Eastern al-Hasakah offensive

Eastern al-Hasakah offensive
Part of the Syrian Civil War,
the Syrian Kurdish–Islamist conflict (2013–present),
and the American-led intervention in Syria

A map of the territorial changes during the Al-Hasakah offensive
Date21 February – 17 March 2015
(3 weeks and 3 days)
LocationAl-Hasakah Governorate, Syria
Result YPG & Syrian Army victory east of Al-Hasakah; Partial ISIL victory west of Al-Hasakah
Territorial
changes
  • Kurdish forces capture Tal Hamis, Tell Brak, and over 103 other villages and hamlets[1][2]
  • Syrian government forces capture 38–42 villages on Highway 7[3][4][5]
  • ISIL captures Tell Khanzir and 35 villages around Tell Tamer, and kidnaps 287–400 Assyrian Christians
Belligerents

 Syrian Kurdistan
Syriac Union Party
Al-Sanadid Forces[6]
Supported by:
CJTF–OIR
Iraqi Kurdistan Iraqi Kurdistan[7]

 Syrian Arab Republic		 Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
Commanders and leaders

Sipan Hemo
(YPG chief commander)
Kino Gabriel[8]
(MFS chief commander)
Suleiman al-Shammari[9]
(MFS commander)

Brig. Gen. Mohammad Khodour[10]
Maj. Gen. Hassan Mohammad[11]		 Abu Ali al-Anbari
(Deputy, Syria)
Abu Omar al-Shishani (Field commander in Syria)[12]
Unknown pro-ISIL tribal leader[13]
Units involved

YPG
YPJ
Syriac Military Council (MFS)
Sutoro
Khabour Guards

Syrian Army
National Defence Force
Sootoro

Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Military of ISIL

Strength
Rojava YPG & YPJ: 1,500+[8]
Syriac Military Council (MFS): 1,500[15]
Sutoro: 1,000+ (June 2013)[16]		 6,000+[17]
Casualties and losses
155 YPG and allies killed[18] (14 executed), 13 captured[19] 387–423 killed[20]
287–400 Assyrian civilians kidnapped[21] (24 released, 1 executed)[19][22]
at least 20,000 civilians displaced[23]
Civil uprising
in Syria (March–August 2011)
Start of insurgency (September 2011 – April 2012)
Cease-fire and civil war (May 2012 – December 2013)
Rise of the Islamists (January–September 2014)
United States-led intervention (September 2014 – September 2015)
Russian intervention (September 2015 – March 2016)
Aleppo escalation and Turkish intervention (March 2016–present)

The Eastern al-Hasakah offensive was launched in the Al-Hasakah Governorate during the Syrian Civil War, by the Kurdish People's Protection Units, Assyrian Christian militias, and allied Arab forces against the jihadist Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL or ISIS), with the intent of retaking the areas of the Jazira Canton that had been captured by ISIL.[2] Subsequently, the Syrian Armed Forces also launched an assault against the radical militants, without coordinating with the Kurds.[24]

Background

In February 2014, multiple towns and villages in the eastern part of the Jazira Canton came under ISIL control. On 23 June 2014, ISIL expanded into Tell Brak and the surrounding area, as well as the eastern outskirts of the city of Al-Hasakah. In early October 2014, ISIL launched a massive offensive, taking control of over 200 villages in the eastern Jazira Canton,[25] with subsequent campaigns expanding ISIL control in the region into December 2014. In mid-December, the Syrian Army and the YPG engaged ISIL forces to the south of Qamishli, capturing a number of villages, but ISIL responded with a counter-offensive that resulted in them capturing multiple villages to the south and southeast of Tell Ma'ruf. In late December 2014, YPG forces retook control of some of the villages near the Yarubiyah-Rabia border crossing and to the southwest of the region, in support of Peshmerga forces launching the Sinjar offensive. By the end of the offensive on 21 December, some of the ISIL-occupied villages near Jaz'ah had come under YPG assault.

