Fair Elections Act

Bill C-23
An Act to amend the Canada Elections Act and other Acts and to make consequential amendments to certain Acts.
Citation Bill C-23
Enacted by House of Commons of Canada
Enacted by Senate of Canada
Date of Royal Assent June 19, 2014
Legislative history
Bill introduced in the House of Commons of Canada Bill C-23
Introduced by Minister Pierre Poilievre
First reading February 4, 2014[1]
Second reading February 10, 2014[1]
Third reading May 12, 2014[1]
Bill introduced in the Senate of Canada Bill C-23
First reading May 14, 2014
Second reading May 29, 2014
Third reading June 12, 2014
Status: Current legislation

The Fair Elections Act (formally Bill C-23: "An Act to amend the Canada Elections Act and other Acts and to make consequential amendments to certain Acts") was a bill enacted by the Conservative government of the 41st Canadian Parliament. It was introduced on February 4, 2014, by Minister of Democratic Reform Pierre Poilievre, was sent to the Senate with amendments on May 12, 2014, and received Royal Assent on June 19, 2014.[2]

Bill proposals

The Fair Elections Act was announced as implementing 38 recommendations of the Chief Electoral Officer. However, in his testimony to the House of Commons Standing Committee on Procedure and House Affairs, the Chief Electoral Officer stated that the bill contains measures that "undermine its stated purpose and will not serve Canadians well".[3] The government broke the bill into eight broad changes to the Canada Elections Act and other acts and regulations surrounding federal elections in Canada.

  1. It creates a mandatory public registry for political parties that engage in mass-calling, and increases penalties for individuals found guilty of impersonating elections officials or tampering with an election.[4] This is a response to the claims of fraudulent calls being made during the 2011 federal election.
  2. It gives the Commissioner of Canada Elections more freedom and independence in seeking tougher penalties for those found to be interfering with elections. It also prohibits 12 new elections offences. Finally, the Fair Elections Act moves the Commissioner of Canada Elections from reporting to the Chief Electoral Officer to reporting to the Director of Public Prosecutions.[5]
  3. It eliminates the use of vouching and Voter Information Cards as a form of ID.[6]
  4. It gives political parties the right to receive "advance rulings and interpretations" from Elections Canada within 45 days of making the request. This is to allow political parties to consult with Elections Canada for advice and clarification before they try to implement something.[7]
  5. It bans the use of loans to evade donation limit laws.[8] This is a response to Liberal Party of Canada leadership contenders who, in 2006 for example, received "loans" from individuals that would have exceeded the donation limit, but were ruled as legal because the loans would eventually be paid back. However, as of 2014, several leadership contestants still owe money.[9] The bill increases the annual donation limit from $1200 to $1500 per calendar year and raise election spending limits by five percent. The bans against corporate and union donations, as brought in by the Conservative government's Accountability Act in 2006 remain in effect.
  6. It allows a Member of Parliament whose elections results are being contested by the Chief Electoral Officer to remain as a sitting Member of Parliament until that dispute is resolved.[10]
  7. It proposes to repeal the ban on the premature transmission of elections results.[10] The rationale for the ban was that, due to Canada's large geographic size, different time zones would still be voting while others would have already been closed. According to the rationale, a voter in British Columbia could be discouraged from voting if she already know the election results in Ontario. The Supreme Court of Canada unanimously agreed that such a ban infringes on freedom of expression.
  8. It proposes "better customer service" by re-focusing the mandate of Elections Canada by requiring that it remains focused on "the basics of voting: where, when, and what ID to bring." Another part is adding an extra day of advance polling, giving Canadians a total of four advance polling days - on the tenth, ninth, eighth, and seventh days before Election Day.[11]

Public response

A March 2014 poll conducted by EKOS Research claimed that Canadians were "shrugging off" the bill and that it was failing to make an impact outside of the "Ottawa bubble."[12]

A March 2014 Angus Reid poll found that the less Canadians knew about the bill, the more likely they were to support it.[13]

An April 2014 Ipsos Reid poll found that 87 percent of Canadians believe identification and proof of address should have to be presented in order to vote.[14] Of those 87 percent, 52 percent said they did not "care if those requirements made voting difficult for some."

