Adyghe verbs

In Adyghe, like all Northwest Caucasian languages, the verb is the most inflected part of speech. Verbs are typically head final and are conjugated for tense, person, number, etc.

Transitivity

In Adyghe there exist intransitive verbs, transitive verbs and ditransitive verbs. Verbs in Adyghe can be monovalent (e.g. I am sitting), bivalent (e.g. I am hitting an enemy), trivalent (e.g. I am giving a book to a friend), possibly also quadrivalent (e.g. I am telling the news to someone with my friend). In Adyghe there are some prefixes (like Causative) that adds an additional argument to the verb, thus monovalent intransitive verbs can become bivalent transitive and bivalent transitive verbs can become trivalent ditransitive.

Intransitive verbs

Intransitive verbs in Adyghe are monovalent having one argument, an absolutive case subject. With intransitive verbs in a sentence there is, usually, no direct objects, and the real subject is usually expressed by a noun in the absolutive case. There are two kinds of intransitive verbs in Adyghe : A steady-state intransitive verbs and dynamic intransitive verbs.

Steady-state intransitive verbs

Steady-state verbs express the condition, they express states or results of actions.

Examples :

Subject
pronouns
Affixes Examples
Cyrillic IPA
Singular 1st person сы~ /sə~/ сыщыс /səɕəs/ – I am sitting
сычӏэлъ /sət͡ʂʼaɬ/ - I am laying under
сытет /sətajt/ - I am standing on.
2st person у~ /wə~/ ущыс /wəɕəs/ – you are sitting
учӏэлъ /wət͡ʂʼaɬ/ - you are laying under
утет /wətajt/ - you are standing on.
3rd person - - щыс /ɕəs/ – (s)he is sitting
чӏэлъ /t͡ʂʼaɬ/ - (s)he is laying under
тет /tajt/ - (s)he are standing on.
Plural 1st person ты~ /tə~/ тыщыс /təɕəs/ – we are sitting
тычӏэлъ /tət͡ʂʼaɬ/ - we are laying under
тытет /tətajt/ - we are standing on.
2nd person шъу~ /ʃʷə~/ шъущыс /ʃʷəɕəs/ – you are sitting
шъучӏэлъ /ʃʷət͡ʂʼaɬ/ - you are laying under
шъутет /ʃʷətajt/ - you are standing on.
3rd person ~ых /~əx/ щысых /ɕəsəx/ – they are sitting
чӏэлъых /t͡ʂʼaɬəx/ - they are laying under
тетых /tajtəx/ - they are standing on.
Кӏалэр чъыгым ӏулъ
Кӏалэ-р чъыгы-м ӏу-лъ
[t͡ʃʼaːɮar t͡ʂəɣəm ʔʷəɬ]
boy (abs.) tree (erg.) (s)he is laying near
"The boy is laying near the tree."
Кӏалэр пхъэнтӏэкӏум тес
Кӏалэ-р пхъэнтӏэкӏу-м те-с
[t͡ʃʼaːɮar pχantʼakʷʼəm tajs]
boy (abs.) chair (erg.) (s)he is sitting on
"The boy is sitting on the chair."
Кӏалэр унэм ис
Кӏалэ-р унэ-м и-с
[t͡ʃʼaːɮar wənam jəs]
boy (abs.) house (erg.) (s)he is sitting inside
"The boy is sitting inside the house."

Dynamic intransitive verbs

Dynamic verbs express (process of) actions that are taking place (natural role of verbs in English).

Examples :

Subject
pronouns
Affixes Examples
Cyrillic IPA
Singular 1st person сэ~ /sa~/ сэшхэ /saʃxa/ - I am eating
сэкӏо /sakʷʼa/ - I am going
2nd person о~ /wa~/ ошхэ /waʃxa/ - you are eating
окӏо /wakʷʼa/ - you are going
3rd person ма~ /maː~/ машхэ /maːʃxa/ - (s)he is eating
макӏо /maːkʷʼa/ - (s)he is going
Plural 1st person тэ~ /ta~/ тэшхэ /taʃxa/ - we are eating
тэкӏо /takʷʼa/ - we are going
2nd person шъо~ /ʃʷa~/ шъошхэ /ʃʷaʃxa/ - you are eating
шъокӏо /ʃʷakʷʼa/ - you are going
3rd person ма~ and ~эх /maː~/ and /~ax/ машхэх /maːʃxax/ - they are eating
макӏох /maːkʷʼax/ - they are going
Томэр машхэ тиунэкӏэ
Том-эр машхэ ти-унэ-кӏэ
[tomar maːʃxa tiwnat͡ʃʼa]
Tom (abs.) he is eating house (ins.)
"Tom is eating in our house"
кӏалэр тиунэ къакӏо
кӏалэ-эр ти-унэ къа-кӏо
[t͡ʃʼaːɮar tiwna qaːkʷʼa]
the boy (abs.) our house (s)he is coming
"The boy is coming to our house"
пшъашъэр маплъэ тиунэ пакӏэ
пшъашъэ-эр маплъэ ти-унэ пакӏэ
[pʂaːʂar maːpɬa tiwna paːt͡ʃʼa]
the girl (abs.) (s)he is looking our house direction
"The girl is looking at our house's direction"

Transitive verbs

Transitive verbs in Adyghe are usually bivalent, meaning they only require two arguments : a subject and a direct object. In Adyghe there are two types of transitive verbs : Transitive verbs with an absolutive subject and Transitive verbs with an ergative subject.

Transitive verbs with an absolutive subject

A sentence that has a transitive verb with an absolutive case subject

In a sentence with this type of verb :

This indicates that the subject's state is being changed due to the verb.

Examples :

Кӏалэр пщынэ ео
Кӏалэ-р пщынэ ео
[t͡ʃʼaːɮar pɕəna jawa]
boy (abs.) accordion (s)he playing a
"The boy is playing an accordion"
лӏыр узым ылӏыкӏыгъ
лӏы-р узы-м ылӏыкӏы-гъ
[ɬʼər wəzəm əɬʼət͡ʃʼəʁ]
the old man (abs.) disease (erg.) (s)he died of
"the old man is drying from the disease"
кӏалэм еплъы пшъашъэр
кӏалэ-эр еплъы ти-унэ
[t͡ʃʼaːɮam japɬə pʂaːʂar]
the boy (erg.) (s)he is looking at the girl (abs.)
"The girl is looking at the boy"

Being a bivalent verb, both the subject and the object can be indicated by adding the fitting prefixes to the verb. An example with the verb еплъын /japɬən/ "to look at" :

All different forms of еплъын.
сэ о усэплъы
сэ о у-сэ-плъы
[sa wa wəsapɬə]
I you I am looking at you
"I am looking at you."
кӏалэр сэ къысао
кӏалэ-р сэ къы-са-о
[t͡ʃʼaːɮar sa qəsaːwa]
the boy (abs.) I (s)he is hitting me
"The boy is hitting me."

Transitive verbs with an ergative subject

A sentence that has a transitive verb with an ergativ case subject

In a sentence with this type of verb :

This indicates that the object's state is being changed due to the verb.

Examples :

Томэм ешхы мые
Том-эм ешхы мые
[tomam jaʃxə məja]
Tom (erg.) (s)he is eating a apple
"Tom is eating an apple"
Иусыфым кӏалэр тучаным егъакӏо
Иусыф-ым кӏалэр тучан-ым егъакӏо
[jəwsəfəm t͡ʃʼaːɮar tut͡ʃaːnəm jaʁaːkʷʼa]
Joseph (erg.) the boy (abs.) shop (erg.) (s)he is making him go
"Joseph is making the boy go to the shop"
кӏалэм елъэгъу пшъашъэр
кӏалэ-эр елъэгъу ти-унэ
[t͡ʃʼaːɮam jaɬaʁʷə pʂaːʂar]
the boy (erg.) (s)he is seeing the the girl (abs.)
"The boy is seeing the girl"

Being a bivalent verb, both the subject and the object can be indicated by adding the fitting prefixes to the verb. An example with the verb ылъэгъун /əɬaʁʷən/ "to see it" :

All different forms of ылъэгъун.
о сэ сыкъэбэлъэгъу
о сэ сы-къэ-бэ-лъэгъу
[wa sa səqabaɬaʁʷə]
you I you are seeing me
"You are seeing me."
кӏалэм сэ сеупчӏы упчӏэкӏэ
кӏалэ-м сэ с-е-упчӏы упчӏэ-кӏэ
[t͡ʃʼaːɮam sa sajwpt͡ʂʼə wəpt͡ʂʼat͡ʃʼa]
boy (erg.) I I am asking him/her using a question (ins.)
"I am asking the boy a question."