The offensive

The offensive started on 21 February 2015,[1] and by the next day, the Kurds quickly advanced within five kilometers of Tal Hamis, after capturing 23 farms and villages[7] near the Abo Qasayeb area.[26] Their assault was backed up by U.S. and allied Arab air support. Also, near the border with Iraq, the YPG captured two villages. The Kurdish Peshmerga forces in Iraq shelled ISIL positions across the border, in coordination with the YPG during their advance.[7] In response to the Kurdish offensive, on 23 February, ISIL launched a massive attack on a cluster of villages along the southern bank of the Khabur River around the town of Tell Tamer, using around 3,000 fighters[8] and multiple tanks,[27][28] seizing 11 villages and kidnapping 220 Assyrian Christians by 26 February, according to the SOHR.[1][29] Local sources stated that 33–35 villages were captured[30][29] and put the number of abducted Assyrians at 287–400.[21][31] ISIL was reportedly withdrawing militants from other fronts in Syria, including the front at Homs, to boost their assault at Tell Tamer.[32] The Kurds managed to recapture several of the villages, but the fate of the Christians remained unknown.[33] It was also reported that Abu Omar al-Shishani, ISIL's field commander in Syria, was leading the assault at Tell Tamer.[12]

Map of the Al-Hasakah offensive in progress, on 24 February 2015, showing the YPG and ISIL offensives on both sides of the Governorate.

On 23 February, the YPG captured Tell Brak, during a pre-dawn raid[2] On 25 February, the YPG cut the road between Tal Hamis and al-Hawl, which was a main ISIL supply line from Iraq.[34] By 27 February, Kurdish fighters managed to capture 103 villages and hamlets around the town of Tal Hamis, as well as Tal Hamis itself[1] while on 1 March, Kurdish fighters reportedly burned a number of houses that belonged to ISIL militants or ISIL-allied fighters[35] in two dozen Arab villages around Tal Hamis that they recaptured from ISIL.[25] On 28 February, ISIL executed 15 Assyrian Christians, 14 of them fighters. Another 13 Christian fighters were being held.[19]

By 28 February, since the start of the offensive, the fighting had left at least 175–211 ISIL militants[1][36][37] and 75 Kurdish and allied fighters dead.[38] In the period during the offensive, between 21 February and 1 March, the US-led coalition conducted 24 airstrikes, striking 18 ISIL tactical units and destroying seven ISIL vehicles.[39]

Kurdish forces were reportedly planning to build on their advances and capture Tell Abyad, thus connecting the Kobanî Canton to the Jazira Canton.[40][41]

In the meantime, on the same day that the Kurds captured Tal Hamis, Syrian government forces launched their own offensive against ISIL, and by 2 March, had captured 23–31 villages, with their ultimate aim being to take control of the main road linking the provincial capital of Al-Hasakah to the city of Qamishli.[24] Another report put the number of captured villages at 33.[3] 13 of the villages were seized within 24 hours of the start of the assault.[42] Meanwhile, Kurdish-Arab allied forces were continuing to fight ISIL outside Tell Tamer.[24]

By 3 March, 24 of the kidnapped Christians were released by ISIL[22] after ransoms were paid.[24]

On 4 March, Syrian government forces advanced further and captured several villages, while ISIL continued shelling Kurdish fighters near Tell Tamer.[43] After the losses suffered in the previous days, ISIL forces retreated towards the areas of al-Hawl and Shaddadi.[44]

On of 6 March, the Syrian Army advanced down Highway 7 up to 15–20 kilometers from Tell Brak and stopped.[45] It was also reported that fierce clashes between ISIL and the YPG had erupted to the east of Al-Hasakah city, as ISIL was trying to prevent Kurdish forces from reaching one of its last remaining strongholds in al-Hawl. The clashes from 5–6 March resulted in the deaths of 11 more YPG fighters.[46]

On 7 March, ISIL launched a massive attack on villages around Tell Tamer, with fears ISIL militants would use the kidnapped Assyrians as human shields.[47] The attack began around dawn and targeted at least three villages on the northern bank of the Khabur River, with ISIL's aim being to capture Tell Tamer and secure a corridor to the Iraqi border.[28] The next day, ISIL advanced close to the town and heavy fighting ensued, but Kurdish reinforcements arrived and they managed to repel the militants. The clashes left 40 dead on both sides.[48] At the same time, ISIL launched an assault in an attempt to recapture several villages between Tell Brak and al-Hawl, which was also repelled, with the YPG claiming to have killed 67 ISIL militants.[49] Meanwhile, Syrian government troops advanced further and captured five to nine villages.[4][5]

By this point, among Kurdish fighters killed in the offensive, there were three foreigners as well: an Australian, a Briton and a German female volunteer.[50]