In response to claims that the Conservatives were using the Fair Elections Act to "cheat the system", an April 2014 CTV News poll found that 61 percent did not believe this to be the case.[14]

An April 2014 Angus Reid poll found that "sound does not necessarily equal fury," noting that, despite constant media coverage and Opposition complaints, public opinion had only changed two percentage points, and remained basically neutral between support or opposition for the bill. However, Angus Reid notes that "awareness is slowly growing and that opposition among those who are aware of the changes is also growing". Of those "very familiar" with the act, 59% oppose it.[15]

Elections Canada response

In October 2013, Chief Electoral Officer Marc Mayrand established an advisory board to advise him "on matters relating to Canada's electoral system, its voting processes, and support for a vigorous democracy that reflects our constitution, deeply held values, and the evolving needs and circumstances of Canadians."[16] With the introduction of the Fair Elections Act the advisory board, its role, its budget of $439,333, and its expertise were put under scrutiny.[17] The panel includes Sheila Fraser, Ian Binnie, John Manley, Preston Manning, Bob Rae, and Hugh Segal.[16]

Criticism

On April 16, 2014, Jeffrey Simpson, in writing for the Globe and Mail, claimed the Fair Elections Act demonstrated a "them-against-us" mentality in the Conservative government fighting against Elections Canada.[18]

In doing a "pre-study" of the Fair Elections Act, the Senate committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs recommended that nine amendments be made to the Fair Elections Act.[19]

On April 25, 2014, Minister Poilievre submitted a number of amendments to the Committee in response to criticism of aspects of the bill.[20] The Globe and Mail summarized the elements of the bill generating controversy:[21]

Elimination of Vouching Vouching is the practice of allowing a voter with proper identification to vouch for the identity of another individual that lives in the same polling area. This allows for circumstances in which someone may have moved shortly before an election and not yet have identification showing the new address, or people who do not have driver's licenses. Approximately 120,000 voters in the last election used vouching. While there have been issues noted with the record keeping on vouching, there is no record of vouching resulting in someone voting improperly. While some challenged the need for eliminating vouching, the Conservatives pointed out that Elections Canada recognizes 39 types of identification.[22] The amendments to the bill proposed by the Conservatives on April 25 modified this provision to allow a voter with identification to sign a written oath of his or her residence and have that co-signed by another voter with fully proven ID. This process, for example, allows an aboriginal with a status Indian card, which does not list address, to use that ID and sign an oath regarding his or her residency.[20]

Exempting fundraising costs related to previous donors The bill exempted from campaign spending limits the costs of fundraising efforts directed at people who had donated $20 or more in the previous five years. This would have allowed parties to spend unlimited funds on soliciting renewal of support from past supporters. A concern was this would provide additional benefit to the party with the largest current support base, which is currently the Conservatives. The amendments announced by the Conservatives on April 25 removed this provision.[20]

Restrictions to communications from the Chief Electoral Officer The bill placed restrictions on what the Chief Electoral Officer (CEO) can say publicly, in particular he would not have been allowed to encourage people to vote – only to give technical information on how to vote. The Conservatives argued that it is the job of political parties to get people to vote, but other groups note that broadly encouraging people to participate in voting is a legitimate role of the CEO, particularly in light of declining voter turnout. This provision in the bill would have likely ended Elections Canada supported programs such as Student Vote, an initiative to boost civic literacy in children. The amendments announced by the Conservatives on April 25 were described as removing restrictions on what the CEO can communicate, but not the limitations on funding voter participation programs.[20]

Transferring investigative power to the Director of Public Prosecutions The Commissioner of Canada Elections is the top investigative official for possible irregularities in campaigning and carrying out of elections. The bill transfers the Commissioner from reporting to the Chief Electoral Officer to reporting to the Director of Public Prosecutions. The current Commissioner, Yves Côté, has said the move is “not a step in the right direction” and that he has a “deep concern” with proposals to limit what he can say publicly. The current Chief Electoral Officer has warned that this provision needs rules guaranteeing he and the Commissioner can still share information.

New restrictions on amount of political advertising between elections The previous rules restricted to $200,001 the amount any group can spend on political advertising during a political campaign. Under the new Bill, this became the limit on spending in relation to an election, limiting the total spending on political communications in the four to five years between elections. While Democracy Watch noted this restriction is likely to be struck down by a court, it was accused of putting a chill on groups that might otherwise carry out communications before the next election in 2015.

Changes to appointment of poll supervisors The bill requires the central poll supervisor (the person in charge of a particular polling station) to be appointed from a list of individuals provided by the candidate of the party that won that riding in the previous election. Although the bill allows the returning offer to refuse such appointments "on reasonable grounds" it does not define what qualifies as reasonable grounds.[23] The amendments announced by the Conservatives on April 25 are described as maintaining Elections Canada discretion in appointing central poll supervisors.[20]

Supporters and opponents

Supporters

Academics

Carleton University public policy professor[24] Ian Lee supported the Fair Elections Act.

Elections experts

Although he later changed his mind,[25][26] Jean-Pierre Kingsley, the former Chief Electoral Officer, gave the Fair Elections Act an A minus.[27] He said he would have liked to see tougher fines, but said, overall, it was a "good bill."

