Adem Jashari
| Adem Jashari | |
|---|---|
 A photograph of Adem Jashari at his memorial in Prekaz | |
| Born |
28 November 1955 Prekaz, AP Kosovo, SFR Yugoslavia (now Kosovo) |
| Died |
7 March 1998 (aged 42) Prekaz, AP Kosovo and Metohija, FR Yugoslavia (now Kosovo) |
| Allegiance |
 Kosovo Liberation Army |
| Years of service | 1991–98 |
| Rank | Commander |
| Commands held | Kosovo Liberation Army |
| Battles/wars | |
| Awards | Hero of Kosovo |
Adem Jashari[lower-alpha 1] (28 November 1955 – 7 March 1998) was one of the founders of the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA), a Kosovo Albanian separatist organization which fought for the secession of Kosovo from the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia during the 1990s and the eventual creation of a Greater Albania.[1][2][3][4][5]
Beginning in 1991, Jashari participated in attacks against the Serbian police before travelling to Albania to receive military training. Arrested in 1993, he was released at the behest of the Albanian Army and later returned to Kosovo, where he continued launching attacks against the Yugoslav establishment. In July 1997, he was convicted of terrorism in absentia by a Yugoslav court. After several unsuccessful attempts to capture or kill him, Serbian police launched an attack against Jashari's home in Prekaz in March 1998. The battle that followed resulted in the deaths of 58 members of Jashari's family, including that of Jashari, his wife, brother and son.
Seen as the "father of the KLA", Jashari is considered a symbol of Kosovar independence by ethnic Albanians. He was posthumously awarded with the title "Hero of Kosovo" following the disputed territory's declaration of independence in 2008.[b] The National Theatre in Pristina and Pristina International Airport have been named after him.
Biography
Early life
Adem Shaban Jashari[6] was born in the village of Prekaz, in the Drenica region of the Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo, on 28 November 1955.[7] Descended from Kosovo Albanian guerrillas who had fought Yugoslav forces decades prior,[8] he was raised on Albanian war stories and was rarely seen without a gun.[7] According to the journalist Tim Judah, Jashari "hated the Serbs, and although he was one of the KLA’s early recruits, he was no ideological guerrilla." Another source recounted: “He liked to get drunk and go out and shoot Serbs.”[9]
Guerrilla activities
Drenica is a hilly region in central Kosovo inhabited almost exclusively by Kosovo Albanians. Prior to the Kosovo War, the government of Yugoslavia considered it "the hotbed of Albanian terrorism."[10] Jashari was an illiterate[11] farmer.[12] He participated in an armed uprising against Serbian authorities which had erupted in the region in 1991 (while still all part of SFR Yugoslavia).[13] During this period, an Albanian irredentist organization that came to be known as the Kosovo Liberation Army first emerged.[12]
From 1991 to 1992, Jashari and about 100 other ethnic Albanians wishing to fight for the independence of Kosovo underwent military training in the municipality of Labinot-Mal in Albania.[14] Afterwards, Jashari and other ethnic Albanians committed several acts of sabotage aimed at the Serbian administrative apparatus in Kosovo. Attempting to capture or kill him, Serbian police surrounded Jashari and his older brother, Hamëz, at their home in Prekaz on 30 December 1991. In the ensuing siege, large numbers of Kosovo Albanians flocked to Prekaz, pressuring the police to withdraw from the village.[7]
While in Albania, he was arrested in 1993 by the government of Sali Berisha and sent to jail in Tirana[15] before being released alongside other Kosovo Albanian militants at the demand of the Albanian Army.[16] With the Yugoslav forces now considering Prekaz a "no-go" area, Jashari launched several attacks over the next several years. These targeted the Yugoslav Army (VJ) and Serbian police in Kosovo.[7] Jashari was convicted of terrorism in absentia by a Yugoslav court on 11 July 1997. Human Rights Watch subsequently described the trial, in which fourteen other Kosovo Albanians were also convicted, as "[failing] to conform to international standards."[17] Pursuing Jashari for the murder of a Serb policeman, Yugoslav forces again attempted to assault the Jashari compound in Prekaz on 22 January 1998.[6] With Jashari not present, thousands of Kosovo Albanians descended on Prekaz and again succeeded in pushing the Serbs out of the village and its surroundings. The next month, a small unit of the KLA ambushed Serbian policemen. Four Serbs were killed and two were injured in the ensuing clashes. At dawn on 5 March 1998, the KLA launched an attack against a police patrol in Prekaz.[7]
Death
