Examples of in vitro transdifferentiation by lineage-instructive approach

A list^[1][2][3][4] of examples of transdifferentiation:

• Mouse fibroblasts, chondroblasts, and pigmented retinal epithelial cells → myoblasts (MyoD)^[5]
• Fibroblasts → melanocytes (MITF)^[6]
• Glial cells → neurons (Pax6)^[7]
• Erythorid-megakaryocytic cells → monocytic cells (SPI1/PU.1)^[8]
• B-cell progenitors → functional macrophages (C/EBPα)^[9]
• Rat hepatic cell line → insulin-producing cells (Pdx1 and Ngn3)^[10]
• Fibroblasts → macrophage-like cells (PU.1 and C/EBPα or C/EBPβ)^[11]
• Postnatal cardiac and dermal fibroblasts → cardiomyocytes (Gata4, myocyte enhancer factor 2C, and Tbx5)^[12]
• Fibroblasts → heptaocyte-like cells (Gata4, Hnf1alpha, and Foxa3)^[13] or (Hnf4alpha and Foxa1, Foxa2 or Foxa3)^[14]
• Fibroblasts → neurons (Ascl1, Pou3f2/Brn2, and Myt1l)^[15][16]
• Human fibroblasts → neurons (Ascl1,Brn2, Mytl1, and NeuroD)^[17] or (miR-9/9-124, Neurod2, Ascl1, and Myt1l)^[18]
• Human fibroblasts → functional neurons (miR-124, Myt1l and Brn2)^[19]
• Fibroblasts → dopaminergic neurons (Ascl1, Brn2, Myt1l, Lmx1a, and FoxA2)^[20] or (Ascl1, Nurr1, and Lmx1a) ^[21]
• Astrocytes → dopaminergic neurons (Ascl1, Lmx1b, Nurr1)^[22]