Media members

On April 10, 2014, Sun Media columnist Ezra Levant claimed most of the Fair Elections Act was administrative in nature, and that eliminating the use of vouching was perfectly reasonable.[28]

On April 13, 2014, Huffington Post Canada columnist J.J. McCullough said he supported the bill and that Chief Electoral Officer Marc Mayrand had a vested interest in defending his organization's mandate, staff, and budget.[29]

Conservative members

On March 24, 2014, the minister who introduced the bill, Pierre Poilievre, wrote an editorial for the Globe and Mail on why the Fair Elections Act was "in fact, fair."[31]

On April 15, 2014, Conservative MP James Rajotte said that while he personally supports the Fair Elections Act, he has been getting a lot of feedback from his constituents, "including the curtailing of vouching, an expense exemption for calls to donors who've previously donated money to a political party, partisan appointments of polling day officials and the curbing of the ability of Elections Canada to attempt to increase voter turnout."[12]

Opponents

Academics

One hundred and sixty professors signed a National Post editorial that stated "if passed", the Fair Elections Act "would damage the institution at the heart of our country's democracy: voting in federal elections."[32]

Media members

Postmedia News has a total of nine newspapers who are opposed to the Fair Elections Act and calling for a "national conversation" on what should be implemented.[33] They include:

The Globe and Mail editorial board wrote a series of five editorials critical of the act, and called for it to be killed altogether.[21]

Political leaders

On April 9, 2014, Liberal Party of Canada leader Justin Trudeau said he would repeal the Fair Elections Act if elected Prime Minister.[34]

Elections experts

Elections Canada Chief Electoral Officer Marc Mayrand came out strongly against the proposed legislation. However, the appropriateness of his comments, and even his right to make critical comments on proposed legislation were challenged by others. Conservative MP Tom Lukiwski accused Mayrand of political activism, and of giving a "campaign-style speech" to Elections Canada staff in order to stir up dissent and opposition to the bill.[35] Ezra Levant stated that never before has a public servant, whose job is to remain neutral and implement government directives, gone on the offensive in publicly attacking a proposed government policy.[28] Conservative Senator Linda Frum claimed Mayrand was in a conflict of interest by being allowed to run "Get out the Vote" initiatives in order to increase voter turnout and in having a vested interest in seeing voter turnout rise.[36] The Fair Elections Act provision to re-focus Elections Canada's mandate, was interpreted as an effort to eliminate the Get out the Vote campaigns.

Although he was initially in favour of the Fair Elections Act,[27] former Elections Canada CEO Jean-Pierre Kingsley later commented that a subsequent change to the act to abolish the process of vouching "will impact very negatively on the values of participation, impartiality and transparency" and "will directly affect the constitutional right to vote of a significant number of Canadians without justification." [25] Kingsley also disagreed with a provision in the Bill that allows parties to exclude from limits on campaign spending any money spent to raise donations from people who donated $20 or more in the previous five years. He said that this exempted fundraising activity would effectively be advertising and that the exemption would favour larger parties.[26]

Democracy Watch, a non-profit organization, is against the Fair Elections Act. It laid out its opposition in the Globe and Mail on April 7, 2014[37] and also in a news release and submission to the House of Commons committee reviewing the bill on April 8, 2014.[38]

