Demographics of Paris

Demographics within the Paris Region
(according to the INSEE 2008 census)

Note that the map above is outdated. It shows the extent of the urban and metropolitan areas of Paris at the 1999 census.
Île-de-France departments
Areas	Population 2008 census	Area	Density	1999-2008 pop. growth
City of Paris (department 75)	2,211,297	105 km2 (41 sq mi)	20,169/km2 (52,240/sq mi)	+0.45%/year
Inner ring (Petite couronne) (Depts. 92, 93, 94)	4,366,961	657 km2 (254 sq mi)	6,647/km2 (17,220/sq mi)	+0.89%/year
Outer ring (Grande couronne) (Depts. 77, 78, 91, 95)	5,081,002	11,250 km2 (4,344 sq mi)	452/km2 (1,170/sq mi)	+0.68%/year
Île-de-France (entire region)	11,659,260	12,012 km2 (4,638 sq mi)	971/km2 (2,510/sq mi)	+0.71%/year
Statistical Areas (INSEE 2008 census)
Areas	Population 2008 census	Area	Density	1999-2008 pop. growth
Urban area (Paris agglomeration)	10,354,675	2,844.8 km2 (1,098 sq mi)	3,640/km2 (9,400/sq mi)	+0.70%/year
Metro area (Paris metropolitan area)	12,089,098	17,174.4 km2 (6,631 sq mi)	704/km2 (1,820/sq mi)	+0.71%/year

The city of Paris (also called the Commune or Department of Paris) had a population of 2,241,346 people within its administrative city limits as of January 1, 2014.^[1] It is surrounded by the Paris unité urbaine, or urban area, the most populous urban area in the European Union. In 2011 the unité urbaine had a population of 10,516,110.^[2] The Paris Region, or Île-de-France covers 12,012 square kilometers (4,638 square miles), and has its own regional council and president. It has a population of 12,005,077 as of January 2014, or 18.2 percent of the population of France.^[3]

The population of the city of Paris reached a historic high of 2.9 million in 1921 but then declined; between 1954 and 1999 it declined at every census, falling to 2,147,857 in 1999, but after that it began to climb again, reaching 2,234,000 by 2009.^[4]

The city's population loss reflected the experience of most other core cities in the developed world that have not expanded their boundaries. The principal factors in the process were a significant decline in household size, and a dramatic migration of residents to the suburbs between 1962 and 1975. Factors in the migration included deindustrialisation, high rent, the gentrification of many inner quarters, the transformation of living space into offices, and greater affluence among working families. The city's population loss was one of the most severe among international municipalities and the largest for any that had achieved more than 2,000,000 residents. Since then an influx of younger residents and immigrants has contributed to the growth of the city.

Density

According to Eurostat, the EU statistical agency, in 2012 the Commune of Paris was the most densely populated city in the European Union, with 21,616 persons per square kilometre within the city limits (the NUTS-3 statistical area), ahead of Inner London West, which had 10,374 persons per square kilometre. According to the same census, three departments bordering Paris, Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marne, had population densities of over ten thousand persons per square kilometre, ranking among the ten most densely populated areas of the EU.^[5]

Paris is one of the most densely populated cities in the world.^[6] Its density, excluding the outlying woodland parks of Boulogne and Vincennes, was 24,448 inhabitants per square kilometre (63,320/sq mi) in the 1999 official census, which could be compared only with some Asian megapolises and the New York City borough of Manhattan. Even including the two woodland areas, its population density was 20,169/km² (52,240/sq mi),^[7] the fifth-most-densely populated commune in France after Le Pré-Saint-Gervais, Vincennes, Levallois-Perret, and Saint-Mandé—all of which border the city proper.

The most sparsely populated quarters are the western and central office and administration-focused arrondissements. The city's population is densest in the northern and eastern arrondissements; the 11th arrondissement had a density of 40,672 inhabitants per square kilometre (105,340/sq mi) in 1999, and some of the same arrondissement's eastern quarters had densities close to 100,000/km² (260,000/sq mi) in the same year.

Population density map of Paris in January 2012

Notes: Without the Bois de Boulogne and the Bois de Vincennes.

References: Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques

Paris agglomeration

The city of Paris covers an area much smaller than the urban area of which it is the core. At present, Paris's real urbanisation, defined by the pôle urbain (urban area) statistical area, covers 2,845 km² (1,098 sq mi),^[8] or an area about 27 times larger than the city itself. The administration of Paris's urban growth is divided between itself and its surrounding departments: Paris's closest ring of three adjoining departments, or petite couronne ("small ring") are fully saturated with urban growth, and the ring of four departments outside of these, the grande couronne departments, are only covered in their inner regions by Paris's urbanisation. These eight departments form the larger administrative Île-de-France région; most of this region is filled, and overextended in places, by the Paris aire urbaine, which, in 2010, was populated by over 12 million people.^[9]

The Paris agglomeration has shown a steady rate of growth since the end of the late 16th century French Wars of Religion, save brief setbacks during the French Revolution and World War II. Suburban development has accelerated in recent years: With an estimated total of 11.4 million inhabitants for 2005, the Île-de-France région shows a rate of growth double that of the 1990s.^[10][11]