In response to this attack, the Yugoslavs organized a "full-scale revenge mission" involving tanks, APCs and helicopters.[18] They were backed up by artillery from a nearby ammunition factory.[19] With the intention of "eliminating the suspects and their families,"[17] the police attacked villages that had been identified as KLA strongholds, including Likošane and Ćirez. Human Rights Watch noted that "special police forces attacked without warning, firing indiscriminately at women, children and other noncombatants." KLA members and their families subsequently fled to Jashari's compound. Here, the police invited Jashari to surrender, giving him a deadline of two hours in which to respond. During this period, a number of families left the compound.[20] Jashari remained, ordering his family members to stay inside and telling his militants to resist to the last man.[21]
Once the two-hour deadline had expired, the two sides began exchanging gunfire. In one of the houses, where most of Jashari's extended family had gathered, a mortar shell fell in through the roof, causing many deaths. After a two[20] or three-day siege, the police captured the Jashari compound.[22] Once inside, they discovered that Jashari and his brother Hamëz had been killed.[20] Also killed were Jashari's wife, Adilje, and his thirteen-year-old son, Kushtrim.[23] Overall, approximately fifty-eight Kosovo Albanians were killed in the attack, including eighteen women and ten children under the age of sixteen.[24][25] Goran Radosavljević, a major in the Serbian Interior Ministry, said that "[Jashari] used women, children and the elderly as hostages."[26] Speaking of the attack, Yugoslav General Nebojša Pavković stated that it was "a normal policing action against a well-known criminal. It was successful. The other details I don't remember."[27] The only survivor was Besarta Jashari, Hamëz Jashari's daughter. She claimed that the policemen had "threatened her with a knife and ordered her to say that her uncle (Adem Jashari) had killed everyone who wanted to surrender."[28]
Aftermath
The deaths of Jashari and his family resulted in an international backlash against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.[29] As news of the killings spread, armed Kosovo Albanian militias emerged throughout Kosovo, seeking to avenge Jashari's death as Albanians flocked to join the KLA.[30]
Soon after the attack against Prekaz, 46 bodies were taken to a hospital morgue in Pristina on 7 March before being returned to Skenderaj the next day. There, they were placed inside a warehouse located on the outskirts of town. Photographs taken during this time revealed that Jashari had received a bullet wound to the neck. On 9 March, the police publicly stated that they would themselves bury the bodies of those killed if they were not quickly claimed and buried by family members. The next day, the police dug a large grave near Donji Prekaz and buried the bodies of fifty-six people, ten of whom could not be identified. On 11 March, the bodies were disinterred by relatives and reburied in accordance with Islamic tradition[31] on a field known as the "field of peace".[32]
Legacy
Dubbed the "Legendary Commander" (Albanian: Komandanti Legjendar) by Albanians,[33] Jashari is regarded by many in Kosovo as being the "father of the KLA". Portraits of him carrying an automatic weapon often adorn the walls of homes inhabited by ethnic Albanians.[34] Considered a symbol of independence by Kosovo Albanians, the anniversary of Jashari's death is annually commemorated in Kosovo[20] and his home has since been transformed into a shrine. The field where he and his family were buried has since become a place of pilgrimage for Kosovo Albanians, and several authors have equated Jashari with Albanian national hero Skanderbeg[35] as well as Albanian kaçak rebels from the past.[19] Following Kosovo's declaration of independence in 2008, Jashari was posthumously awarded the title "Hero of Kosovo" for his role in the Kosovo War.[20] The football stadium in Mitrovica,[36] the National Theatre in Pristina[33] and Pristina International Airport have also been named after him.[37]
Footnotes
- ↑ Albanian: Adem Jashari; Serbo-Croatian: Adem Jašari, Адем Јашари
| b. | ^ Kosovo is the subject of a territorial dispute between the Republic of Kosovo and the Republic of Serbia. The Republic of Kosovo unilaterally declared independence on 17 February 2008, but Serbia continues to claim it as part of its own sovereign territory. The two governments began to normalise relations in 2013, as part of the Brussels Agreement. Kosovo has received recognition as an independent state from 110 out of 193 United Nations member states. |
Notes
- ↑ "State-building in Kosovo. A plural policing perspective". Maklu. 5 February 2015. p. 53.
- ↑ "Liberating Kosovo: Coercive Diplomacy and U. S. Intervention". Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs. 2012. p. 69.