Ditransitive verbs

A sentence with three arguments.

Ditransitive verbs in Adyghe are usually trivalent, meaning they require three arguments : a subject, a direct object and an indirect object. In a sentence with ditransitive verbs :

In Adyghe there are two types of ditransitive verbs : Ditransitive verbs with an absolutive subject and ditransitive verbs with an ergative subject

Ditransitive verbs with an absolutive subject

Ditransitive absolutive verbs can be formed by adding specific prefixes (like Causative) to a bivalent absolutive transitive that adds an additional argument to the verb, making it into a ditransitive verbs with three arguments.

Examples :

In a sentence with ditransitive verbs :

унэм уесэгъэплъы
унэ-м у-е-сэ-гъэ-плъы
[wənam wajsaʁapɬə]
house (erg.) I am making you look at it
"I am making you look at the house."
"I (subject) am making you (direct object) look at the house (indirect object)."
кӏалэм пшъэшъэр фылымым регъэплъы
кӏалэ-м пшъэшъэ-р фылым-ым ре-гъэ-плъы
[t͡ʃʼaːɮam pʂaːʂar fələməm rajʁapɬə]
boy (erg.) girl (abs.) film (erg.) (s)he is making him watch it
"The boy is making the girl watch the film."
"The boy (subject) is making the girl (direct object) watch the film (indirect object)."
кӏэлэегъаджэм кӏалэр арегъаджэ тхылъыхэмэ
кӏэлэегъадж-эм кӏалэ-р а-ре-гъа-джэ тхылъы-хэ-мэ
[t͡ʃʼaɮajaʁaːd͡ʒar t͡ʃʼaːɮar aːrajʁaːd͡ʒa txəɬəxama]
teacher (erg.) boy (abs.) (s)he is making him read them books (erg.)
"The teacher is making the boy read the books."
"The teacher (subject) is making the boy (direct object) read the books (indirect object)."
The verbal prefixes in a ditransitive absolutive verb.

In absolutive verbs usually, the first prefix indicates the direct object, the second prefix indicates the indirect object and the third prefix indicates the subject.

Ditransitive verbs with an ergative subject

Ditransitive ergative verbs can be formed by adding specific prefixes (like Causative) to a bivalent ergative transitive that adds an additional argument to the verb, making it into a ditransitive verbs with three arguments.

Examples :

In a sentence with ditransitive verbs :

унэр къыосэгъэлъэгъу
унэ-р къыо-сэ-гъэ-лъэгъу
[wənar qəwasaʁaɬaʁʷə]
house (abs.) I am showing it to you
"I am showing the house to you.."
"I am (subject) making you (direct object) see the house (indirect object)."
кӏалэм фылымыр пшъэшъэм регъэлъэгъу
кӏалэ-м фылым-ыр пшъэшъэ-м ре-гъэ-плъы
[t͡ʃʼaːɮam pʂaːʂar fələməm rajʁaɬaʁʷə]
boy (erg.) film (abs.) girl (erg.) (s)he is showing it to him
"The boy is showing the film to the girl."
"The boy (subject) is making the girl (direct object) see the film (indirect object)."
кӏалэм шхыныр пшъашъэм реты
кӏалэ-м шхыны-р пшъашъэ-м реты
[t͡ʃʼaːɮam ʃxənər pʂaːʂam rajtə]
boy (erg.) food (abs.) girl (erg.) (s)he is giving it to him/her
"The boy is giving the food to the girl."
"The boy (subject) is giving the girl (direct object) the food (indirect object)."
The verbal prefixes in a ditransitive ergative verb.

In ergative verbs usually, the first prefix indicates the indirect object, the second prefix indicates the direct object and the third prefix indicates the subject.

Quadrivalent

A sentence with four arguments.

In Adyghe, some certain prefixes (like sociative /дэ~/, benefactive /фэ~/ and causative /гъэ~/) can add an additional argument to the verb. Because of that some transitive and ditransitive verbs might have four or even five arguments. For example :

кӏалэм лӏым мыер пшъашъэм ригъэтрэп
кӏалэ-м лӏы-м мые-р пшъашъэ-м ри-гъэ-т-рэп
[t͡ʃʼaːɮam ɬʼəm məjar pʂaːʂam rəjʁatrap]
boy (erg.) man (erg.) the apple (abs.) girl (erg.) (s)he doesn't allow him to give it to him
"The boy doesn't allow the man to give the girl the apple."
кӏалэм сэ нысащэм сыдегъакӏо
кӏалэ-м сэ нысащэ-м сы-д-е-гъа-кӏо
[t͡ʃʼaːɮam sa nəsaːɕam sədəjʁaːkʷʼa]
boy (erg.) I wedding (erg.) (s)he is allowing me to go with
"(S)he is allowing me to go to the wedding with the boy."

Infinitives

Adyghe infinitives are created by suffixing -н to verbs. For example:

Along with roots, verbs already inflected can be conjugated, such as with person:

Also, due to the interchangeability of nouns and verbs, infinitives can be constructed from nouns, resulting in verbs that describe the state of being the suffixed word.

пшъашъэр дэхэн фай
[pʂaːʂar daxan faːj]
the girl (abs.) to be pretty must/have to
"the girl must be pretty"
"the girl has to be pretty"
тиунэ укъихьэн фэшӏыкӏэ укӏэлэн фай
[tiwna wqiħan faʃʼət͡ʃʼa wt͡ʃʼalan faːj]
our house (to) you come in for him (ins.) you (to) be boy must/have to
"to come inside our house, you have to be a boy"
"to come inside our house, you must be a boy"

Future Tense Suffix -ну (-nəw):

сэ къыосӏонэу сыфай
[sa qəwasʔʷanəw səfaːj]
i I (to) tell you I want
"I want to tell you"
цIыфым шъушхэнэу къышъуиӏуагъ
[t͡sʼafəm ʃʷəʃxanəw qəʃʷiʔʷaːʁ]
the person (erg.) you (plural) (to) eat (adv.) he told you (plural)
"the person told you, to eat (plural)"

Verbal affixes

Main article: Adyghe verbal affixes

Imperative mood

The imperative mood of the second person singular has no additional affixes:

When addressing to several people, The prefix шъу- /ʃʷə-/ is added:

Tense

Past tense

Adyghe primary has two types of past tenses.

The verbs in past tense type 1 are formed by adding -aгъ /-aːʁ/. In intransitive verbs it indicate that the action took place, but with no indication as to the duration, instant nor completeness of the action. In transitive verbs it convey more specific information as regards to completeness of the action, and therefore they indicate some certainty as to the outcome of the action.

Examples :

Plurality Person Cyrillic IPA Meaning
Singular First-person скӏуагъ, седжагъ skʷʼaːʁ, sajd͡ʒaːʁ I went, I [have] read
Second-person укӏуагъ, уеджагъ wkʷʼaːʁ, wajd͡ʒaːʁ You went, You [have] read
Third-person мэкӏуагъ, еджагъ makʷʼaːʁ, jad͡ʒaːʁ He went, He [has] read
Plural First-person ткӏуагъ, теджагъ tkʷʼaːʁ, tajd͡ʒaːʁ We went, We [have] read
Second-person шъукӏуагъ, шъуеджагъ ʃʷkʷʼaːʁ, ʃʷajd͡ʒaːʁ You (pl.) went, You [have] read
Third-person мэкӏуагъэх, еджагъэх makʷʼaːʁax, jad͡ʒaːʁax They went, They [have] read
Сэ шхынхэр къэсхьыгъэх
Сэ шхын-хэ-р къэ-с-хьы-гъэ-х
[sa ʃxənxar qasħəʁax]
I foods (abs.) I brought them
"I brought the foods (and they might still be here)."
Кӏалэр тиунэ къэкӏуагъ
Кӏалэ-р ти-унэ къэ-кӏу-агъ
[t͡ʃʼaːɮar təjwəna qakʷʼaːʁ]
the boy (abs.) our house (s)he came
"The boy came to our house (and he might still be here)."

The verbs in past tense type 2 are formed with the additional suffix -эгъагъ /-aʁaːʁ/. It indicates that the action took place formerly at some certain time, putting emphasis only on the fact that the action took place (not the duration).