On 10 March, the YPG announced that their campaign had ended successfully after securing the Jazira Canton. However, on the same day, ISIL launched a surprise attack on Tell Khanzir, about 30 kilometers to the west of Ras al-Ayn, near the Turkish border in west Hasakah, capturing the town along with several other villages.[41][51] It was reported that ISIL had deployed hundreds[41] of battle-hardened Chechens from its Khorasan Battalion to carry out the assault.[14] Fierce clashes also erupted in and around Manajir, to the west of Tell Tamer, as ISIL sought to strike northward. ISIL launched the assault to prevent Kurdish forces from reaching their stronghold of al-Hawl, by occupying the Kurds on multiple fronts,[41] attempting to seize another border crossing with Turkey, and due to fears that the Kurds would use Ras al-Ayn as a base to seize control of Tell Abyad, and link the Kobanî and Jazira Cantons.[52] ISIL also wanted control of Ras al-Ayn and Tell Tamer to control additional key routes that would link the ISIL-held Iraqi city of Mosul with other ISIL-controlled territory in northeastern Syria.[52]

On 12 March, the Kurds managed to repel the ISIL advance on Ras al-Ayn resulting in dozens of casualties on both sides. However, ISIL advanced towards Tell Tamer and captured the village of Tal Nasri, bringing the militants to within 500 meters of the town. The fighting near Tell Tamer left 22 Kurdish and 18 jihadist fighters dead.[52] Two days later, the Kurds recaptured the village of Tal Maghas, near Tell Tamer;[53] however, according to another report, ISIL managed to capture several more villages and crossed the Khabur River, in the area just northwest of Tell Tamer.[54][55] The YPG demanded more Coalition airstrikes in the region, due to the fact that ISIL was deploying more reinforcements while the US-led Coalition had not conducted any airtrikes near Tell Tamer since 10 March.[56][57] By this point, since the ISIL counterattack started on 10 March, the clashes in the Tell Tamer and Tell Khanzir areas had left at least 105 ISIL militants[14][58] and 63 YPG fighters dead.[14][59] On 13 March, the US-led Coalition resumed airstrikes in the region.[39]

On 16 March, the YPG advanced and captured some ISIL positions in the countryside around Tell Tamer.[60] The same day, 100 Hezbollah fighters arrived in Ras al-Ayn from Qamishli to support Kurdish forces, according to the pro-opposition Al-Hasakah Youth Union, and were soon after sent to the battlefield where they were outfitted with Kurdish uniforms.[61] The next day, the Iranian Fars News Agency reported that the Syrian Army advanced and captured the town of Malaha, as well as its surrounding farm areas.[62]

Aftermath

Map of the maximum gains made by ISIL advances during the Al-Hasakah offensive, by mid-April 2015.

From 18 to 19 March, US-led Coalition airstrikes struck 3 ISIL tactical units, an ISIL fighting position, and an ISIL tunnel system in the area.[39]

On 20 March, more than 100 people were killed and wounded when an ISIL militant blew himself up at a celebration held by the Kurds for the festival of Nowruz, in the al-Mofti neighborhood of Al-Hasakah city, in addition to an IED explosion at another celebration in the city.[63]

Over the next several days, clashes erupted in the vicinity of Tell Khanzir, Tell Brak and Tell Tamer, killing dozens of ISIL militants,[14][64][65] while fighter jets bombed ISIL positions in the city of Al-Shaddadeh.[66]

On 30 March, the National Defense Forces (NDF) reportedly captured 33 villages near the village of Tal Brak in rural Al-Hasakah, after fierce clashes with ISIL militants on 28 and 29 March.[67] On the same day, Kurdish commander Jiwan Ibrahim, Chief of the Kurdish Asayish forces in Rojava, issued a warning to civilians in the recently regained towns of Tel Brak and Tel Hamis regarding Syrian government forces in the region: “To our people in Tel Brak and Tel Hamis, the Baathist regime (Assad’s regime) in Qamishli and Hasakah is spreading baseless news that it took entire control of both towns and handed them over to Kurdish forces. However, Kurds have fought against the radical group of the Islamic State (IS/ISIL) and forced the militants to withdraw from the towns, and Kurds are the ones who protect these towns. The regime militias weren’t engaged in the fighting against the IS group and they won’t provide any security assistance to the civilians”.[68]

