Colognian pronouns

In the Colognian dialects, pronouns come in several variations. There are demonstrative pronouns, relative pronouns stressed and unstressed definite personal pronouns, indefinite personal pronouns, generalizing personal pronouns, impersonal pronouns, interrogative pronouns, possessive pronouns, …

Pronoun use and semantics

Colognian demonstrative pronouns are used in sentences in positions where a noun phrase led by stressed or demonstrative article could be used as well. The pronoun 'replaces' it for brevity. In fact, a demonstrative pronoun can formally be seen as a noun phrase with the article retained and anything else spared, because grammar forms of demonstrative pronouns and those of demonstrative articles exhibit no differences. Demonstrative pronouns are either strict anaphora, or can be cataphora being resolved within the same or next sentence or subsentence. The use as exophora is possible and reduces the choice of intonation and stress patterns to exactly one, most commonly supported by appropriate gestures.

There are personal pronouns for a variety of uses in Colognian. They all have in common that they link declension with an aspect of conjugation with their forms. Colognian declension follows a case, gender, number scheme, whereas declension among others has a person and number scheme with three grammatical persons: the 1st person referring to the speaker or speakers as agents or patients of a sentence, the 2nd person addresses the listener or listeners of the speaker or speakers as agents or patients of a sentence, while the 3rd person refers to something or someone else but the speaker(s) or the listener(s) as the agents or patients of a sentence, and two grammatical numbers, singular and plural. Declensed forms of personal pronouns combine these schemes. Most possessive pronouns have two distinct uses, some have three or four.

  1. A possessive pronoun can replace an article, that is why Colognian possessive pronouns can also de called possessive articles.
    • Example: et Auto → ding Auto (the car → your car)
  2. Like a demonstrative pronoun, a possessive pronoun can stand alone representing an entire noun phrase. It can be used exophoric or strict anaphoric, a cataphoric use must be resolved within the same or next sentence or sub-sentence.
    • Example: minge kanns de han (you can have mine)
  3. One of the Cologinan genitives, namely the form having to precede its referent, can also be described as a possessive expression having the form: article-dative + noun-dative + possessive-pronoun-3rd person-nominative
    • Example: em Pap singe Poste (fathers post or position)

