26th (London) Anti-Aircraft Brigade

26th (London) Anti-Aircraft Brigade
Active 1922–1948
Country  United Kingdom
Branch Territorial Army
Type Anti-Aircraft Brigade
Role Air Defence
Part of 1st AA Division
Garrison/HQ Duke of York's Headquarters
Engagements The Blitz
Baby Blitz
Operation Diver
Commanders
Notable
commanders		 Maj-Gen Robert Whittaker

26th (London) Anti-Aircraft Brigade (26 AA Bde) was an Air Defence formation of the British Army during World War II. It defended London during the Blitz.

Origin

The former Duke of York's Headquarters in Chelsea, London

German air raids by Zeppelin airships and Gotha bombers on London and other British cities during World War I had shown the need for strong anti-aircraft (AA) defences in any future war. When the Territorial Army (TA) was reformed in 1922 it included a number of dedicated AA units of the Royal Artillery (RA) and Royal Engineers (RE). Two formations were organised in London District to command these units, provisionally known as the 2nd and 3rd London Air Defence Brigades, but soon numbered 26th and 27th. Both were based at the Duke of York's Headquarters in Chelsea, where the units of the 2nd AD Bde were accommodated in buildings used before World War I by King Edward's Horse and the Royal Army Service Corps divisional train of the 47th (1/2nd London) Division. Extra buildings erected for the units included gun drill sheds and a store for each battery. Meanwhile, 3rd AD Bde's units were based at Lytton Grove, Putney, taking over pre-war buildings previously used by the City of London Yeomanry (Rough Riders).[1] The brigades had the following composition:.[2][3][4][5]

Badge of the Royal Artillery above a door at a building of the former Duke of York's Headquarters

26th (London) Air Defence Brigade

27th (London) Air Defence Brigade

1935 Reorganisation

As Britain's AA defences expanded during the 1930s, higher formations became necessary. 1st AA Division was formed in 1935 at RAF Uxbridge to command the growing number of Territorial Army (TA) anti-aircraft gun and searchlight units covering London and the Home Counties. The 26th AD Bde was reorganised on 16 December 1935 as 26th (London) Anti-Aircraft Group, commanding all the gun and searchlight units of the two former brigades, while the 27th was reformed as 27th (Home Counties) Anti-Aircraft Group at RAF Kenley, to command new AA units in the South London suburbs.[6][7][8]

The AA Groups took the more usual formation title of Brigades in 1938 after the Royal Artillery replaced its traditional unit designation 'Brigade' by the modern 'Regiment'.[9]

Mobilisation

Brigadier (later Maj-Gen) Robert Whittaker, OBE, TD, commander of 26th (London) AA Brigade, 1939–40.

The TA's AA units were mobilised on 23 September 1938 during the Munich Crisis. The call-out of key parties by telephone and telegram went well, and they assembled at their drill halls within a few hours. Because the units possessed only a small scale of transport, elaborate plans had been made to requisition civilian vehicles, ranging from heavy lorries to buses and private cars. Equipment was drawn from mobilisation stores, and the detachments ferried out to their war stations. Despite some failures and problems, the emergency positions covering London were manned and most of the equipment was in place within 24 hours. The emergency mobilisation lasted nearly three weeks before the TA units were released on 14 October.[10] Brigadier Robert Whittaker, a TA officer who had commanded 53rd (City of London) HAA Rgt, was appointed to command the brigade on 18 January 1939.[11][12]

During this period of tension the Territorial Army grew enormously, and existing TA infantry battalions continued to be converted to AA regiments. The number of divisions and brigades was expanded, and the whole AA defence of the United Kingdom was taken over by Anti-Aircraft Command on 1 April 1939. A new 38th Light Anti-Aircraft Brigade was formed on 28 September 1938 by duplicating 26 AA Brigade HQ at the Duke of York's Headquarters. The new brigade took responsibility for searchlight units in the London area, leaving 26 AA Bde as a Heavy AA formation.[13]

The further deterioration in international relations during 1939 led to a partial mobilisation in June, and a proportion of TA AA units manned their war stations under a rotation system known as 'Couverture'. Full mobilisation of AA Command came in August 1939, ahead of the declaration of war on 3 September 1939.[14]

206 Brompton Road, the former Brompton Road tube station closed in 1934, used as the headquarters of the London Inner Artillery Zone anti-aircraft defences during World War II