On 3 April, ISIL reportedly lost another 21 villages to Syrian government forces, to the south of Qamishli.[69]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 "Kurdish forces capture key IS Syria bastion: Monitor". Retrieved 27 February 2015.
  2. 1 2 3 "Under Kurdish attacks, ISIS loses main stronghold in Hasakah". ARA News. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
  3. 1 2 "Syria: The Week in Review (February 23-March 1)". 2 March 2015.
  4. 1 2 Master. "Dozens of fighters killed during clashes in Tal Tamir". Syrian Observatory For Human Rights. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
  5. 1 2 Leith Fadel. "The Syrian Arab Army Liberates 9 Areas Near Al-Qamishli". Al-Masdar News. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
  6. ↑ "YPG kills 103 IS fighters and enters Tal Hamis after taking over 103 villages". SOHR. 27 February 2015. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
  7. 1 2 3 "Syrian Kurds attack Islamic State in northeast". Reuters. Retrieved 4 March 2015.
  8. 1 2 3 "Coalition Air Strikes Push Back ISIS In Northeastern Syria". The Daily Caller. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
  9. ↑ "Kurds liberate major ISIS-held towns north Syria - المقاتلون الكرد يدخلون معاقل داعش في الحسكة". YouTube. 3 March 2015. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
  10. ↑ "Timeline Photos - Syrian Arab Army - Facebook". Retrieved 11 March 2015.
  11. ↑ Leith Fadel (14 July 2016). "Syrian Army replaces top commander in east Syria". al-Masdar News. Retrieved 14 July 2016.
  12. 1 2 "Hasakah attack shows Islamic State not remaining on defensive - Al-Monitor: the Pulse of the Middle East". Al-Monitor. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
  13. 1 2 3 "Arab tribal fighters declare war on Kurdish YPG forces, north Syria". ARA News. 20 February 2015.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 "SYRIA and IRAQ NEWS". Peter Clifford Online. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
  15. ↑ "En Syrie, des chrétiens prennent les armes face à l'Etat islamique et aux forces d'Assad". Slate. 24 February 2015. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
  16. ↑ Ramezani, K. (12 July 2013). "20 Minuten - Schweizer Söldner im syrischen Bürgerkrieg - Hintergrund". 20min.ch. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  17. ↑ 2,000+ (Tell Hamis area), 3,000+ including reinforcements (Tell Tamer region), ~1,000 (Tell Khanzir area), https://web.archive.org/web/20150402165628/https://mmedia.me/lb/en/newsreports/564956-syria-kurds-under-fire. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 13, 2015. Missing or empty |title= (help) a total of 6,000+ fighters
  18. ↑ 75 killed (21 February–2 March), 1 killed (4 March), 11 killed (5–6 March), 1 killed (8 March), 45 killed (10–13 March), 18 killed (15 March), 1 killed (16 March), 3 killed (18 March), a total of 155 killed
  19. 1 2 3 Jeremy Reynalds. "ISIS Has Begun Executing Captured Christians, According to Report". Retrieved 7 March 2015.
  20. ↑ 175–211 killed (21–27 February), 107 killed (8 March), 50 killed (10–13 March; Tell Tamr), 55 killed (11–13 March; Ras al-Ayn), a total of 387–423 reported killed
  21. 1 2 "ISIS Onslaught Engulfs Assyrian Christians as Militants Destroy Ancient Art". Retrieved 26 February 2015.
  22. 1 2 "IS releases 24 Assyrian Christians so far". SOHR. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
  23. ↑ At least 20,000 civilians displaced during the Al-Hasakah offensive (February–March 2015); 5,000+ in the Khabur Valley region, and 15,000+ in the Tell Hamis region
  24. 1 2 3 4 "Syrian army and Kurdish forces fight ISIL on two fronts". Retrieved 3 March 2015.
  25. 1 2 "YPG units reportedly burn Arab villages". Retrieved 3 March 2015.
  26. ↑ sohranas. "YPG takes control over 20 villages and farmlands in al- Hasakah". Syrian Observatory For Human Rights. Retrieved 4 March 2015.
  27. ↑ "ISIS Makes Big Move On Christian Villages". The Daily Caller. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
  28. 1 2 "IS attacks Christian villages in northeastern Syria - US News". US News & World Report. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
  29. 1 2 "Number of Christians kidnapped in ISIS offensive up to 220, Syria monitoring groups say". Fox News. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
  30. ↑ Laura Smith-Spark and John Vause, CNN (25 February 2015). "Activist: ISIS holds 150 Christian hostages, will threaten to kill them". Retrieved 7 March 2015.
  31. ↑ "Air strikes hit Islamic State in Syria after Christians abducted". Reuters. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
  32. ↑ "Al-Hasakah: ISIS Withdraws Militants from Homs to Tal Tamer; YPG Captures 9 villages". 24 February 2015. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
  33. ↑ sohranas. "YPG retakes the Assyrian villages around the town of Tal Tamer, and destiny of 90 Assyrians is still unknown". Syrian Observatory For Human Rights. Retrieved 4 March 2015.
  34. ↑ "Syrian Kurds cut ISIS supply line near Iraq". Retrieved 3 March 2015.