Examples :

Plurality Person Cyrillic IPA Meaning
Singular First-person скӏогъагъ, седжэгъагъ skʷʼaʁaːʁ, sajd͡ʒaʁaːʁ I went (then), I read (then)
Second-person укӏогъагъ, уеджэгъагъ wkʷʼaʁaːʁ, wajd͡ʒaʁaːʁ You went (then), You read (then)
Third-person мэкӏогъагъ, еджэгъагъ makʷʼaʁaːʁ, jad͡ʒaʁaːʁ He went (then), He read (then)
Plural First-person ткӏогъагъ, теджэгъагъ tkʷʼaʁaːʁ, tajd͡ʒaʁaːʁ We went (then), We read (then)
Second-person шъукӏогъагъ, шъуеджэгъагъ ʃʷkʷʼaʁaːʁ, ʃʷajd͡ʒaʁaːʁ You (pl.) went (then), You (pl.) read (then)
Third-person мэкӏогъагъэх, еджэгъагъэх makʷʼaʁaːʁax, jad͡ʒaʁaːʁax They went (then), They read (then)
Сэ шхынхэр къэсхьыгъагъэх
Сэ шхын-хэ-р къэ-с-хьы-гъагъэ-х
[sa ʃxənxar qasħəʁaːʁax]
I foods (abs.) I brought them (then)
"I brought the foods (back then)."
Кӏалэр тиунэ къэкӏогъагъ
Кӏалэ-р ти-унэ къэ-кӏу-эгъагъ
[t͡ʃʼaːɮar təjwəna qakʷʼaʁaːʁ]
the boy (abs.) our house (s)he came (then)
"The boy came to our house (and he might have left)."

Present tense

Examples :

Plurality Person Cyrillic IPA Meaning
Singular First-person сэкӏо, седжэ sakʷʼa, sajd͡ʒa I go, I read
Second-person окӏо, уеджэ wakʷʼa, wajd͡ʒa You go, You read
Third-person макӏо, еджэ maːkʷʼa, jad͡ʒa He goes, He read
Plural First-person тэкӏо, теджэ takʷʼa, tajd͡ʒa We go, We read
Second-person шъокӏо, шъуеджэ ʃʷakʷʼa, ʃʷajd͡ʒa You (pl.) go, You read
Third-person макӏох, еджэх maːkʷʼax, jad͡ʒax They goes, They read
Сиунэ сшэшхэ
[siwna sʃaʃxa]
my house I eat in
"I eat in my house"
мые сэшэфы
[məja saʃafə]
an apple I am buying
"I am buying an apple"

Future tense

The future tense is normally indicated by the suffix ~(э)щт /~(a)ɕt/ (close to future simple), reduced to ~т in some dialects, such as Hatukai, Bzhedug and Great Shapsug. This suffix usually expresses some certainty.

Examples :

Plurality Person Cyrillic IPA Meaning
Singular First-person скӏощт, седжэщт skʷʼaɕt, sajd͡ʒaɕt I will go, I will read
Second-person укӏощт, уеджэщт wkʷʼaɕt, wajd͡ʒaɕt You will go, You will read
Third-person мэкӏощт, еджэщт makʷʼaɕt, jad͡ʒaɕt He will go, He will read
Plural First-person ткӏощт, теджэщт tkʷʼaɕt, tajd͡ʒaɕt We will go, We will read
Second-person шъукӏощт, шъуеджэщт ʃʷkʷʼaɕt, ʃʷajd͡ʒaɕt You (pl.) will go, You will read
Third-person мэкӏощтых, еджэщтых makʷʼaɕtəx, jad͡ʒaɕtəx They will go, They will read
Сиунэ сшышхэщт
[siwna sʃəʃxaɕt]
my house I will eat in
"I will eat in my house"
мые сшэфыщт
[məja sʃafəɕt]
an apple I will buy
"I will buy an apple"

To indicate some uncertainty the suffix ~н (~n) is added instead. for example :

Examples :

Plurality Person Cyrillic IPA Meaning
Singular First-person скӏон, седжэн skʷʼan, sajd͡ʒan I will go, I will read
Second-person укӏон, уеджэн wkʷʼan, wajd͡ʒan You will go, You will read
Third-person мэкӏон, еджэн makʷʼan, jad͡ʒan He will go, He will read
Plural First-person ткӏон, теджэн tkʷʼan, tajd͡ʒan We will go, We will read
Second-person шъукӏон, шъуеджэн ʃʷkʷʼan, ʃʷajd͡ʒan You (pl.) will go, You will read
Third-person мэкӏоных, еджэных makʷʼanəx, jad͡ʒanəx They will go, They will read
Фылымым сеплъын
[fələməm tajpɬən]
film (erg.) I will see it
"I will see the film."
уахътэ сиӏэмэ седжэн
[waːχta təjʔama sajd͡ʒan]
time if I had I will study
"If I have time I will study."

To indicate some probability the suffix ~нэ ит (~na jət) is added instead, for example :

Plurality Person Cyrillic IPA Meaning
Singular First-person скӏонэ ит, седжэнэ ит skʷʼana jət, sajd͡ʒana jət I might go, I might read
Second-person укӏонэ ит, уеджэнэ ит wkʷʼana jət, wajd͡ʒana jət You might go, You might read
Third-person мэкӏонэ ит, еджэнэ ит makʷʼana jət, jad͡ʒana jət He might go, He might read
Plural First-person ткӏонэ ит, теджэнэ ит tkʷʼana jət, tajd͡ʒana jət We might go, We might read
Second-person шъукӏонэ ит, шъуеджэнэ ит ʃʷkʷʼana jət, ʃʷajd͡ʒana jət You (pl.) might go, You might read
Third-person мэкӏонэ итых, еджэнэ итых makʷʼana jətəx, jad͡ʒana jətəx They might go, They might read
мыер матэм илъынэ ит
мые-р матэ-м и-лъы-нэ ит
[məja maːtam jəɬəna jət]
apple (abs.) basket (erg.) It might be inside it
"'The apple might be inside the basket."
уиунэ непчыхьэ сыкъэкӏонэ ит
уи-унэ непчыхьэ сы-къэ-кӏо-нэ ит
[wəjwəna najpt͡ʃəħa səqakʷʼana jət]
your house tonight I might come
"I might come tonight to your house."

Future in the past

Future in the past tense is indicated by the suffix ~(э)щтэгъ /(a)ɕtaʁ/, reduced to ~тэгъ in some dialects, such as Bzhedug, Shapsug.

Examples :

Plurality Person Cyrillic IPA Meaning
Singular First-person скӏощтэгъ, седжэщтэгъ skʷʼaɕtaʁ, sajd͡ʒaɕtaʁ I was going to go, I was going to read
Second-person укӏощтэгъ, уеджэщтэгъ wkʷʼaɕtaʁ, wajd͡ʒaɕtaʁ You were going to go, You was going to read
Third-person мэкӏощтэгъ, еджэщтэгъ makʷʼaɕtaʁ, jad͡ʒaɕtaʁ (S)he was going to go, He was going to read
Plural First-person ткӏощтэгъ, теджэщтэгъ tkʷʼaɕtaʁ, tajd͡ʒaɕtaʁ We were going to go, We was going to read
Second-person шъукӏощтэгъ, шъуеджэщтэгъ ʃʷkʷʼaɕtaʁ, ʃʷajd͡ʒaɕtaʁ You (pl.) were going to go, You was going to read
Third-person мэкӏощтэгъэх, еджэщтэгъэх makʷʼaɕtaʁax, jad͡ʒaɕtaʁax They were going to go, They was going to read
сыкӏощтэгъ еджапӏэм укъэмыкӏуагъэу
сы-кӏо-щтыгъ еджапӏэ-м у-къэ-мы-кӏу-агъ-эу
[səkʷʼaɕtəʁ jad͡ʒaːpʼamwqaməkʷʼaːʁae]
I was going to the school (erg.) before you came
"I was going to go to school before you came."
сеощтыгъэп ау сигъэгуабжи сеожьыгъ аужьырым
с-ео-щтыгъ-эп ау с-и-гъэ-гуабж-и с-ео-жьы-гъ аужьырым
[sajwaɕtəʁap aːw sajʁaɡʷaːbʒəj sajwaʑʁa aːwʑərəm]
I wasn't going to hit him but because (s)he is making me angry I hit him at the end
"I wasn't going to hit him, but then he made me angry and I actually hit him in the end."

Conditional perfect

Conditional perfect can also be indicated by the suffix ~щтэгъ /ɕtaʁ/, reduced to ~тэгъ /taʁ/ in some dialects, such as Bzhedug, Shapsug.