Just before the outbreak of war, 26 AA Bde moved its headquarters to Brompton Road in South Kensington, where a Piccadilly line underground railway station had been disused since 1934. 1st AA Division established a control centre at Brompton Road, where the tunnels, subways and lift-shafts were adapted to provide bomb-proof accommodation for a Central Operation Room reporting direct to HQ No. 11 Group RAF at Uxbridge, and four Gun Operations Rooms (GORs) subdividing the London Inner Artillery Zone (IAZ). An elaborate network of dedicated telephone lines was laid by the General Post Office and Royal Corps of Signals, linking the AA sites, including many isolated searchlight positions.[14][15][16][17][18] (The building remained a TA centre after the war, later being known as the Signals Drill Hall. It was sold by the Ministry of Defence in 2014.)[19]

It had been intended that 26th AA Brigade would control the whole London IAZ, but it proved too complex for one HQ, and in September 1939 it was divided among three: 26th, 48th and 49th AA Bdes. 26th AA Brigade still had the heaviest concentration of guns, with 34 sites disposed to north and east of London, mainly equipped with static 3.7 and 4.5-inch guns. Its sites were in the process of being increased from four to eight guns each.[15]

Outbreak of war

When the UK declared war on 3 September 1939, 26 AA Bde had the following composition:[13][16][20]

During 1940 the AA Regiments of the RA were redesignated Heavy Anti-Aircraft (HAA) regiments to distinguish them from the newer Light Anti-Aircraft (LAA) regiments.[9]

Battle of Britain

While the Luftwaffe attacked RAF airfields in south east England during the Battle of Britain, 26 AA Bde was hardly involved, but on 2 September 1940 a raid up the Thames Estuary reached the edge of the London IAZ and was engaged by guns of the brigade. Between 11 and 15 September, massed raids approached London, but running battles with RAF fighters broke up most of the raids before they reached the IAZ.[22] Brigadier Whittaker was promoted to command 1st AA Division on 12 November 1940 was succeeded by Brigadier S.K. Thorburn.[23]

The Blitz

By late 1940, at the height of The Blitz, 26 AA Bde was still serving in 1 AA Division covering London, but had the following composition:[24][25][26]

Loading a mobile Z Battery projector

Manning AA positions during the Blitz was dangerous and arduous work. A Parachute mine fell on one HAA position of 26 AA Bde in central London, killing three men and wounding 15, yet the position remained in action.[37]

The Blitz effectively ended in May 1941, but the organisation of AA Command continued to evolve. From September 1940, rocket projectors (Z Batteries) were introduced, equipped with rocket projectiles, and during 1941 increasing numbers of women of the Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS) took over roles in AA Command. Where they were integrated into units these were designated 'Mixed' ('M').[38]

During 1941–42 the following further changes to 26th AA Bde's order of battle took place: [26][39][40]

Mid-war period

On 1 October 1942 a new organisation came into force in AA Command: corps and divisions were abolished, and brigades came under the command of new regional groups. 26th AA Brigade was subordinated to 1 AA Group covering the London IAZ. At this time its order of battle was as follows:[40][42]

There were only minor changes in the brigade's composition in 1943–44. 111th HAA Regiment (347, 355, 356 and 389 Btys) joined early in 1943, but left on May 1943 to go to GHQ Reserve, later 21st Army Group, preparing for the invasion of Normandy (Operation Overlord).[42][45][46][47][48]

Operation Diver

A V-1 and launching ramp section on display at the Imperial War Museum Duxford

The Luftwaffe began a new bombing campaign against London in early 1944 (the Baby Blitz). By now the night fighter defences and the London IAZ were well organised and the attackers suffered heavy losses for relatively small results. More significant were the V-1 flying bombs, codenamed 'Divers', which began to be launched against London from Northern France soon after D-Day. V-1s (known to Londoners as 'Doodlebugs') presented AA Command's biggest challenge since the Blitz. Defences had been planned against this new form of attack (Operation Diver), but it presented a severe problem for AA guns, and after two weeks' experience AA Command carried out a major reorganisation, stripping guns from the London IAZ and other parts of the UK and repositioning them along the South Coast to target V-1s coming in over the English Channel, where a 'downed' V-1 would cause no damage. As the launching sites were overrun by 21st Army Group, the Luftwaffe switched to air-launching V-1s over the North Sea, so 1 AA Group had to redeploy again to the east of London.[49]

Once 21st Army Group had captured Brussels and Antwerp, these cities became targets for V-1s launched from within Germany, and anti-Diver defences had to be established. 132nd and 137th (M) HAA Regiments from 26th AA Bde were among the reinforcements sent to Brussels in January 1945 for this duty.[48][50]