- ↑ "Dictionary of Genocide". Greenwood Publishing Group. 2008. p. 249.
- ↑ "Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA)". Encyclopædia Britannica. 14 September 2014.
- ↑ "Albanian Insurgents Keep NATO Forces Busy". Time. 6 March 2001.
- 1 2 Elsie 2011, p. 142.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Bartrop 2012, p. 142.
- ↑ O'Neill 2002, p. 23.
- ↑ Judah 2000, pp. 320–321.
- ↑ Human Rights Watch 1998, p. 18.
- ↑ Philips 2012, p. 83.
- 1 2 Watson 2009, p. 193.
- ↑ Elsie 2011, p. 32.
- ↑ Judah 2002, p. 111.
- ↑ Pettifer & Vickers 2007, p. 113.
- ↑ Pettifer & Vickers 2007, pp. 98–99.
- 1 2 Human Rights Watch 1998, p. 27.
- ↑ Bartrop 2012, pp. 142–143.
- 1 2 Pettifer 2005, p. 144.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Bartrop 2012, p. 143.
- ↑ Henriksen 2007, p. 127.
- ↑ Judah 2008, p. 81.
- ↑ Human Rights Watch 1998, p. 29.
- ↑ Human Rights Watch 1998, p. 28.
- ↑ Judah 2002, p. 140.
- ↑ Henriksen 2007, p. 128.
- ↑ BBC 12 March 2000.
- ↑ Kolstø, Professor Pål (2012-12-28). Media Discourse and the Yugoslav Conflicts: Representations of Self and Other. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 96. ISBN 9781409491644.
- ↑ Carmichael 2012, p. 558.
- ↑ Petersen 2011, p. 154.
- ↑ Human Rights Watch 1998, pp. 30–31.
- ↑ Judah 2008, p. 28.
- 1 2 Luci & Marković 2009, p. 96.
- ↑ Perritt 2010, p. 36.
- ↑ Judah 2008, p. 27.
- ↑ BBC 5 March 2014.
- ↑ Elsie 2012, p. 222.
References
Books
- Bartrop, Paul (2012). A Biographical Encyclopedia of Contemporary Genocide. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-38679-4.
- Carmichael, Cathie (2012). "Demise of Communist Yugoslavia". In Stone, Dane. The Oxford Handbook of Postwar European History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-956098-1.
- Elsie, Robert (2011). Historical Dictionary of Kosovo. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-8108-7483-1.
- Elsie, Robert (2012). A Biographical Dictionary of Albanian History. New York: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-78076-431-3.
- Henriksen, Dag (2007). NATO's Gamble: Combining Diplomacy and Airpower in the Kosovo Crisis, 1998–1999. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-358-1.
- Human Rights Watch (1998). Humanitarian Law Violations in Kosovo. New York: Human Rights Watch. ISBN 978-1-56432-194-7.
- Judah, Tim (2000) [1997]. The Serbs: History, Myth and the Destruction of Yugoslavia (2nd ed.). New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-08507-5.
- Judah, Tim (2002). Kosovo: War and Revenge. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-09725-2.
- Judah, Tim (2008). Kosovo: What Everyone Needs to Know. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-974103-8.
- Luci, Nita; Marković, Predrag (2009). "Events and Sites of Difference: Marking Self and Other in Kosovo". In Kolstø, Pål. Media Discourse and the Yugoslav Conflicts: Representations of Self and Other. Farnham, England: Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4094-9164-4.
- O'Neill, William G. (2002). Kosovo: An Unfinished Peace. Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers. ISBN 978-1-58826-021-5.
- Perritt, Henry H. (2010). The Road to Independence for Kosovo: A Chronicle of the Ahtisaari Plan. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-11624-4.
- Petersen, Roger D. (2011). Western Intervention in the Balkans: The Strategic Use of Emotion in Conflict. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-50330-3.
- Pettifer, James (2005). Kosova Express: A Journey in Wartime. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-20444-0.
- Pettifer, James; Vickers, Miranda (2007). The Albanian Question: Reshaping the Balkans. New York: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-86064-974-5.
- Philips, David L. (2012). Liberating Kosovo: Coercive Diplomacy and U.S. Intervention. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-30512-9.
- Watson, Paul (2009). Where War Lives. Toronto: McCleland & Stewart. ISBN 978-1-55199-284-6.
Websites
- "Behind the Kosovo crisis". BBC. 12 March 2000.
- "Kosovo footballers draw with Haiti in Mitrovica debut". BBC. 5 March 2014.