Examples :

Plurality Person Cyrillic IPA Meaning
Singular First-person скӏощтэгъ, седжэщтэгъ skʷʼaɕtaʁ, sajd͡ʒaɕtaʁ I would have gone, I would have read
Second-person укӏощтэгъ, уеджэщтэгъ wkʷʼaɕtaʁ, wajd͡ʒaɕtaʁ You would have gone, You would have read
Third-person мэкӏощтэгъ, еджэщтэгъ makʷʼaɕtaʁ, jad͡ʒaɕtaʁ (S)he would have gone, (S)he would have read
Plural First-person ткӏощтэгъ, теджэщтэгъ tkʷʼaɕtaʁ, tajd͡ʒaɕtaʁ We would have gone, We would have read
Second-person шъукӏощтэгъ, шъуеджэщтэгъ ʃʷkʷʼaɕtaʁ, ʃʷajd͡ʒaɕtaʁ You (pl.) would have gone, You would have read
Third-person мэкӏощтэгъэх, еджэщтэгъэх makʷʼaɕtaʁax, jad͡ʒaɕtaʁax They would have gone, They would have read
экзамен зэрэтиӏэ сышӏэгъагъэмэ сфеджэщтэгъ
экзамен зэрэ-ти-ӏэ сы-шӏэ-гъагъэ-мэ с-ф-еджэ-щтэгъ
[akzaːmen zaratəjʔasəʃʼaʁaːʁna sfajd͡ʒaɕtaʁ]
exam that we have if I knew I would have studied for it
"If I knew we had an exam I would have studied for it."
а пшъашъэр къэсгъотышъущтэгъ тичылэдэсгъагъэмэ
а пшъашъэ-р къэ-с-гъоты-шъу-щтэгъ ти-чылэдэс-гъагъэ-мэ
[aː pʂaːʂarqasʁʷatəʃʷɕtaʁ təjt͡ʃəɮadasʁaːʁami]
that girl (abs.) I could have found it if (s)he was our villager
"I could have found that girl if she was our villager."

Positional conjugation

The positional conjugations in Adyghe.

In Adyghe, the positional prefixes are expressing being in different positions and places and can also express the direction of the verb. There are some Adyghe verbs that always have a certain positional prefix, and they can not take a form without it. Here is the positional conjugation of some steady-state verbs, showing how the root changes indicate position:

prefix stands sits lies
Body position/Pose щы~ (ɕə~) щыт (ɕət)щыс (ɕəs)щылъ (ɕəɬ)
On те~ (taj~) тет (tat)тес (tas)телъ (taɬ)
Under чӏэ~ (ʈ͡ʂʼa~) чӏэт (ʈ͡ʂʼat)чӏэс (ʈ͡ʂʼas)чӏэлъ (ʈ͡ʂʼaɬ)
Among хэ~ (xa~) хэт (xat) хэс (xas) хэлъ (xaɬ)
Within some mass
Within some area дэ~ (da~) дэт (dat) дэс (das) дэлъ (daɬ)
Inside an object
Near or around ӏу~ (ʔʷə~) ӏут (ʔʷət)ӏyc (ʔʷəs)ӏулъ (ʔʷəɬ)
Inside и~ (jə~) ит (jət)иc (jəs)илъ (jəɬ)
Hanged пы~ (pə~) пыт (pət) пыc (pəs) пылъ (pəɬ)
Attached
Corner or behind къо~ (qʷa~) къот (qʷat)къоc (qʷas)къолъ (qʷaɬ)
Side бгъодэ~ (bʁʷada~) бгъодэт (bʁʷadat)бгъодэc (bʁʷadas)бгъодэлъ (bʁʷadaɬ)
In front of пэӏу~ (paʔʷə~) пэӏут (paʔʷət)пэӏуc (paʔʷəs)пэӏулъ (paʔʷəɬ)
Inside within кӏоцӏы~ (kʷʼat͡sʼə~) кӏоцӏыт (kʷʼat͡sʼət)кӏоцӏыc (kʷʼat͡sʼəs)кӏоцӏылъ (kʷʼat͡sʼəɬ)
Toward кӏэлъы~ (kʲʼaɬə~) кӏэлъыт (kʲʼaɬət) кӏэлъыс (kʲʼaɬəs) кӏэлъылъ (kʲʼaɬəɬ)
Directly жэхэ~ (ʒaxa~) жэхэт (ʒaxat) жэхэс (ʒaxas) жэхэлъ (ʒaxaɬ)
Mouth жэдэ~ (ʒada~) жэдэт (ʒadat) жэдэс (ʒadas) жэдэлъ (ʒadaɬ)

Body position/Pose

Adyghe Meaning
Cyrillic IPA
щыдзын ɕəd͡zən to throw an object somewhere
to throw off a cloth
щыхьэн ɕəħan to fit clothes and foot-wears
щыплъэн ɕəpɬan to look somewhere
щыфэн ɕəfan to fit clothes and foot-wears
щыхын ɕəxəx to take off clothes and foot-wears
щыкӏын ɕət͡ʃʼən clothes or foot-wears to come off from the body
щыуцун ɕəwt͡sʷən to stand somewhere
щызын ɕəzən clothes or foot-wears to slip from the body
щытӏэрын ɕətʼarən clothes or foot-wears to fall off from the body
щытхъын ɕətχən to tear off clothes or foot-wears
щытэкъун ɕətaqʷən clothes or foot-wears to fall off from the body quickly
кӏалэр щыс егупшысэу
кӏалэ-р щыс егупшысэ-эу
[t͡ʃʼaːɮar ɕəs jaɡʷəpʃəsaw]
the boy (abs.) (s)he is sitting while (s)he is thinking
"the boy is sitting while thinking."
мы цуакъэхэр къэсщыфэхэрэп
мы цуакъэ-хэ-р къэ-с-щы-фэ-хэ-рэп
[mə t͡sʷaːqaxar qasɕəfaxarap]
this shoes (abs.) they are not fitting me
"these shoes are not fitting me."
моу мыжъохэр щымыдзых
моу мыжъо-хэ-р щы-мы-дзы-х
[maw məʒʷaxar ɕəməd͡zəx]
here rocks (abs.) don't throw them
"don't throw rocks here."

On

Adyghe Meaning
Cyrillic IPA
тедзэн tajd͡zan to throw an object on something
техьэн tajħan to go on something, to assault somewhere
теплъэн tajpɬan to look on something
тефэн tajfan to fit an object on something
an object to be hit above something
техын tajxən to take an object from something
текӏын tajt͡ʃʼən to come down from something
телъхьэн tajɬħan to put an object on something or someone
теуцон tajwt͡sʷan to stand on something
тезын tajzən to fall from above something
тетӏэрэн tajtʼaran to be dropped above something
тетӏэрын tajtʼarən to be dropped from above something
тетхъын tajtχən to tear something from above something
тетэкъон tajtaqʷən to throw stuff above something
тешъутын tajʃʷtən to run off from above something
кӏалэр унашъхьэм тет
кӏалэ-р унашъхьэ-м тет
[t͡ʃʼaːɮar wənaːʂħam tajt]
the boy (abs.) the roof (erg.) (s)he is on
"the boy is on the roof."
шхынэр ӏанэм бзылъфыгъэм трелъхьэ
шхынэ-р ӏанэ-м бзылъфыгъэ-м тре-лъхьэ
[ʃxənar ʔaːnam bzəɬfəʁam trajɬħa]
the fiid (abs.) the table (erg.) the woman (abs.) (s)he is putting it on
"the woman is putting the food on the table."
джыдэдэм ӏанэм къытекӏ
джыдэдэм ӏанэ-м къы-те-кӏ
[d͡ʒədadam ʔaːnam qətajt͡ʃʼ]
right now the table (erg.) go down from
"go down from the table right now"

Under

Adyghe Meaning
Cyrillic IPA
чӏэдзэн t͡ʂʼad͡zan to throw an object under something
чӏэхьэн t͡ʂʼaħan to go under something
чӏэплъэн t͡ʂʼapɬan to look under something
чӏэфэн t͡ʂʼafan to fit an object under something
an object to be hit under something
чӏэхын t͡ʂʼaxən to take an object under something
чӏэкӏын t͡ʂʼat͡ʃʼən to come out under something
чӏэлъхьэн t͡ʂʼaɬħan to put an object under something or someone
чӏэуцон t͡ʂʼawt͡sʷan to stand under something
чӏэзын t͡ʂʼazən to fall from under something
чӏэтӏэрэн t͡ʂʼatʼaran to be dropped under something
чӏэтӏэрын t͡ʂʼatʼarən to be dropped from under something
чӏэтхъын t͡ʂʼatχən to tear something from under something
чӏэтэкъон t͡ʂʼataqʷən to throw stuff under something
чӏэшъутын t͡ʂaʃʷtən to run off from under something
кӏэлэцӏыкӏор ӏанэм чӏэс
кӏэлэцӏыкӏо-р ӏанэ-м чӏэс
[t͡ʃʼaɮat͡sʼəkʷʼar ʔaːnam t͡ʂʼas]
the little boy (abs.) the table (erg.) (s)he is sitting under
"the little boy is sitting under the table."
кӏалэр унэчӏэгъым чӏахьэ
кӏалэ-р унэчӏэгъ-ым чӏа-хьэ
[t͡ʃʼaːɮar wənat͡ʂʼaʁəm t͡ʂʼaːħa]
the boy (abs.) under house (erg.) (s)he is entering under
"the boy is entering under the house."
сэ чъыгым тӏэкӏурэ сычӏэгъулъхьэщт
сэ чъыгы-м тӏэкӏу-рэ сы-чӏэ-гъулъхьэ-щт
[sa t͡ʂəɣəm tʼakʷʼəra sət͡ʂʼaʁʷəɬħaɕt]
I the table (erg.) for a little while I will lay under
"I will lay under the tree for a little while."