Immigration

2011 Census Paris Region[12][13]
Country/territory of birth	Population
Metropolitan France	9,112,301
Algeria	285,703
Portugal	240,445
Morocco	224,787
Tunisia	107,549
Guadeloupe	80,265
Martinique	74,565
Turkey	68,703
China	59,734
Italy	55,443
Mali	54,525
Spain	46,486
Côte d'Ivoire	45,870
Senegal	44,356
Democratic Republic of Congo	41,497
Poland	39,307
Cameroon	36,538
Vietnam	36,008
Romania	35,495
Sri Lanka	34,702
Republic of the Congo	32,718
Cambodia	32,270
Haiti	32,017
Réunion	30,824
Serbia	27,373
Germany	23,334
India	23,232
Lebanon	19,769
Mauritius	19,646
United Kingdom	19,583
Madagascar	17,723
United States	17,596
Russia	15,483
Pakistan	15,312
Belgium	15,146
Other countries and territories	785,821

By law, French censuses do not ask questions regarding ethnicity or religion, but do gather information concerning one's country of birth. From this it is still possible to determine that Paris and its metropolitan area is one of the most multi-cultural in Europe: According to the 2011 census, 456,105 residents of the municipality of Paris, or 20.3 percent, and 2,117,901 residents of the Paris Region (Île-de-France), or 17.9 percent, were born outside France.^[14] At the 1999 census, 4.2% of the population in Paris metropolitan area were recent immigrants (people who had immigrated to France between 1990 and 1999), the majority from Asia and Africa. 37 per cent of all immigrants in France live in the Paris region.^[15]

The first wave of international migration to Paris started as early as 1820 with the arrivals of German peasants fleeing an agricultural crisis in their homeland. Several waves of immigration followed continually until today: Italians and central European Jews during the 19th century; Russians after the revolution of 1917 and Armenians fleeing genocide in the Ottoman Empire;^[16] colonial subjects during World War I and later;^[17] Poles between the two world wars; Spaniards, Italians, Portuguese, and North Africans from the 1950s to the 1970s; North African Jews after the independence of those countries; Africans and Asians since then.^[18]

The Paris metropolitan region or "aire urbaine" is estimated to be home to some 1.7 million Muslims, making up between 10–15 per cent of the area's population. However, without official data, the margin of error of these estimates is extremely high as it is based on one's country of birth (someone born in a Muslim country or born to a parent from a Muslim country is considered as a "potential Muslim").^[19] According to the North American Jewish Data Bank, an estimated 310,000 Jews also live in Paris and the surrounding Île-de-France region, an area with a population of 11.7 million inhabitants. Paris has historically been a magnet for immigrants, hosting one of the largest concentrations of immigrants in Europe today.^[20]

Immigrants and their children in departments of Île-de-France (Paris Region)

Anch National Institute for Statistics and Economic Studies, responsible for the production and analysis of official statistics in France, 20 per cent of people living in the city of Paris are immigrants and 41.3 per cent of people under 20 have at least one immigrant parent.^[21] Among the young people under 18, 12.1 per cent are of Maghrebi origin, 9.9 per cent of Subsaharan African origin and 4.0 per cent of South European origin.^[22] About four million people, or 35 per cent of the population of the Île-de-France, are either immigrants (17 per cent) or have at least one immigrant parent (18 per cent).^[23]

(source : Insee, EAR 2006) Reading: 436 576 immigrants live in Paris, representing 20% of Parisians and 22.4% of immigrants in Île-de-France. 162 635 children under 20 with at least one immigrant parent live in Paris, representing 41.3 per cent of the total of children under 20 in Paris and 15.4 per cent of the total of children under 20 with at least one immigrant parent in Île-de-France.

Expatriates

As of 2005 many expatriates settle in the western portion of Paris. Western Paris is in close proximity to many international schools and the La Défense area.^[24]

Ethnic groups

Africans

As of 2012 tens of thousands of people of African origins live in Paris. This group includes those born in France who had African parents and naturalized French citizens born in Africa. The majority come from the Maghreb, including Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia. Other countries with populations in Paris include Burkina Faso, the Congo, Guinea, Mali, and Senegal.^[25]

Asians

As of 1998 Île-de-France has half of the Asian population of France.^[26] As of 1990 the majority of Asians living in France are ethnic Chinese originating from several countries.^[27]

In 1974 France stopped allowing foreign workers into its borders. The Asian population of France increased despite the closure. In 1975 there were 20,000 Asians in Île-de-France. In 1982 the region had 59,000. This increased to 108,000 in 1990.^[27]

In France the "Asians" are defined as people originating from the East Asian cultural sphere. The term does not include people from the Indian subcontinent. The usage of "Asians" differs from that of Anglo-Saxon countries.^[26]

Geography of the Asian population

For the entire Île-de-France region, there were a total of 108,511 persons who held or formerly held Cambodian, Chinese, Laotian, Taiwanese, and Vietnamese citizenships as of 1990. This included 64,361 current citizens of those countries and 44,150 former citizens who became naturalized as French citizens.^[28]

