Chrysauginae

Chrysauginae
Chrysauginae: Parachma lequettealis
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Lepidoptera
Family:	Pyralidae
Subfamily:	Chrysauginae Lederer, 1863
Type species
Chrysauge divida Hübner, 1823
Diversity
135 genera
Synonyms
Bradypodicolinae Spuler, 1906 Semniidae Lederer, 1863

The Chrysauginae are a subfamily of snout moths (family Pyralidae). They are primarily neotropical and include about 400 described species.

Description and ecology

The subfamily includes the sloth moths (genera Cryptoses, Bradypodicola and Bradypophila). Adults of these species live in the fur of sloths, while the caterpillar larvae feed on the sloth's dung. Other unusual Chrysauginae caterpillars have been found in Hymenoptera nests and on the spines of caterpillars of the brush-footed butterfly genus Automeris. But usually, their larvae feed on plants, boring into seed, fruits, stems and roots, or rolling and spinning leaves together to form a hideout.

While the adults are fairly nondescript, Chrysauginae larvae can usually be recognized unequivocally by the sclerotised ring around seta SD1 of the metathorax.

Systematics

A checklist of the Chrysauginae in the Western Hemsiphere was compiled by Solis et al. in 1995, but no phylogenetic analyses have been conducted. Four Australian genera were tentatively placed in this subfamily by Shaffer et al. in 1996, but study of the adults did not confirm this, and the larvae are unknown.