  35. ↑ sohranas. "After the collapse of IS in Ayn al- Arab "Kobani" it also callapses and retreats from the town of Tal Hamis". Syrian Observatory For Human Rights. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
  36. ↑ "Kurdish fighters rout IS militants from town near Iraq - US News". US News & World Report. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
  37. ↑ "War against ISIS/Daesh: YPG have liberated the strategic target of Tel Hamis plus many other villages – Revenge for the fallen heroes – Death to the Islamic-fascists (Kurdistan)". Retrieved 11 March 2015.
  38. ↑ "Bodies found in Syrian town after Kurdish fighters oust ISIS jihadis". Mail Online. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
  39. 1 2 3 "Operation Inherent Resolve Strike Updates". United States Department of Defense. February 24, 2015. Retrieved February 28, 2015.
  40. ↑ "Syria Daily, Feb 28: Kurds Hit Back at Islamic State With Capture of Key Town in Northeast". EA WorldView. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
  41. 1 2 3 4 "Syria Kurds under fire". 11 March 2015. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  42. ↑ Leith Fadel. "Al-Hasakah: Syrian Army Secures 13 Villages in 24 Hours". Al-Masdar News. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
  43. ↑ sohranas. "Clashes continue in the countryside of al- Hasakah, and US led coalition warplanes attack areas in Deir Ezzor". Syrian Observatory For Human Rights. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
  44. ↑ "Amid Kurdish advance, ISIS militants lose ground in northeastern Syria". ARA News. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
  45. ↑ "Sign in - Google Accounts". Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  46. ↑ "ISIS defends last stronghold northeastern Syria". ARA News. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
  47. ↑ Master. "Violent clashes around Tal Tamir". Syrian Observatory For Human Rights. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
  48. ↑ "40 killed as Kurds battle ISIS for key Syria town: activists". The Daily Star Newspaper - Lebanon. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
  49. ↑ "Kurdish fighters kill 67 ISIS militants in new clashes near Syria's Qamishli - ARA News". ARA News. Retrieved 11 March 2015.
  50. ↑ "German woman fighter dead in Kurd-IS clashes in Syria". Mail Online. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
  51. ↑ "Islamists attack Kurdish positions west of Syria's Hasakah - ARA News". ARA News. Retrieved 11 March 2015.
  52. 1 2 3 "Kurds hold off IS attack on Syria border town". Mail Online. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  53. ↑ "Kurdish, Christian forces gain on IS in NE Syria battles". Washington Post. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  54. ↑ "Mark on Twitter". Twitter. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  55. ↑ "(الدولة) يسيطر على قريتين شمال نهر الخابور بالحسكة". Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  56. ↑ "Syria Kurds urge US-led strikes as IS forces mass". Mail Online. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  57. ↑ "Syrian Kurds demand more support from U.S.-led coalition against ISIS". ARA News. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  58. ↑ "Kurds kill 55 Islamists, defend Syria's Sere Kaniye - ARA News". ARA News. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  59. ↑ "مُرَاسِل الحَسَكَة on Twitter". Twitter. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  60. ↑ sohranas. "YPG and allied forces advance in al- Hasakah, and the regime warplanes attack areas in Deir Ezzor". Syrian Observatory For Human Rights. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  61. ↑ "حزب الله يساند ميليشيا الحماية الشعبية YPG في رأس العين". Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  62. ↑ "Farsnews". Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  63. ↑ "More than 100 people killed and wounded in a celebration held by the Kurdish people in al- Hasakah". Syrian Observatory For Human Rights. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  64. ↑ sohranas. "The female members of al- Hesbah arrest a mother and her children in the Mother Day". Syrian Observatory For Human Rights. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
  65. ↑ Master. "Clashes around Tal Brak and more losses in al-Suwaydaa countryside". Syrian Observatory For Human Rights. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
  66. ↑ sohranas. "The clashes continue in the countryside of Tal Tamer, and the helicopters drop barrel bombs on the city of Deir Ezzor". Syrian Observatory For Human Rights. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
  67. ↑ Leith Fadel. "ISIS Suffers More Setback: NDF Liberate 33 Villages in Rural Al-Hasakah". Al-Masdar News. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  68. ↑ "Kurds refuse Syrian regime's propaganda about controlling areas". ARA News. 31 March 2015. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
  69. ↑ Leith Fadel. "ISIS Loses 21 Villages to the Syrian Army in Southern Al-Qamishli". Al-Masdar News. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
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