Enoplea

Enoplea
Mermis nigrescens
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Nematoda
Class: Enoplea
Inglis, 1983
Subclasses

Enoplea (enopleans) is a class, which with the classes Secernentea[1] and Chromadorea make up the phylum Nematoda in current taxonomy.[2][3][4] Enoplea is considered to be a more ancestral group than Chromadorea, and researchers have referred to its members as the "ancestrally diverged nematodes", compared to the "more recently diverged nematodes" of Chromadorea.[5]

Description

Enoplea are distinguished from Chromadorea by a number of characteristics. The enoplean esophagus is cylindrical or "bottle-shaped", compared to the bulbous chromadorean esophagus. Enopleans have pocket-like amphids, while chromadoreans have amphids shaped like slits, pores, coils, or spirals. An enoplean is smooth or marked with fine lines, while a chromadorean may have rings, projections, or setae. The enoplean excretory system is simple, sometimes made up of a single cell, while chromadoreans have more complex, tubular systems, sometimes with glands.[6][7]

Taxonomy

Phylogenetic analysis of phylum Nematoda suggests three distinct basal clades, the dorylaims, enoplids and chromadorids.[8] These represent Clades I, II and C+S of Blaxter (1998).[9] Of these, the first two appear to have sister clade status, allowing resolution into two classes, Enoplea and candy, and division of the former into two subclasses corresponding to Clades I and II respectively, the Enoplia and Dorylaimia.

Subdivision

Two subclasses are divided into orders.[6][8][10]

Ecology

Several orders of enopleans are mainly freshwater animals, and several include marine species.[11]

Many enopleans are parasites of plants and animals, including humans. The orders Triplonchida and Dorylaimida include plant parasitic nematodes that are vectors of plant pathogens. The orders Mermithida and Marimermithida include parasites of invertebrates. The orders Dioctophymatida, Trichinellida, and Muspiceida include parasites of vertebrates such as birds and mammals. Examples are Trichinella spiralis, a nematode known for causing trichinosis in humans who consume it in undercooked pork, and whipworms (genus Trichuris), which are parasites of mammals, including cats, dogs, and humans.[6]

References

  1. ↑ Tree of Life Web Project (ToL) (2002): Nematoda. Version of January 1, 2002. Retrieved November 2, 2008.
  2. ↑ Phylum Nematoda. Nemaplex: Nematode-Plant Expert Information System. University of California, Davis. Version October 4, 2012.
  3. ↑ Jühling, F.; et al. (2012). "Armless mitochondrial tRNAs in Enoplea (Nematoda)". RNA Biology. 9 (9): 1161–66. doi:10.4161/rna.21630. PMC 3579883Freely accessible. PMID 23018779.
  4. ↑ Hyman, B. C.; et al. (2011). "Rampant gene rearrangement and haplotype hypervariation among nematode mitochondrial genomes". Genetica. 139 (5): 611–15. doi:10.1007/s10709-010-9531-3. PMC 3089818Freely accessible. PMID 21136141.
  5. ↑ Schulze, J.; Schierenberg, E. (2009). "Embryogenesis of Romanomermis culicivorax: An alternative way to construct a nematode". Developmental Biology. 334 (1): 10–21. doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.06.009.
  6. 1 2 3 Class Enoplea. Nemaplex: Nematode-Plant Expert Information System. University of California, Davis. Version October 9, 2012.
  7. ↑ Class Chromadorea. Nemaplex: Nematode-Plant Expert Information System. University of California, Davis. Version October 4, 2012.
  8. 1 2 Lee 2010, p. 13.
  9. ↑ Blaxter 1998.
  10. ↑ Zhang 2011, p. 63.
  11. ↑ Tahseen, Q (2012). "Nematodes in aquatic environments: adaptations and survival strategies" (PDF). Biodiversity Journal. 3 (1): 13–40.

Bibliography

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