See also

• Transdifferentiation
• Induced stem cells

References

1. ↑ Pournasr, B.; Khaloughi, K.; Salekdeh, G. H.; Totonchi, M.; Shahbazi, E.; Baharvand, H. (2011). "Concise Review: Alchemy of Biology: Generating Desired Cell Types from Abundant and Accessible Cells". Stem Cells. 29 (12): 1933–1941. doi:10.1002/stem.760. PMID 21997905. 
2. ↑ Vierbuchen, T.; Ostermeier, A.; Pang, Z. P.; Kokubu, Y.; Südhof, T. C.; Wernig, M. (2010). "Direct conversion of fibroblasts to functional neurons by defined factors". Nature. 463 (7284): 1035–1041. doi:10.1038/nature08797. PMC 2829121. PMID 20107439. 
3. ↑ Adler, A. F.; Grigsby, C. L.; Kulangara, K.; Wang, H.; Yasuda, R.; Leong, K. W. (2012). "Nonviral Direct Conversion of Primary Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts to Neuronal Cells". Molecular Therapy — Nucleic Acids. 1 (7): e32–. doi:10.1038/mtna.2012.25. PMC 3411320. PMID 23344148. 
4. ↑ Addis, R. C.; Hsu, F. C.; Wright, R. L.; Dichter, M. A.; Coulter, D. A.; Gearhart, J. D. (2011). Muotri, Alysson Renato, ed. "Efficient Conversion of Astrocytes to Functional Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons Using a Single Polycistronic Vector". PLoS ONE. 6 (12): e28719. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0028719. PMC 3235158. PMID 22174877. 
5. ↑ Davis, R. L.; Weintraub, H.; Lassar, A. B. (1987). "Expression of a single transfected cDNA converts fibroblasts to myoblasts". Cell. 51 (6): 987–1000. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(87)90585-x. PMID 3690668. 
6. ↑ Tachibana, M.; Takeda, K.; Nobukuni, Y.; Urabe, K.; Long, J. E.; Meyers, K. A.; Aaronson, S. A.; Miki, T. (1996). "Ectopic expression of MITF, a gene for Waardenburg syndrome type 2, converts fibroblasts to cells with melanocyte characteristics". Nature Genetics. 14 (1): 50–54. doi:10.1038/ng0996-50. PMID 8782819. 
7. ↑ Heins, N.; Malatesta, P.; Cecconi, F.; Nakafuku, M.; Tucker, K. L.; Hack, M. A.; Chapouton, P.; Barde, Y. A.; Götz, M. (2002). "Glial cells generate neurons: The role of the transcription factor Pax6". Nature Neuroscience. 5 (4): 308–315. doi:10.1038/nn828. PMID 11896398. 
8. ↑ Nerlov, C.; Graf, T. (1998). "PU.1 induces myeloid lineage commitment in multipotent hematopoietic progenitors". Genes & Development. 12 (15): 2403–2412. doi:10.1101/gad.12.15.2403. PMC 317050. PMID 9694804. 
9. ↑ Xie, H.; Ye, M.; Feng, R.; Graf, T. (2004). "Stepwise reprogramming of B cells into macrophages". Cell. 117 (5): 663–676. doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(04)00419-2. PMID 15163413. 
10. ↑ Si-Tayeb, K.; Noto, F. K.; Sepac, A.; Sedlic, F.; Bosnjak, Z. J.; Lough, J. W.; Duncan, S. A. (2010). "Generation of human induced pluripotent stem cells by simple transient transfection of plasmid DNA encoding reprogramming factors". BMC Developmental Biology. 10: 81. doi:10.1186/1471-213X-10-81. PMC 2923111. PMID 20682060. 
11. ↑ Feng, R.; Desbordes, S. C.; Xie, H.; Tillo, E. S.; Pixley, F.; Stanley, E. R.; Graf, T. (2008). "PU.1 and C/EBP / convert fibroblasts into macrophage-like cells". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (16): 6057–6062. doi:10.1073/pnas.0711961105. PMC 2327209. PMID 18424555. 
12. ↑ Ieda, M.; Fu, J. D.; Delgado-Olguin, P.; Vedantham, V.; Hayashi, Y.; Bruneau, B. G.; Srivastava, D. (2010). "Direct Reprogramming of Fibroblasts into Functional Cardiomyocytes by Defined Factors". Cell. 142 (3): 375–386. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2010.07.002. PMC 2919844. PMID 20691899. 
13. ↑ Huang, P.; He, Z.; Ji, S.; Sun, H.; Xiang, D.; Liu, C.; Hu, Y.; Wang, X.; Hui, L. (2011). "Induction of functional hepatocyte-like cells from mouse fibroblasts by defined factors". Nature. 475 (7356): 386–389. doi:10.1038/nature10116. PMID 21562492. 
14. ↑ Sekiya, S.; Suzuki, A. (2011). "Direct conversion of mouse fibroblasts to hepatocyte-like cells by defined factors". Nature. 475 (7356): 390–393. doi:10.1038/nature10263. PMID 21716291. 
15. ↑ Vierbuchen, T.; Ostermeier, A.; Pang, Z. P.; Kokubu, Y.; Südhof, T. C.; Wernig, M. (2010). "Direct conversion of fibroblasts to functional neurons by defined factors". Nature. 463 (7284): 1035–1041. doi:10.1038/nature08797. PMC 2829121. PMID 20107439. 
16. ↑ Adler, A. F.; Grigsby, C. L.; Kulangara, K.; Wang, H.; Yasuda, R.; Leong, K. W. (2012). "Nonviral Direct Conversion of Primary Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts to Neuronal Cells". Molecular Therapy — Nucleic Acids. 1 (7): e32–. doi:10.1038/mtna.2012.25. PMC 3411320. PMID 23344148. 
17. ↑ Pang, Z. P.; Yang, N.; Vierbuchen, T.; Ostermeier, A.; Fuentes, D. R.; Yang, T. Q.; Citri, A.; Sebastiano, V.; Marro, S.; Südhof, T. C.; Wernig, M. (2011). "Induction of human neuronal cells by defined transcription factors". Nature. 476 (7359): 220–223. doi:10.1038/nature10202. PMC 3159048. PMID 21617644. 
18. ↑ Yoo, A. S.; Sun, A. X.; Li, L.; Shcheglovitov, A.; Portmann, T.; Li, Y.; Lee-Messer, C.; Dolmetsch, R. E.; Tsien, R. W.; Crabtree, G. R. (2011). "MicroRNA-mediated conversion of human fibroblasts to neurons". Nature. 476 (7359): 228–231. doi:10.1038/nature10323. PMC 3348862. PMID 21753754. 
19. ↑ Ambasudhan, R.; Talantova, M.; Coleman, R.; Yuan, X.; Zhu, S.; Lipton, S. A.; Ding, S. (2011). "Direct Reprogramming of Adult Human Fibroblasts to Functional Neurons under Defined Conditions". Cell Stem Cell. 9 (2): 113–118. doi:10.1016/j.stem.2011.07.002. PMID 21802386. 
20. ↑ Pfisterer, U.; Kirkeby, A.; Torper, O.; Wood, J.; Nelander, J.; Dufour, A.; Bjorklund, A.; Lindvall, O.; Jakobsson, J.; Parmar, M. (2011). "Direct conversion of human fibroblasts to dopaminergic neurons". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (25): 10343–10348. doi:10.1073/pnas.1105135108. PMC 3121829. PMID 21646515. 
21. ↑ Caiazzo, M.; Dell'Anno, M. T.; Dvoretskova, E.; Lazarevic, D.; Taverna, S.; Leo, D.; Sotnikova, T. D.; Menegon, A.; Roncaglia, P.; Colciago, G.; Russo, G.; Carninci, P.; Pezzoli, G.; Gainetdinov, R. R.; Gustincich, S.; Dityatev, A.; Broccoli, V. (2011). "Direct generation of functional dopaminergic neurons from mouse and human fibroblasts". Nature. 476 (7359): 224–227. doi:10.1038/nature10284. PMID 21725324. 
22. ↑ Addis, R. C.; Hsu, F. C.; Wright, R. L.; Dichter, M. A.; Coulter, D. A.; Gearhart, J. D. (2011). Muotri, Alysson Renato, ed. "Efficient Conversion of Astrocytes to Functional Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons Using a Single Polycistronic Vector". PLoS ONE. 6 (12): e28719. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0028719. PMC 3235158. PMID 22174877.