Among

Adyghe Meaning
Cyrillic IPA
хэдзэн xad͡zan to throw an object among some objects or people
хэхьэн xaħan to go to an area with a lot people or plants
to enter a group or an organization
хэплъэн xapɬan to look among some people or objects
хэфэн xafan to fit among some people or objects
an object to fall among people or objectss
хэхын xaxən to take an object among objects
хэкӏын xat͡ʃʼən to get away from people or objects
to leave a group or an organization
хэлъхьэн xaɬħan to put an object among other objects
хэуцон xawt͡sʷan to stand among objects or other people
хэзын xazən to be dropped from a group of objects or people
хэтӏэрэн xatʼaran to be dropped into a group of objects or people
хэтӏэрын xatʼarən to be dropped from a group of objects or people
to be dropped from a group or an organization
хэтхъын xatχən to tear something from a group of objects or people
хэтэкъон xataqʷən to throw stuff into a group of objects or people
хэшъутын xaʃʷtən to run off from a group of objects or people
кӏалэр цӏыфыхэмэ ахэт
кӏалэ-р цӏыфы-хэ-мэ а-хэт
[t͡ʃʼaːɮar t͡sʼəfəxama jaːxat]
the boy (abs.) the people (erg.) (s)he is standing among
"the boy is standing among the people."
лӏыр мэзым ызакъоу хахьэ
[ɬʼər mazəm jəzaːqʷaw xaːħa]
the man (arg.) in the forest (erg.) lonely (s)he is entering
"the man is entering the forest alone."
джэгуалъэр адрэ джэгуалъэмэ ахалъхь
джэгуалъэ-р адрэ джэгуалъэ-мэ а-ха-лъхь
[d͡ʒaɡʷaːɬar aːdra d͡ʒaɡʷaːɬama jaːxaːɬħ]
the toy (abs.) other (abs.) toys (erg.) put it among
"put the toy among the other toys."

Within some mass

Adyghe Meaning
Cyrillic IPA
хэдзэн xad͡zan to throw an object into some mass
хэхьэн xaħan to enter an area with some mass
хэплъэн xapɬan to look into an area with some mass
хэфэн xafan to fit inside an area with some mass
an object to fall to an area with some mass
хэхын xaxən to take an object form an area with some mass
хэкӏын xat͡ʃʼən to get out from an area with some mass
хэлъхьэн xaɬħan to put an object into an area with some mass
хэуцон xawt͡sʷan to stand in an area with some mass
to stand on a surface with some mass (like dirt or liquid)
хэзын xazən to fall from an area with some mass
хэтӏэрэн xatʼaran to be dropped to an area with some mass
хэтӏэрын xatʼarən to be dropped from an area with some mass
хэтхъын xatχən to tear a small part from a solid object
хэтэкъон xataqʷən to throw stuff into an area with some mass
хэшъутын xaʃʷtən to run off from an area with some mass
машӏом пхъэхэ хамыдзэх
машӏо-м пхъэ-хэ ха-мы-дзэ-х
[maːʃʷʼam pχaxa xaːməd͡ʒax]
the fire (erg.) woods don't throw them into
"don't throw woods into the fire."
кӏалэм мыжъор хым къыхехыжьы
кӏалэ-м мыжъо-р хы-м къы-хе-хы-жьы
[t͡ʃʼaːɮam məʒʷar xəm qəxajxəʑə]
the boy (erg.) the rock (abs.) the sea (erg.) (s)he is taking it from
"the boy is taking the rock out of the sea."
мыджишыныр дэпкъым хэкӏышъущта?
мыджишыны-р дэпкъы-м хэ-кӏы-шъу-щт-а?
[mədʒɪʃənər dapqəːm xat͡ʃʼəʃʷəɕtaː]
magician (arg.) wall (erg.) can (s)he go through
"can the magician go through the wall?"

Within some area

Adyghe Meaning
Cyrillic IPA
дэдзэн dad͡zan to throw an object on a definite territory
дэхьэн daħan to enter a definite territory
дэплъэн dapɬan to look at a definite territory
дэфэн dafan to be fit is a definite territory
an object to fall into a definite territory
дэхын daxən to take an object from a definite territory
дэкӏын dat͡ʃʼən to get our from a definite territory
дэлъхьэн daɬħan to put an object into a definite territory
дэуцон dawt͡sʷan to stand in a definite territory
дэтӏэрэн datʼaran to be dropped into a definite territory
дэтӏэрын datʼarən to be dropped from a definite territory
дэзын dazən to fall from a definite territory
дэтэкъон dataqʷən to throw stuff into a definite territory
дэшъутын daʃʷtən to run off from a definite territory
кӏалэр щагум дахьэ
кӏалэ-р щагу-м да-хьэ
[t͡ʃʼaːɮar ɕaːɡʷəm daːħa]
the boy (abs.) the yard (erg.) (s)he is entering
"the boy is entering the yard."
кӏалэр чылэм дэсыгу
кӏалэ-р чылэ-м дэ-сы-гу
[t͡ʃʼaːɮar t͡ʃəlam dasəɡʷ]
the boy (abs.) the village (erg.) (s)he is sitting for now
"the boy is in the village for now."
шъуздэхьагъэм шъукъыдэкӏ псынкӏэу
шъу-з-дэ-хьа-гъэ-м шъу-къы-дэ-кӏ псынкӏэу
[ʃʷəzdaħaːʁam ʃʷəqədat͡ʃʼ psənt͡ʃʼaw]
the place you (plural) entered get out from the place (said to plural) quickly
"get away from the place you (plural) entered quickly."

Inside an object

Adyghe Meaning
Cyrillic IPA
дэдзэн dad͡zan to throw an object inside another object
дэхьэн daħan to enter inside another object
дэплъэн dapɬan to look inside another object
дэфэн dafan to fit inside another object
an object to fall inside another object
дэхын daxən to take an object from inside another object
дэкӏын dat͡ʃʼən to get our from inside another object
дэлъхьэн daɬħan to put an object inside another object
дэуцон dawt͡sʷan to stand inside another object
дэзын dazən to fall from inside another object
дэтӏэрэн datʼaran to be dropped inside another object
дэтӏэрын datʼarən to be dropped outside another object
дэтхъын datχən to tear something from inside another object
дэтэкъон dataqʷən to throw stuff inside another object
дэшъутын daʃʷtən to run off from inside another object
джанэхэр дэлъыпӏэм дэлъых
джанэ-хэ-р дэлъыпӏэ-м дэ-лъы-х
[d͡ʒaːnaxar daɬəpʼam daɬəx]
the shirts (abs.) closet (erg.) they are laying inside
"the shirts are inside the closet."
компютэрым диск дэлъэп
компютэры-м диск дэ-лъэ-п
[kompjuːtarəm diːskʲ daɬap]
the computer (erg.) a disk not laying inside
"there is no disk inside the computer."
кӏалэм тхылъыпӏэр тхылъым дретхъы
кӏалэ-м тхылъыпӏэ-р тхылъы-м дре-тхъы
[t͡ʃʼaːɮam txəɬəpʼar txəɬəm drajtχə]
the boy (erg.) the paper (abs.) book (erg.) (s)he is tearing it from inside another object
"the boy is tearing the paper from the book."