Postwar

After VE-day, demobilisation of AA units began promptly. 132nd and 137th (M) HAA regiments were disbanded in Europe (in May and October 1945 respectively)[41][51] and did not return to 26th AA Bde. By November 1945 the brigade had the following composition:[52]

All these regiment were disbanded in January 1947 except 12th HAA Rgt which was retained in the postwar Regular Army.[41][53]

When the TA was reformed on 1 January 1947, the brigade was renumbered as 52 (London) AA Brigade, based at Chingford, Essex, in 1 AA Group. The brigade had the following organisation:[54]

However, the brigade was disbanded in September 1948.

Notes

  1. ↑ War Office to HM Treasury 19 February 1923, The National Archives (TNA), Kew, file T 161/32/3.
  2. ↑ Flight 24 August 1922
  3. ↑ Monthly Army List 1922–24.
  4. ↑ Titles and Designations 1927.
  5. ↑ Litchfield
  6. ↑ 1 AA Division 1936–39 at British Military History
  7. ↑ Monthly Army List January 1936.
  8. ↑ Routledge, p. 59.
  9. 1 2 Routledge, p. 60.
  10. ↑ Routledge, pp. 62–3.
  11. ↑ Monthly Army List
  12. ↑ Whittaker at Generals of World War II.
  13. 1 2 1 AA Division 1939 at British Military History
  14. 1 2 Routledge, p. 65.
  15. 1 2 Routledge, pp. 387–9.
  16. 1 2 AA Command 3 September 1939 at Patriot Files
  17. ↑ Osborne p. 101.
  18. ↑ Halliday, p. 165.
  19. ↑ 'London's Brompton Road Tube station sold for £53m', BBC News London, 28 Feb 2014.
  20. ↑ Routledge, Table LX, p. 378.
  21. ↑ Farndale, p. 19.
  22. ↑ Routledge, pp. 383–5.
  23. ↑ Robert Palmer, 'AA Command History and Personnel' at British Military History.
  24. ↑ 1 AA Division at RA 39–45. Archived October 20, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.
  25. ↑ Routledge, Table LXV, p. 396.
  26. 1 2 Order of Battle of Non-Field Force Units in the United Kingdom, Part 27: AA Command, 12 May 1941, TNA file WO 212/79.
  27. ↑ 26 AA Bde at Orders of Battle
  28. ↑ Joslen, p. 462.
  29. ↑ Joslen, p. 493.
  30. ↑ Routledge, p. 168.
  31. ↑ 4 HAA Rgt at RA 39–45.
  32. ↑ 52 HAA Rgt at RA 39–45.
  33. ↑ Joslen, p. 482.
  34. ↑ Routledge, p. 135.
  35. ↑ 119 HAA Rgt at RA 39–45.
  36. ↑ 62 LAA Rgt at RA 39–45.
  37. ↑ Routledge, p. 395.
  38. ↑ Routledge, pp. 377, 399–400.
  39. ↑ Order of Battle of Non-Field Force Units in the United Kingdom, Part 27: AA Command, 2 December 1941, TNA file WO 212/80.
  40. 1 2 Order of Battle of Non-Field Force Units in the United Kingdom, Part 27: AA Command, 14 May 1942, TNA file WO 212/81.
  41. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Farndale, Annex M.
  42. 1 2 Order of Battle of Non-Field Force Units in the United Kingdom, Part 27: AA Command, 1 October 1942, TNA file WO 212/82.
  43. ↑ Routledge, p. 246.
  44. ↑ Joslen, p. 521.
  45. ↑ Order of Battle of Non-Field Force Units in the United Kingdom, Part 27: AA Command, 13 March 1943, TNA file WO 212/83.
  46. ↑ Order of Battle of AA Command, 1 August 1943, TNA file WO 212/84.
  47. ↑ Order of Battle of AA Command, 27 April 1944, TNA file WO 212/85.
  48. 1 2 Joslen, p. 463.
  49. ↑ Routledge pp. 408–21.
  50. ↑ Routledge, p. 338.
  51. ↑ Routledge, Table LVII, p. 366.
  52. ↑ Order of Battle of AA Command, 17 November 1945, TNA file WO 212/86.
  53. ↑ 68th to 75th Regts RA, from British Army 1945 on.
  54. ↑ AA Brigades 30–66 at British Army units 1945 on

References

External sources

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