As of 1990, there were a combined total of 31,773 persons who held or formerly held Cambodian, Chinese, Laotian, Taiwanese, and Vietnamese citizenships in the City of Paris. This included 21,655 current citizens of those countries and 10,118 former citizens who became naturalized as French citizens.^[28]

As of 1990 fewer than 10,000 persons of East/Southeast Asian origin resided in six communes of Marne-la-Vallée. 26% of the population of Lognes was Asian, and other percentages were 8% in Noisiel, 5-6% in Noisy-le-Grand, and 5-6% in Torcy. In 1982 there were 6,000 Asians in Marne-la-Vallée, making up 3-4% of the area's population. In 1987 the number increased to 9,000.^[29]

As of circa 1998 Ivry-sur-Seine and Vitry-sur-Seine had a combined Asian population of 3,600.^[30]

As of circa 1998 there were about 6,000 East/Southeast Asians in and around Aulnay-sous-Bois, and there were 3,000 persons of East and Southeast Asian origin in Aulnay proper. Most of them were of Cambodian origin, including those with and without Cambodian citizenship. The commune also had an above-average number of persons of Laotian origin, including those with and without Laotian citizenship. Ethnicities included Khmer people, Lao people, and Overseas Chinese.^[30]

Cambodians

As of 1990, in the City of Paris there were 7,950 Cambodian citizens and 3,279 former Cambodian citizens who became naturalized as French. The combined total is 11,229.^[28]

That year, in the Île-de-France region there were 26,553 Cambodian citizens and 13,068 former Cambodian citizens naturalized as French. The combined total was 39,421.^[28]

Chinese

The Olympiades towers with the pagoda roof shopping centre, Chinatown, Paris

As of 1990 the majority of Asians living in the Paris area are ethnic Chinese originating from several countries.^[27] The largest group includes ethnic Chinese from Indochina, and a smaller group originates from Zhejiang.^[31]

Japanese

As of 2013 the official number of Japanese residents in Paris was 16,277.^[32]

Laotians

As of 1990, in the City of Paris there were 2,185 Laotian citizens and 1,376 former Laotian citizens naturalized as French, making a combined total of 3,561.^[28]

As of that year, in the Île-de-France region there were 10,110 Laotian citizens and 8,177 former Laotian citizens, making a combined total of 18,287.^[28]

Vietnamese

In periods before 1975 several Vietnamese arrived in Paris, including intellectuals, those who worked as civil servants in colonial times, and those who came to Paris to study and did not return home. Ethnic Vietnamese arriving after 1975 became a part of an ethnic network established by those that came before them. Many Vietnamese achieved proficiency in the medical, scientific, and computer science fields.^[33]

As of 1990, in the City of Paris there were 3,802 Vietnamese citizens and 4,155 former Vietnamese citizens naturalized as French, making a total of 7,957.^[28]

As of that year, in the Île-de-France region there were 16,387 Vietnamese citizens and 20,261 former Vietnamese citizens naturalized as French, making a total of 36,648.^[28]

Historical population

Population of Paris from Julius Caesar to the French Revolution.

City proper, urban area, and metropolitan area population from 1801 to 2010.

Notes for the table:

• until the 1830s, urbanization was contained within the administrative borders of the City of Paris; urban area figures before 1835 are thus the same as the city proper figures
• the phenomenon of long commutes did not appear until the 1960s; metropolitan area figures before 1968 are thus essentially the same as the urban area figures
• time comparisons should be exercised with care, as statistical borders vary year after year. E.g., the metropolitan area figure for 1968 is within the 1968 borders of the metropolitan area, whereas the metropolitan area figure for 1975 is within the 1975 expanded borders of the metropolitan area.

See also

• Demographics of France
• List of metropolitan areas by population
• Larger urban zone
• Largest urban areas of the European Union

References

• Guillon, Michelle. "The Chinese and Chinese Districts in Paris" (Chapter 11). In: Sinn, Elizabeth (editor). The Last Half Century of Chinese Overseas. Hong Kong University Press, 1 January 1998. ISBN 9622094465, 9789622094468.

Notes

Bibliography

• Goebel, Michael. Anti-Imperial Metropolis: Interwar Paris and the Seeds of Third World Nationalism (Cambridge University Press, 2015) excerpts
• Zarka, Yves Charles; Taussig, Sylvie; Fleury, Cynthia (2004). "Les contours d'une population susceptible d'être musulmane d'après la filiation". L'Islam en France (in French). Presses universitaires de France. ISBN 978-2-13-053723-6. 

Further reading

• Grzegorczyk, Anna (Faculty of Geography and Regional Studies, University of Warsaw). "Social and ethnic segregation in the Paris metropolitan area at the beginning of the 21st century" (Archive). Miscellanea Geographica – Regional Studies on Development. Vol.17, No.2, 2013. pp. 20–29. ISSN 2084-6118. DOI:10.2478/10288-012-0040-3.