Near or around

Adyghe Meaning
Cyrillic IPA
ӏудзэн ʔʷəd͡zan to throw an object around or near something
ӏухьэн ʔʷəħan to approach something or someone
ӏуплъэн ʔʷəpɬan to look around or near something or someone
ӏуфэн ʔʷəfan to fit around or near something
an object to fall around or near something
ӏухын ʔʷəxən to take an object from around something
ӏукӏын ʔʷət͡ʃʼən to get away from
ӏулъхьэн ʔʷəɬħan to put an object around or near something
ӏууцон ʔʷəwt͡sʷan to stand near or around something
ӏузын ʔʷəzən to fall from near or around something
ӏутӏэрэн ʔʷətʼaran to be dropped near or around something
ӏутӏэрын ʔʷətʼarən to be dropped from near or around something
ӏутхъын ʔʷətχən to tear something from near or around something
ӏутэкъон ʔʷətaqʷən to throw stuff near or around something
ӏушъутын ʔʷəʃʷtən to run off from near or around something
кӏалэр тучаным ӏухьагъ
кӏалэ-р тучан-ым ӏу-хь-агъ
[t͡ʃʼaːɮar təwt͡ʃaːnəm ʔʷəħaːʁ]
the boy (abs.) shop (erg.) (s)he is approaching
"the boy approached the shop."
ӏэгуаоу чъыгым ӏулъэр къэсфэхь
ӏэгуао-у чъыгы-м ӏу-лъ-эр къэ-с-фэ-хь
[ʔaɡʷaːwaw t͡ʂəɣəm ʔʷəɬar qasfaħ]
the ball (abs.) the tree (erg.) the thing near it (abs.) bring it for me
"bring me the ball near the tree."
мы джэгуалъэхэр ӏушъухыжьых
мы джэгуалъэ-хэ-р ӏу-шъу-хы-жь-ых
[mə d͡ʒaɡʷaːɬaxar ʔʷəʃʷxəʑəx]
this toys (abs.) take these away (said to plural)
"take theses toys away (said to plural)"

Inside

Adyghe Meaning
Cyrillic IPA
идзэн jəd͡zan to throw an object inside something
ихьэн jəħan to enter somewhere
иплъэн jəpɬan to look inside something
ифэн jəfan to fit inside something
an object to fall inside something
ихын jəxən to take an object from inside something
икӏын jət͡ʃʼən to exit from somewhere
илъхьэн jəɬħan to put an object inside something
иуцон jəwt͡sʷan to stand inside something
изын jəzən to fall from inside something
итӏэрэн jətʼaran to be dropped into inside something
итӏэрын jətʼarən to be dropped outside something
итхъын jətχən to pull a plant from the ground
итэкъон jətaqʷən to throw stuff inside something
ишъутын jəʃʷtən to run off outside something
ныор унэм ис
ныо-р унэ-м и-с
[nəwar wənam jəs]
the old woman (abs.) house (erg.) (s)he is sitting inside
"the old woman is sitting inside the house."
мыер матэм илъхь
мыер матэ-м и-лъхь
[məjar maːtəm jəɬħ]
the apple (abs.) basket (erg.) put it inside
"put the apple inside the basket."
мары, унэм сихьэни скъикӏыжьыщт
мары унэ-м с-и-хьэн-и с-къ-и-кӏы-жьы-щт
[maːrə wənam səjħanəj sqəjt͡ʃʼəʑəɕt]
a moment house (erg.) I will enter then I will exit
"A moment, I will enter the house and will exit it."
къэгъагъэхэр имытхъых, къэцыхэр ары ибытхъын фаехэр
къэгъагъэ-хэ-р и-мы-тхъы-х, къэцы-хэ-р ары и-бы-тхъын фае-хэ-р
[qaʁaːʁaxar jəmətχəx qat͡səxar aːrə jəbətχən faːjaxar]
flowers (abs.) don't pull them out it is the thorns you (to) pull them out must
"don't pull the flowers out, it is the thorns you must pull out."

Hanged or attached

Adyghe Meaning
Cyrillic IPA
пыдзэн pəd͡zan to throw an object on a hanger
пыхьэн pəħan to attache to somewhere
пыплъэн pəpɬan to look inside a tree
пыфэн pəfan to fit on a hanger
an object to fall on a tree
пыхын pəxən to take an object from a hanger or tree
to unplug
пыкӏын pət͡ʃʼən to get off a hanger or tree
to pick a fruit from a tree
to separate from
пылъхьэн pəɬħan to put an object on a hanger or tree
пыуцон pəwt͡sʷan to stand on a tree
пызын pəzən to fall from a hanger or tree
пытӏэрын pətʼarən to be dropped from a hanger or tree
пытхъын pətχən to pick something from a hanger or tree
пытэкъон pətaqʷən to throw stuff on a hanger or tree
пышъутын pəʃʷtən to run off from a hanger or tree
ныор унэм ис
ныо-р унэ-м и-с
[nəwar wənam jəs]
old woman (abs.) house (erg.) (s)he is sitting inside
"the old woman is sitting inside the house."
сиджанэ джэнэпылъапӏэм пылъ
си-джанэ джэнэпылъапӏэ-м пы-лъ
[səjd͡ʒaːna d͡ʒanapəɬaːpʼam pəɬ]
my shirt clothes hanger (erg.) it is handing on
"my shirt is hanging on the clothes hanger."
тиӏэгуаор чъыгы лъагэм къыпыпхышъущта?
ти-ӏэгуао-р чъыгы лъагэ-м къы-пы-п-хы-шъу-щт-а?
[təjʔaɡʷaːwar t͡ʂəɣə ɬaːɣam qəpəpxəʃʷəɕtaː]
our ball (abs.) long tree (erg.) can you take it from
"can you take the ball from the tree?"
пхъэ унэ чъыгым пыфэщтэп
пхъэ унэ чъыгы-м пы-фэ-щт-эп
[pχa wəna t͡ʂəɣə pəfaɕtap]
a tree house tree (erg.) it won't fit on
"a tree house won't fit on the tree."

Corner or behind

Adyghe Meaning
Cyrillic IPA
къодзэн qʷad͡zan to throw an object behind something or to the corner
къохьэн qʷaħan to approach behind something or to the corner
къоплъэн qʷapɬan to look behind something or to the corner
къофэн qʷafan to fit behind something or to the corner
an object to fall behind something or to the corner
къохын qʷaxən to take an object behind something or from the corner
къокӏын qʷat͡ʃʼən to come out behind something or to get away from the corner
къолъхьэн qʷaɬħan to put an object behind something or to the corner
къоуцон qʷawt͡sʷan to stand on behind something or to the corner
къотӏэрэн qʷatʼarən to be dropped behind something or to the corner
къотӏэрын qʷatʼarən to be dropped from behind something or to the corner
къозын qʷazən to fall from behind something or to the corner
къотэкъон qʷataqʷən to throw stuff behind something or to the corner
къошъутын qʷaʃʷtən to run off from behind something
тыгъэр къокӏы
тыгъэ-р къо-кӏы
[təʁar qʷat͡ʃʼə]
the sun (abs.) it is getting out
"the sun is getting out."
бзылъфыгъэм кӏалэр къурнэм къыуигъэхьагъ
бзылъфыгъэ-м кӏалэ-р къурнэ-м къы-у-и-гъэ-хь-агъ
[bzəɬfəʁam t͡ʃʼaːɮar qʷərnam qʷəjʁaħaːʁ]
the woman (erg.) boy (abs.) corner (erg.) (s)he made him go to
"the woman made the boy go to the corner."
уцым кӏалэр къопкӏэгъ
уцы-м кӏалэ-р къо-пкӏэ-гъ
[wət͡səm t͡ʃʼaːɮar qʷapt͡ʃʼaʁ]
grass (erg.) the boy (abs.) (s)he jumped from behind
"the boy jumped from behind the bushes."
дыу ӏанэм къуаплъи си къэлэм ӏулъмэ еплъ
дыу ӏанэ-м къу-аплъ-и си къэлэ-м ӏу-лъ-мэ еплъ
[dəw ʔaːnam qʷaːpɬəj səj qalam ʔʷəɬəma japɬ]
that over there table (erg.) look behind it and my pencil if it is near it look
"look behind that table and see if my pencil is there."

