik News. 24 November 2015.
  53. 1 2 3 4 5 Whittaker, Francis; Melville-Smith, Alicia (24 November 2015). "Russian Jet Downed Near Turkey-Syria Border". Buzzfeed News. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
  54. ↑ "Sorting Out What Russia and Turkey Say Happened in the Sky". The New York Times. 24 November 2015. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
  55. ↑ Natasha Bertrand (24 November 2015). "War of the maps: Turkey released a map showing where Russia violated its airspace, and Russia countered". Business Insider. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
  56. ↑ Huizhong Wu (24 November 2015). "Maps from Russia and Turkey tell very different stories about the downed jet". Mashable. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
  57. ↑ H.E. Mr. Matthew Ryeroft (24 November 2015). "Permanent Mission of Turkey to the United Nations, Ambassador 2015/10165510". UN. Disregarding these warnings, both aircraft, at an altitude of 19,000 feet [5,800 m], violated Turkish national airspace to a depth of 1.36 miles [2.52 km] and 1.15 miles [2.13 km] in length for 17 seconds from 0.24'.05 local time.
  58. ↑ "Düşürülen Rus uçağını böyle uyardı". Dha.com.tr.
  59. ↑ "Düşürülen Rus uçağını böyle uyardı". www.haberturk.com. 26 November 2015.
  60. ↑ "Turkey releases audio of 'warning' to downed Russia jet". BBC News.
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