• Abaera Walker, 1859
• Acallidia Schaus, 1913
• Acallis Ragonot, 1891
• Acutia Ragonot, 1891
• Adenopteryx Ragonot, 1891
• Ahyalosticta Amsel, 1956
• Anassodes Turner, 1932
• Anemosa Walker, 1859 (= Drymiarcha Meyrick, 1885)
• Anemosella Dyar, 1914 (= Balidarcha Dyar, 1914)
• Anisothrix Ragonot, 1891
• Arbinia Möschler, 1881
• Area Ragonot, 1891
• Arouva Walker, 1864
• Arta Grote, 1875 (= Xantippides Dyar, 1908)
• Azamora Walker, 1858 (= Amblyura Lederer, 1863, Arica Walker, 1863, Thylacophora Ragonot, 1891, Torda Walker, 1863)
• Basacallis Cashatt, 1969
• Bisinusia Amsel, 1956
• Blepharocerus C. É. Blanchard, 1852 (= Blepharocorus C. É. Blanchard, 1852)
• Bonchis Walker, 1862 (= Ethnistis Lederer, 1863, Gazaca Walker, 1866, Vurna Walker, 1866, Zarania Walker, 1866)
• Bradypodicola Spuler, 1906
• Bradypophila Ihering, 1914
• Callasopia Möschler, 1890
• Caphys Walker, 1863 (= Euexippe Ragonot, 1891, Ugra Walker, 1863)
• Cappsia Pastrana, 1953
• Carcha Walker, 1859 (= Coeloma Möschler, 1890)
• Casuaria Walker, 1866 (= Saccopleura Ragonot, 1891)
• Catadupa Walker, 1863
• Chenevadia Dyar, 1914
• Chrysauge Hübner, 1823 (= Candisa Walker, 1866)
• Chrysophila Hübner, 1831 (= Eurypta Lederer, 1863)
• Clydonopteron N. D. Riley, 1880
• Condylolomia Grote, 1873 (= Cordylolomia Rye, 1875)
• Craftsia Dyar, 1914
• Cromarcha Dyar, 1914
• Cryptoses Dyar, 1908
• Cyclidalis Hampson, 1906
• Cyclopalpia Hampson, 1897
• Dastira Walker, 1859
• Dasycnemia Ragonot, 1891 (= Hyalosticta Hampson, 1897, Potosa Capps, 1952)
• Deopteryx Dyar, 1914
• Derbeta Walker, 1866
• Diloxis Hampson, 1897
• Distortia Amsel, 1956
• Drepanodia Ragonot, 1892
• Eobrena Dyar, 1914
• Epidelia Ragonot, 1891
• Epiparachma Amsel, 1956
• Epitamyra Ragonot, 1891
• Erioptycha Ragonot, 1891
• Eupilocera Dognin, 1909
• Galasa Walker, 1866 (= Cordylopeza Zeller, 1873)
• Galasodes Amsel, 1956
• Gephyra Walker, 1859 (= Replicia Dyar, 1914)
• Gephyrella Dyar, 1914
• Hednotodes Lower, 1893 (= Calliphlycta Hampson, 1918)
• Heliades Ragonot, 1891
• Heterauge Hampson, 1906
• Holoperas Warren, 1891
• Humiphila Becker, 1974
• Hyperparachma Warren, 1891 (= Parachmopsis Amsel, 1956)
• Hypocosmia Ragonot, 1891
• Idnea Herrich-Schäffer, 1858 (= Auchoteles Zeller, 1877, Corybissa Walker, 1863, Uzeda Walker, 1863)
• Idneodes Ragonot, 1892
• Itambe Ragonot, 1892
• Lepidomys Guenée, 1852 (= Chalinitis Ragonot, 1891)
• Lophopleura Ragonot, 1891
• Lophopleuropsis Amsel, 1956
• Martiniodes Amsel, 1956
• Megacaphys Hampson, 1916
• Michaelshaffera Solis, 1998
• Microrca Amsel, 1956
• Microsauge Amsel, 1956
• Microzancla Hampson, 1897
• Mimetauge Munroe, 1970
• Monoloxis Hampson, 1897
• Murgisca Walker, 1863 (= Pachymorphus Möschler, 1890)
• Myolisa Dyar, 1914
• Nachaba Walker, 1859 (= Ascha Walker, 1864)
• Navura Schaus, 1913
• Negalasa Barnes & McDunnough, 1913
• Neocaphys Amsel, 1956
• Ocoba Dyar, 1914
• Ocresia Ragonot, 1891
• Oectoperodes Ragonot, 1892
• Oedmatodes Ragonot, 1892 (= Oedematodes Hampson, 1897)
• Ophias Ragonot, 1891
• Oryctopleura Ragonot, 1891
• Pachypalpia Hampson, 1895
• Pachypodistes Hampson, 1905 (= Conotambe Dyar, 1914)
• Parachma Walker, 1866 (= Artopsis Dyar, 1908, Perseistis Strand, 1921, Perseis Ragonot, 1891, Zazaca Walker, 1866)
• Paragalasa Cashatt, 1969
• Paramacna Warren, 1889 (= Acroppterygella Strand, 1917, Acropterygella Neave, 1939, Acropteryx Ragonot, 1891)
• Parasopia Möschler, 1890
• Paridnea Ragonot, 1892 (= Batia Walker, 1867)
• Passelgis Dyar, 1914
• Pelasgis Ragonot, 1891
• Penthesilea Ragonot, 1891
• Pionidia Hampson, 1897
• Plagerepne Tams, 1926
• Polloccia Dyar, 1910 (= Pollocia Neave, 1940)
• Polyterpnes Turner, 1932
• Protrichia Hampson, 1897
• Psectrodes Ragonot, 1891
• Pyrauge Hampson, 1906
• Pyraustodes Ragonot, 1891
• Quadrischistis Amsel, 1956
• Ramphidium Geyer in Hübner, 1837 (= Acrodegmia Ragonot, 1891)
• Rhynchotosale Hampson, 1916
• Rucuma Walker, 1863
• Salobrena Walker, 1863 (= Ballonicha Möschler, 1886, Oectoperia Zeller, 1875, Salobrana Fernald, 1902, Teucronoma Meyrick, 1936)
• Samcova Walker, 1863
• Sanguesa Walker, 1863
• Sarcistis Hampson, 1897
• Satole Dyar, 1908
• Schistoneura Ragonot, 1891
• Semnia Hübner, 1823 (= Acronolepia Westwood, 1835, Episemnia Ragonot, 1891)
• Speosia Schaus, 1913
• Sthenobaea Ragonot, 1891 (= Parabaera Dognin, 1904, Sthenauge Hampson, 1906)
• Streptopalpia Hampson, 1895
• Tamyra Herrich-Schäffer, 1858 (= Lametia Walker, 1859, Tamyrodes Ragonot, 1891)
• Tetraschistis Hampson, 1897
• Tharsanthes Meyrick, 1936
• Thermotesia Hampson, 1916
• Tippecoa Dyar, 1914
• Torotambe Dyar, 1914
• Tosale Walker, 1863 (= Fabatana Walker, 1866, Restidia Dyar, 1914, Siparocera Grote, 1875, Callocera Grote, 1875, Siparocera Robinson, 1876, Uliosoma Warren, 1891)
• Ungulopsis Amsel, 1956
• Voglia Amsel, 1956
• Xantippe Ragonot, 1891
• Zaboba Dyar, 1914
• Zamanna Dyar, 1914
• Zanclodes Ragonot, 1891

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chrysauginae.

• Savela, Markku (2011): Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and some other life forms: Chrysauginae. Version of March 7, 2011. Retrieved May, 2011.
• Solis, M. Alma (2007): Phylogenetic studies and modern classification of the Pyraloidea (Lepidoptera). Revista Colombiana de Entomología 33(1): 1–8 [English with Spanish abstract]. HTML fulltext