Side

Adyghe Meaning
Cyrillic IPA
бгъодэдзэн bʁʷadad͡zan to throw an object on the side of something or someone
бгъодэхьэн bʁʷadaħan to approach by the side of something or someone
бгъодэплъэн bʁʷadapɬan to look aside something or someone
бгъодэфэн bʁʷadafan to fit aside something or someone
an object to fall aside something or someone
бгъодэхын bʁʷadaxən to take an object from aside something or someone
бгъодэкӏын bʁʷadat͡ʃʼən to go away from aside something or someone
бгъодэлъхьэн bʁʷadaɬħan to put an object aside something or someone
бгъодэуцон bʁʷadawt͡sʷan to stand aside someone or something
бгъодэзын bʁʷadazən to fall aside someone or something
бгъодэтӏэрэн bʁʷadatʼaran to be dropped aside someone or something
бгъодэтӏэрын bʁʷadatʼarən to be dropped from aside someone or something
бгъодэтэкъон bʁʷadataqʷən to throw stuff aside something
бгъодэшъутын bʁʷadaʃʷtən to run off from aside something
кӏалэр шым бгъодэт
кӏалэ-р шы-м бгъодэ-т
[t͡ʃʼaːɮar ʃəm bʁʷadat]
the boy (abs.) horse (erg.) (s)he is standing aside
"the boy is standing aside the horse."
кӏалэм бгъодэкӏ
кӏалэ-м бгъодэ-кӏ
[t͡ʃʼaːɮam bʁʷadat͡ʃʼ]
the boy (abs.) go away from
"go away from the boy."
Adyghe Meaning
Cyrillic IPA
къыбгъодэдзэн qəbʁʷadad͡zan to throw an object from the side of something or someone
къыбгъодэхьэн qəbʁʷadaħan to approach from the side of something or someone
къыбгъодэплъэн qəbʁʷadapɬan to look from the side of something or someone
къыбгъодэфэн qəbʁʷadafan to fit from the side something or someone
an object to fall from the side something or someone
къыбгъодэхын qəbʁʷadaxən to take an object from the side of something or someone
къыбгъодэкӏын qəbʁʷadat͡ʃʼən to go away from the side of something or someone
къыбгъодэлъхьэн qəbʁʷadaɬħan to put an object to the side of something or someone
къыбгъодэуцон qəbʁʷadawt͡sʷan to stand on the side of something or someone
къыбгъодэзын qəbʁʷadazən to fall from the side of something or someone
къыбгъодэшъутын qəbʁʷadaʃʷtən to run off from the side of something or someone
мащинэм къыбгъодахь
мащинэ-м къыбгъода-хь
[maːɕinam qəbʁʷadaːħ]
car (erg.) enter by the side of
"enter by the side of the car."
кӏалэр шым къыбгъодэт
кӏалэ-р шы-м къыбгъодэ-т
[t͡ʃʼaːɮar ʃəm qəbʁʷadat]
the boy (abs.) horse (erg.) (s)he is standing by the side
"the boy is standing by the side of the horse."
мы гущыӏэм къыбгъодатх
мы гущыӏэ-м къыбгъода-тх
[mə ɡʷəɕəʔam qebʁʷadaːtx]
this letter (erg.) write aside a
"write aside this word."

In front of

Adyghe Meaning
Cyrillic IPA
пэӏудзэн paʔʷəd͡zan to throw an object in front of something or someone
пэӏухьэн paʔʷəħan to approach in front of something or someone
пэӏуплъэн paʔʷəpɬan to look in front of something or someone
пэӏуфэн paʔʷəfan to fit in front of something or someone
an object to fall in front of something or someone
пэӏухын paʔʷəxən to take an object from front of something or someone
пэӏукӏын paʔʷət͡ʃʼən to go away from the front of something or someone
пэӏулъхьэн paʔʷəɬħan to put an object in front of something or someone
пэӏууцон paʔʷəwt͡sʷan to stand against someone
пэӏузын paʔʷəzən to fall in front of someone or something
пэӏуэтэкъон paʔʷataqʷən to throw stuff in front of someone or something
тхьэлӏыкӏум пхъэхэр пэӏуалъхьагъэх бламыгъэкӏын фэшӏкӏэ
тхьэлӏыкӏу-м пхъэ-хэ-р пэӏу-а-лъхь-агъ-эх бла-мы-гъэ-кӏын фэшӏкӏэ
[tħaɬʼəkʷʼəm pχaxar paʔʷaːɬħaːʁax bɮaːməʁat͡ʃʼən faʃʼt͡ʃʼa]
prophet (erg.) woods (abs.) they put in front of to not let someone pass for
"they put woods in front of the prophet to prevent him from passing."
кӏалэр къэспэӏууцуи сыблигъэкӏыгъэп
кӏалэр къэ-с-пэӏу-уцу-и сы-бли-гъэ-кӏы-гъэ-п
[t͡ʃʼaːɮar qaspaʔʷəwt͡sʷəj səbɮəjʁat͡ʃʼəʁap]
the boy (abs.) (s)he stood in front of me (s)he didn't let me pass
"the boy stood if front of me and didn't let me pass."

Inside within

The prefix кӏоцӏ~ (kʷʼat͡sʼ~) designates motion directed inside something, or from within something, through something. In some Shapsug dialect, the prefix кӏосӏ~ (kʷʼasʼ~) is used. Examples :

Adyghe Meaning
Cyrillic IPA
кӏоцӏэхьан kʷʼat͡sʼaħan to consume; to penetrate
кӏоцӏэфын kʷʼat͡sʼafən to fall out from inside something
кӏоцӏэкӏын kʷʼat͡sʼat͡ʃʼən to come out within something
кӏоцӏэхын kʷʼat͡sʼaxən to emit; to spew
кӏоцӏэлъхьэн kʷʼat͡sʼaɬħan to put an object within something
кӏоцӏэплъэн kʷʼat͡sʼapɬan to look inside within something
пкӏантӏэ бэ къэскӏоцӏыкӏы
[pt͡ʼaːntʼa ba qaskʷʼat͡sʼət͡ʃʼə]
sweat a lot It is emitting from me
"I am emitting a lot of sweat"
булитэр пхъэм кӏоцӏахьэ
[buːlitar pχam kʷʼat͡sʼaːħa]
bullet (abs.) wood (erg.) it penetrates
"The bullet penetrates the wood."

It also designates location of somebody or something inside something, or extraction of somebody from inside something. for example :

сабыим пӏэтехъор кӏоцӏылъхьэн
[saːbəjəm pʼateχʷar kʷʼat͡sʼəɬħan]
the child (erg.) blanket to put on
"to wrap up the child in the blanket"

Toward

The verbal prefix кӏэлъ~ /kʲʼaɬa~/ designates action towards someone or something for example :

кӏалэхэр машӏом кӏэлъысых
кӏалэ-хэ-р машӏо-м кӏэлъы-сы-х
[t͡ʃʼaːɮaxar [maːʃʷʼam kʲʼaɬəsəx]
the boys (abs.) fire (erg.) they are sitting toward it
"The boy are sitting toward the fire."

Directly

The verbal prefix жэхэ~ (ʒaxa~) designates action directed at something or someone forcefully, usually for assault. It also designates action directed at someone's face. In the Shapsug dialect the prefix джыхэ~ (d͡ʒəxa~) is used instead. for example :

сыкъэпгъэгуабжымэ иджы усжэхэощт
сы-къэ-п-гъэгуабжы-мэ иджы у-с-жэхэ-о-щт
[sqapʁaɡʷaːbʒəma jəd͡ʒə wəsʒaxawaɕt]
if you make me angry now I gonna hit you
"If you will make me angry now, I gonna hit you."
кӏалэр псынкӏэу мачъэу дэпкъым жэхэхьагъ
[t͡ʃʼaːɮar psənt͡ʃʼaw maːt͡ʂaw dapqəm ʒaxaħaːʁ]
boy (abs.) quickly while s(he) was running wall (erg.) (s)he collide with
"The boy while he was running quickly collided with the wall."
кӏалэхэр зэжэхэсых
кӏалэ-хэ-р зэ-жэхэ-сы-х
[t͡ʃʼaːɮaxar zaʒaxasəx]
the boys (abs.) they are sitting forcefully together
"The boys are sitting forcefully together."

Mouth

Designates action performed in or towards the mouth, for example :

жъутхэныр ӏупсэр жэм къыжэдэдзынэ
жъутхэныр ӏупс-эр жэ-м къы-жэдэ-дзы-нэ
[ʒʷəbxanər ʔʷəpsar ʒam qəʒadad͡zən]
to spit is (abs.) saliva (abs.) mouth (erg.) to throw it from the mouth
"To spit is to throw the saliva from the mouth."
кӏалэм сыжэдэуагъ
кӏалэ-м сы-жэдэ-уа-гъ
[t͡ʃʼaːɮam səʒadawaːʁ]
boy (erg.) I hit him in the mouth
"I hit the boy in the mouth."

Direction

In Adyghe verbs indicate the direction they are directed at. They can indicate the direction from different points of view by adding the fitting prefixes or changing the right vowels.