Pronoun declensions

Demonstrative pronouns singular
masculine
singular
feminine
singular
neuter
plural
any gender
  Nominative: die dat die
Genitive: dämm sing(e)
dämm sie
dä iehr(e) dämm sing(e)
dämm sie
dänne iehr(e)
vun dämm vun dää vun dämm vun dänne
Dative: dämm dää dämm dänne
Accusative: die dat die
Vocative:
Relative pronouns singular
masculine
singular
feminine
singular
neuter
plural
any gender
  Nominative: die wat die
Genitive: dämm sing(e)
dämm sie
dä iehr(e) dämm sing(e)
dämm sie
dänne iehr(e)
vun dämm vun dää vun dämm vun dänne
Dative: dämm dää dämm dänne
Accusative: die wat die
Vocative: die wat die
Stressed definite personal pronouns 1st person
singular
any gender
2nd person
singular
any gender
3rd person
singular
masculine
3rd person
singular
feminine
3rd person
singular
neuter
1st person
plural
any gender
2nd person
plural
any gender
3rd person
plural
any gender
  Nominative: isch do sei it mier Ühr sei
Genitive: ming(e)
mie
Ding(e)
Die
sing(e)
sie
iehr(e) sing(e)
sie
onser
uns
Ühr iehr(e)
vun mier vun dier vun imm vun ehr vun im vun uns vun Üsch vun inne
Dative: mier dier imm ehr im uns Üsch inne
Accusative: misch Disch inn sei it uns Üsch sei
Vocative: isch Do mier Ühr
Unstressed definite personal pronouns 1st person
singular
any gender
2nd person
singular
any gender
3rd person
singular
masculine
3rd person
singular
feminine
3rd person
singular
neuter
1st person
plural
any gender
2nd person
plural
any gender
3rd person
plural
any gender
  Nominative: esch de e se et mer er se
Genitive: ming(e)
mi
ding(e)
di
sing(e)
si
iehr(e) sing(e)
si
onser(e)
ons
öhr(e) iehr(e)
vun mer
vummer
vun der vun em vun er vun em vun ons vun üsch vun enne
Dative: mer der em er em ons üsch enne
Accusative: mesch desch en se et ons üsch se
Vocative:
Indefinite personal pronouns 3rd person
singular
male
3rd person
singular
female
3rd person
singular
neuter
3rd person
plural
any gender
  Nominative: eine
ein
ein
wälsche
Genitive: einem sing(e)
wäm sing(e)
einem sing(e)
wäm sing(e)
einem sing(e)
wäm sing(e)
wälsche iehr(e)
vun einem
vun wäm
vun einem
vun wäm
vun einem
vun wäm
vun wälsche
Dative: einem
wäm
einem
wäm
einem
wäm
wälsche
Accusative: eine
ein
ein
wälsche
Vocative:
Generalizing personal pronouns singular plural
  Nominative: mer mer
Genitive: einem sing(e) wälsche ier
vun einem vun wälsche
Dative: einem wälsche
Accusative: eine wälsche
Vocative: Do Ühr
Impersonal pronouns 3rd person
any number
any gender
  Nominative: keine
Genitive: keinem sing(e)
vun keinem
Dative: keinem
Accusative: keine
Vocative:
Interrogative pronouns a person
any number
male
a person
any number
female
a person
any number
neuter
not a person
any number
any gender
  Nominative: wat
Genitive: wäm sing(e) wä ier(e) wäm sing(e) wäm sing(e)
vun wäm vun wä vun wäm vun wat
Dative: wäm wäm wat
Accusative: wän wän wän wat
Vocative:
Possessive pronouns 1st person
singular
any gender
2nd person
singular
any gender
3rd person
singular
masculine
3rd person
singular
feminine
3rd person
singular
neuter
1st person
plural
any gender
2nd person
plural
any gender
3rd person
plural
any gender
s
i
n
g
u
l
a
r
m
a
s
c
u
l
i
n
e
Nominative: minge ~
mi ~
dinge ~
di ~
singe ~
si ~
ehre ~ singe ~
si ~
unse ~
ons ~
üüre ~ eere ~
Genitive: mingem ~ sing(e) dingem~ sing(e) singem ~ sing(e) eerem ~ sing(e) singem ~ sing(e) onsem ~ sing(e) üürem ~ sing(e) eerem ~ sing(e)
vun mingem ~ vun dingem ~ vun singem ~ vun eerem ~ vun singem ~ vun onsem ~ vun ührem ~ vun eerem ~
Dative: mingem ~ dingem ~ singem ~ ehrem ~ singem ~ onsem ~ ührem ~ ehrem ~
Accusative: minge ~
mi ~
dinge ~
di ~
singe ~
si ~
ehre ~ singe ~
si ~
unse ~
ons ~
üüre ~ eere ~
Vocative: minge ~
mi ~
dinge ~
di ~
singe ~
si ~
ehre ~ singe ~
si ~
unse ~
ons ~
üüre ~ eere ~
s
i
n
g
u
l
a
r
f
e
m
i
n
i
n
e
Nominative: ming ~
mi ~
ding ~
di ~
sing ~
si ~
eer ~ sing ~
si ~
uns ~
ons ~
üür ~ eer ~
Genitive: minger ~ iehr(e) dinger~ iehr(e) singer ~ iehr(e) eerer ~ iehr(e) singer ~ iehr(e) onser ~ iehr(e) üürer ~ iehr(e) eerer ~ iehr(e)
vun minger ~ vun dinger ~ vun singer ~ vun erer ~ vun singer ~ vun onser ~ vun ührer ~ vun erer ~
Dative: minger ~ dinger ~ singer ~ ehrer ~ singer ~ onser ~ ührer ~ ehrer ~
Accusative: ming ~
mi ~
ding ~
di ~
sing ~
si ~
eer ~ sing ~
si ~
uns ~
ons ~
üür ~ eer ~
Vocative: ming ~
mi ~
ding ~
di ~
sing ~
si ~
eer ~ sing ~
si ~
uns ~
ons ~
üür ~ eer ~
s
i
n
g
u
l
a
r
n
e
u
t
e
r
Nominative: ming ~
mi ~
ding ~
di ~
sing ~
si ~
eer ~ sing ~
si ~
uns ~
ons ~
üür ~ eer ~
Genitive: mingem ~ sing(e) dingem~ sing(e) singem ~ sing(e) eerem ~ sing(e) singem ~ sing(e) onsem ~ sing(e) üürem ~ sing(e) eerem ~ sing(e)
vun mingem ~ vun dingem ~ vun singem ~ vun eerem ~ vun singem ~ vun onsem ~ vun ührem ~ vun eerem ~
Dative: mingem ~ dingem ~ singem ~ ehrem ~ singem ~ onsem ~ ührem ~ ehrem ~
Accusative: ming ~
mi ~
ding ~
di ~
sing ~
si ~
eer ~ sing ~
si ~
uns ~
ons ~
üür ~ eer ~
Vocative: ming ~
mi ~
ding ~
di ~
sing ~
si ~
eer ~ sing ~
si ~
uns ~
ons ~
üür ~ eer ~
p
l
u
r
a
l
a
n
y
 
g
e
n
d
e
r
Nominative: ming ~
mi ~
ding ~
di ~
sing ~
si ~
eer ~ sing ~
si ~
uns ~
ons ~
üür ~ eer ~
Genitive: minge ~ iehr(e) dinge~ iehr(e) singe ~ iehr(e) eere ~ iehr(e) singe ~ iehr(e) onser ~ iehr(e)
onse ~ iehr(e)
ons ~ iehr(e)
üüre ~ iehr(e) eere ~ iehr(e)
vun minge ~ vun dinge ~ vun singe ~ vun ere ~ vun singe ~ vun onser ~
vun onse ~
vun ons ~
vun ühre ~ vun ere ~
Dative: minge ~ dingr ~ singe ~ ehre ~ singe ~ onser ~
onse ~
ons ~
ühre ~ ehre ~
Accusative: ming ~
mi ~
ding ~
di ~
sing ~
si ~
eer ~ sing ~
si ~
uns ~
ons ~
üür ~ eer ~
Vocative: ming ~ ding ~
di ~
sing ~
si ~
eer ~ sing ~
si ~
uns ~
ons ~
üür ~ eer ~

References

  1. 1 2 Examples use these conventions:
    1. Where stress is of importance, stressed syllables or words are underlined.
    2. Alternative translations are separated with commas when their sense is identical.
    3. If the original has multiple meanings, their translations are separated with slashes.

Bibliography

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