References

  1. 1 2 3 "LEGISinfo House Government Bill". Parliament of Canada.
  2. Maher, Stephen (2014-05-13). "Both sides claim victory as Fair Elections Act clears the Commons". Canada.com. Retrieved 2014-05-14.
  3. Standing Committee on Procedure and House Affairs, Evidence, Thursday March 6, 2014, Parliament of Canada, retrieved April 20, 2014
  4. "Backgrounder: Protecting Voters from Rogue Callers". Democratic Reform. 2014-05-09. Retrieved 2014-05-13.
  5. "Backgrounder: An Independent Commissioner: sharper teeth, a longer reach and a freer hand". Democratic Reform. 2014-05-09. Retrieved 2014-05-13.
  6. "Backgrounder: Fair Elections Act – Cracking down on Voter Fraud". Democratic Reform. 2014-05-09. Retrieved 2014-05-13.
  7. "Backgrounder: Fair Elections Act – Easy-to-Follow Rules for All". Democratic Reform. 2014-05-09. Retrieved 2014-05-13.
  8. "Backgrounder: Fair Elections Act – Keep Big Money Out of Politics". Democratic Reform. 2014-05-09. Retrieved 2014-05-13.
  9. "Elections Canada Online | Unpaid Loans and Claims of 2006 Liberal Leadership Contestants". Elections.ca. 2013-07-30. Retrieved 2014-05-13.
  10. 1 2 "Backgrounder: Fair Elections Act – Respecting Democratic Elections & Defending Freedom of Speech". Democratic Reform. 2014-05-09. Retrieved 2014-05-13.
  11. "Backgrounder: Fair Elections Act – Better Customer Service for Voters". Democratic Reform. 2011-05-02. Retrieved 2014-05-13.
  12. 1 2 MacKinnon, Leslie (2014-04-15). "Elections Act changes drawing scrutiny from Conservatives - Politics - CBC News". Cbc.ca. Retrieved 2014-05-13.
  13. Hannay, Chris (2014-04-17). "The less Canadians know about Fair Elections Act, the more they support it: poll". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 2014-05-13.
  14. 1 2 "CTV News | News Video - Top National News Headlines - News Videos". Ctvnews.ca. 2014. Retrieved 2014-05-13.
  15. http://www.angusreidglobal.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/ARG-Elections-Act-April.pdf
  16. 1 2 "Elections Canada Online | Elections Canada Advisory Board". Elections.ca. 2013-10-16. Retrieved 2014-05-13.
  17. "Sheila Fraser inked $65,000 contract for advising Elections Canada | National Post". News.nationalpost.com. 2014-04-04. Retrieved 2014-05-13.
  18. Jeffrey Simpson (2014-04-16). "The Fair Elections Act is ever so telling". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 2014-05-13.
  19. "Senators want nine major changes to controversial Fair Elections Act, setting up clash with House | National Post". News.nationalpost.com. 2014-04-15. Retrieved 2014-05-13.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 Blaze Carlson, Kathryn (April 25, 2014). "Tories backtrack on some controversial parts of election bill". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved April 26, 2014.
  21. 1 2 Wingrove, Josh; Hannay, Chris (March 25, 2014). "Everything you need to know about the Fair Elections Act". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved April 20, 2014.
  22. Wherry, Aaron (April 19, 2014). "A rough guide to the Fair Elections Act". Macleans. Retrieved April 20, 2014.
  23. BILL C-23 An Act to amend the Canada Elections Act, Parliament of Canada, February 4, 2014, retrieved April 22, 2014
  24. "Lee, Ian - Directory - Sprott School of Business". Sprott.carleton.ca. 2012. Retrieved 2014-05-13.
  25. 1 2 Payton, Laura (2014-03-25). "Jean-Pierre Kingsley: Election bill puts right to vote at risk - Politics - CBC News". Cbc.ca. Retrieved 2014-05-13.
  26. 1 2 Raj, Althia (2014-03-25). "Jean-Pierre Kingsley: Bill C-23, Fair Elections Act, Shouldn't Pass Commons As Is". Huffingtonpost.ca. Retrieved 2014-05-13.
  27. 1 2 MacKinnon, Leslie (2014-02-05). "Election reform bill gets an 'A minus' from ex-election chief - Politics - CBC News". Cbc.ca. Retrieved 2014-05-13.
  28. 1 2 "Election Act changes : Prime time : SunNews Video Gallery". Sunnewsnetwork.ca. 2014-04-10. Retrieved 2014-05-13.
  29. McCullough, J.J. (2014-04-13). "Fair Elections Act Critics Are Bad for Democracy". Huffingtonpost.ca. Retrieved 2014-05-13.
  30. "Fair Elections Act: Mulcair To Ask Tory MPs To Vote Against Bill". Huffingtonpost.ca. 2014-04-15. Retrieved 2014-05-13.
  31. Pierre Poilievre (2014-03-24). "Why the Fair Elections Act is, in fact, fair". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 2014-05-13.
  32. "Don't undermine Elections Canada | National Post". Fullcomment.nationalpost.com. 2014-03-11. Retrieved 2014-05-13.
  33. Citizen, Ottawa (2014-04-17). "A national conversation about the Fair Elections Act". Ottawacitizen.com. Retrieved 2014-05-13.
  34. Wingrove, Josh (2014-04-09). "Trudeau says he'll repeal Fair Elections Act if elected PM". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 2014-05-13.
  35. Bryden, Joan (2014). "Tories accuse elections watchdog of political activism against reform bill". The Canadian Press. Retrieved 2014-05-13.
  36. Linda Frum (2014-04-14). "Elections Canada has a conflict of interest". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 2014-05-13.
  37. "What changes are needed to make the so-called "Fair Elections Act", and federal elections, actually fair? | Democracy Watch". Democracywatch.ca. 2014-04-07. Retrieved 2014-05-13.
  38. "Democracy Watch proposes 10 key changes to committee to make the so-called "Fair Elections Act" actually fair, and 10 other priority changes to make federal elections actually fair | Democracy Watch". Democracywatch.ca. 2014-04-08. Retrieved 2014-05-13.
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