Towards and off

In Adyghe, the positional conjugation prefixes in the transitive verbs are indicating the direction of the verb. According to the verb's vowels, it can be described if the verb is done toward the indicated direction or off it. Usually high vowels (е /aj/ or э /a/) designates that the verb is done towards the indicated direction while low vowels (ы /ə/) designates that the verb is done off the indicated direction. For example :

Position Towards Away
Cyrillic IPA Meaning Cyrillic IPA Meaning
On тепкӏэн tajpt͡ʃʼan to jump on something тепкӏын tajpt͡ʃʼən to jump off from somewhere
Under чӏэпкӏэн t͡ʂʼapt͡ʃʼan to jump under something чӏыпкӏын t͡ʂʼəpt͡ʃʼən to jump up from the bottom
Among хэпкӏэн xapt͡ʃʼan to jump into some mass хэпкӏын xapt͡ʃʼən to jump off from some mass
Inside ипкӏэн jəpt͡ʃʼan to jump inside something ипкӏын jəpt͡ʃʼən to jump outside something
о унашъхьэм нэс укъычӏыпкӏышъущтэп
о унашъхьэ-м нэс у-къы-чӏы-пкӏы-шъу-щт-эп
[wa wənaːʂħam nas wqət͡ʂʼəpt͡ʃʼəʃʷəɕtap]
you house roof (erg.) until you can't jump from the bottom to here
"You cant jump up to the roof."
ӏанэм укъытемыпкӏагъэу сыкъытегъэпкӏыжь
ӏанэ-м у-къы-те-мы-пкӏ-агъ-эу сы-къы-те-гъэ-пкӏы-жь
[ʔaːnam wqətajməpt͡ʃʼaːʁaw səqətajʁapt͡ʃʼəʑ]
table (erg.) before you jump on it Let me jump down from it
"Before you jump on the table, let me jump off it."
Position Towards Away
Cyrillic IPA Meaning Cyrillic IPA Meaning
On тедзэн tajd͡zan to throw an object on something тэдзын tajt͡ʃʼən to throw an object off somewhere
Under чӏэдзэн t͡ʂʼad͡zan to throw an object under something чӏыдзын t͡ʂʼəd͡zən to throw an object up from the bottom
Among хэдзэн xad͡zan to throw an object into some mass хэдзын xad͡zən to throw an object off from some mass
to remove an object/participant from a group
Inside идзэн jəd͡zan to throw inside идзын jəd͡zən to throw outside
унашъхьэм пхъэхэр къытесэдзых
унашъхьэ-м пхъэ-хэ-р къы-те-сэ-дзы-х
[wənaːʂħam pχaxar qətajsad͡zax]
house roof (erg.) woods (abs.) I am throwing them off it
"I am throwing the woods off the house roof."
мыӏэрысхэр шхыныхэмэ къахэдз
мыӏэрыс-хэ-р шхыны-хэ-мэ къ-а-хэ-дз
[məʔarəsxar ʃxənəxama qaːxad͡z]
the apples (erg.) the foods (erg.) remove it from them
"Remove the apples from the foods."
Position Towards Away
Cyrillic IPA Meaning Cyrillic IPA Meaning
On теплъэн tajpt͡ʃʼan to look on something теплъын tajpt͡ʃʼən to look off something
Under чӏэплъэн t͡ʂʼapt͡ʃʼan to look under something чӏыплъын t͡ʂʼəpt͡ʃʼən to look above
Among хэплъэн xapt͡ʃʼan to look into some mass хэплъын xapɬən to look from some mass
to look through something
Inside иплъэн jəpt͡ʃʼan to look inside иплъын jəpt͡ʃʼən to look outside
сэ апчым скъыхэплъы
сэ апч-ым с-къы-хэ-плъы
[sa aːpt͡ʃəm sqəxapɬə]
I glass (erg.) I am looking through it
"I am looking through the glass."
кӏалэр уцыхэмэ къахэплъы
кӏалэ-р уцы-хэ-мэ къ-а-хэ-плъы
[t͡ʃʼaːɮar wət͡səxama qaːxapɬə]
boy (abs.) the grasses (erg.) (s)he is looking from behind them
"The boy is looking from behind the grasses ."
Position Towards Away
Cyrillic IPA Meaning Cyrillic IPA Meaning
On тетӏэрэн tajtʼaran to drop on something тетӏэрын tajtʼarən to drop off from on something
Under чӏэтӏэрэн t͡ʂʼatʼaran to drop under something чӏэтӏэрын t͡ʂʼatʼarən to drop off from under something
Among хэтӏэрэн xatʼaran to drop into an area with some mass хэтӏэрын xatʼarən to drop out from an area with some mass
to be dropped from an organization
Inside итӏэрэн jətʼaran to drop inside something итӏэрын jətʼarən to drop outside something
мыжъоу итӏэрагъхэр матэм къигъэтӏэржьых
мыжъо-у и-тӏэр-агъ-хэ-р матэ-м къ-и-гъэ-тӏэр-жьы-х
[məʒʷaw jətʼaraːʁxar maːtam qəjʁatʼarʑəx]
rock (adv.) the things that were dropped inside it (abs.) basket (erg.) drop them out from it
"Dispose the rocks that were dropped inside the basket."
ӏэгуаор унашъхьэм тегъэтӏэрэн ӏо къытемытӏэржьэу
ӏэгуао-р унашъхьэ-м те-гъэ-тӏэрэ-н ӏо къы-те-мы-тӏэр-жь-эу
[ʔaɡʷaːwar wnaːʂħam tajʁatʼaran ʔʷa qətaimətʼarʑaw]
ball (abs.) roof (erg.) to drop it on something try without having it dropped off from something
"Try dropping the ball on the roof, without having it fall off of it."

Directional prefix

Adding the prefix къэ~ /qa~/ designates arrival, approach, movement directed towards the speaker. For example :

мэшӏокор къэсыгъ
мэшӏоко-р къэ-сы-гъ
[maʃʷʼakʷar qasəʁ]
train (abs.) it arrived
"The train arrived"
сиунэ укъакӏо
си-унэ у-къа-кӏо
[Səjwəna wəqaːkʷʼa]
my house you are coming
"you are coming to my house"

In Adyghe, verbs by default express the subject's point of view, indicating that the action is happening toward someone or something else. For example :

Verbs with the directional prefix express the object's point of view, indicating that the action is happening toward them. For example :

удэ сыкӏони моу сыкъэплъыщт
удэ сы-кӏо-н-и моу сы-къэ-плъы-щт
[wəda wəda maw səqapɬəɕt]
there I will go and here I will look here
"I will go there and will look here"
укъалъэгъоу хъущтэп мы джанэхэмкӏэ
у-къ-а-лъэгъу-эу хъу-щт-эп мы джанэ-хэ-мкӏэ
[wəqaːɬaʁʷə χʷəɕtap d͡ʒaːnaxamt͡ʃʼa]
while you are being seen by them it is forbidden these clothes (ins.)
"It is forbidden for you to be seen with this clothes."

When speaking to someone, the prefix къэ~ /qa~/ can be used to indicate that the verb is directed at him, for example :

уиунэ тыкъакӏо
уиунэ ты-къа-кӏо
[wəjwəna təqaːkʷʼa]
your house we are coming
"we are coming to your house"
мыжъор уадэжькӏэ къэcдзыщт
мыжъор уа-дэжь-кӏэ къэ-c-дзы-щт
[məʒʷar waːdaʑt͡ʃʼa qasd͡zəɕt]
rock (abs.) your direction (ins.) I will throw it
"I will throw the rock towards you."

It can also be used to exchange the subject and the object in a sentence, for example :

тэ кӏалэм тыдакӏо шъо пшъашъэр къышъудакӏо
тэ кӏалэ-м ты-да-кӏо шъо пшъашъэ-р къы-шъу-да-кӏо
[ta t͡ʃʼaːɮam tədaːkʷʼa ʃʷa pʂaːʂar qəʃʷdaːkʷʼa]
we boy (erg.) we are going with you (plural) girl (abs.) (s)he is coming with you (plural)
"We are going with the boy, the girl is coming with you (plural)."
сэ ащ сыфэда ар сэ къэсфэда?
сэ ащ сы-фэд-а ар сэ къэ-с-фэд-а
[sa aːɕ səfadaː aːr sa qasfadaː]
I (s)he (erg.) am I like him? (s)he (abs.) I is (s)he like me?
"Am I like him or is he like me?"
кӏалэр пшъашъэм еплъа е кӏалэм пшъашъэр къеплъа?
кӏалэ-р пшъашъэ-м еплъ-а е кӏалэ-м пшъашъэ-р къ-еплъ-а?
[t͡ʃʼaːɮam pʂaːʂar japɬaː ja t͡ʃʼaːɮam pʂaːʂar qajpɬaː]
boy (abs.) girl (erg.) is (s)he looking at it? or boy (erg.) girl (abs.) is (s)he looking at it?
"Is the boy looking at the girl or is the girl looking at the boy?"
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