Frederick Bee

Frederick Bee
Frederick Bee photographed between 1879-1888
Born	Frederick Alonzo Bee (1825-09-09)September 9, 1825 Clinton, New York
Died	May 26, 1892(1892-05-26) (aged 66) San Francisco, California
Spouse(s)	Catherine Maxwell
Children	Frank M. Bee Willie Howard Bee

Frederick Alonzo Bee (傅列秘) was an early opponent of Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States. He was a California Gold Rush pioneer, miner, merchant, manager of the Pony Express, builder of the telegraph over the Sierras, developer of Sausalito, California, lobbyist for the San Francisco Chamber of Commerce, official at the Chinese Consulate, and vineyardist near Martinez, California. Bee Street in Sausalito was named after him.^[1] Bee was appointed as Consul by the Chinese government after he effectively represented the interests of the Chinese community in front of a Congressional committee and settled disputes in Chinatown. Bee acted in an official capacity to represent the interests of Chinese immigrants,^[2] and appeared in federal court cases;^[3] his efforts to preserve harmony were recognized by the Emperor of China.^[4] October, 2015 Sierra Heritage magazine featured Frederick Bee in a 4-page article written by Lj Bottjer.

Early life

Bee was one of nine children born in Clinton, Oneida County, New York to John Bee and Mary (Wilson) Bee on September 9, 1825. Frederick Bee’s parents had emigrated from Northumberland, England.

Family life

Bee's wife, Catherine Maxwell, was born on March 7, 1828 in Ballston Spa, NY, and died on August 18, 1889 in San Francisco, CA.^[5][6]

Bee and his wife had two sons. Frank M. Bee was born on August 11, 1851 in New York, and died on June 22, 1895 in San Francisco.^[6][7] Willie Howard Bee was born on December 20, 1853 in Placerville, California, and died on November 10, 1855 in Placerville.^[8]

California Gold Rush

In late 1855, Bee had a successful mining operation employing 20 Chinese workers on Ledge Bar.^[9]

Bee received 2,767 votes as an American Party candidate to be a member of the Assembly for El Dorado County in the election of 1856 but did not win the election.^[10]

Telegraph and Pony Express

In May, 1858, the Placerville and Humboldt Telegraph Company was formed with Bee as one of the incorporators. The mission of the Company was to build a telegraph from Placerville, CA to Carson Valley, Nevada Territory to Salt Lake City, Utah Territory.^[11] In September, 1858 the Placerville and Humboldt Telegraph Company incorporated and elected Bee as president.^[12]George Chorpenning and his brother were the largest shareholders. Albert W.Bee,Sr. Catherine Bee, and Frederick Bee were also shareholders.^[13] On November 30, 1858, Bee wrote to William M. Gwin to encourage a government subsidy to complete the telegraph to Salt Lake City, Utah Territory.^[14] Legislative Assembly of Utah Territory approved the incorporation of Placerville, Humboldt and Salt Lake Telegraph Company on January 21, 1859.^[15]
Bee announced the impending completion of the telegraph line in San Francisco in August, 1859.^[16] Theodore Judah, William M. Gwin, Albert W. Bee,Sr., George Chorpening, Manuel M. Noah and Frederick Bee were sojourning in Washington, D.C. in March, 1860.^[17] Pacific Telegraph Act of 1860 was approved on June 16, 1860.
Hiram Sibley, of Rochester, NY, was awarded the contract to construct the Pacific Telegraph in September,1860”^[18] In May, 1861 Pacific Telegraph Company formed in Rochester, NY and Albert W. Bee, Sr. was elected as a director.^[19]
At 10 pm on October 26, 1861 this message from San Francisco was received by Cyrus W. Field in New York, “The Pacific telegraph calls the Atlantic cable AW Bee”.^[20] In November, 1861 Albert W. Bee, Sr. resigned from Pacific Telegraph Company.^[21]
Albert W. Bee, Sr.died in November, 1863 in Austin, Nevada Territory. Albert Bee was engaged in silver mining in Reese River Valley.^[22]

“Leavenworth & Pike's Peak Express, the organizers of the Pony Express applied for articles of incorporation by the legislature of Kansas territory, which were passed by that body and approved by Gov. S. Medary on February 13, 1860. Besides the three original members of the firm the incorporators included General Superintendent BF Ficklin together with FA Bee ,WW Finney and John S Jones, all tried and trustworthy stage employees ,who were retained on account of their wide experience in the overland traffic business."^[23] "The first Westbound Pony Express trip left St. Joseph on April 3, 1860 and arrived ten days later in San Francisco, California, on April 14." ^[24] The Pony Express ended on October 24, 1861.

Railroads and steamships

In 1865, Bee testified in front of the Committee on Railroads, Nevada Legislature. He indicated he was involved in railroad construction.^[25] Bee advertised for laborers to build the San Francisco and Humboldt Railroad in Sausalito, CA in April, 1868.^[26] The Sausalito Land and Ferry Company sold lots in Sausalito in June, 1868. This advertisement referred readers to contact Bee about the prospects and conditions of the San Francisco and Humboldt Railroad.^[27] Bee sued the San Francisco and Humboldt Railroad for $39,050 in February, 1870 for expenditures and money supplied to the railroad.^[28] Bee won his lawsuit against San Francisco and Humboldt Railroad in July, 1873.^[29]

Bee, managing agent of the New York and San Francisco Steamship Line, met with the President in May, 1870 to discuss a subsidy for steamships to run between San Francisco and Australia.^[30] In December, 1870 the San Francisco Chamber of Commerce appointed Bee to lobby Congress for a subsidy to run steamships from San Francisco to Australia.^[31] The subsidy was denied.^[32]

Central Polynesia Land and Commercial Company was formed in December, 1871 to build coal stations and to lease and to cultivate land in Samoa. Bee was a trustee.^[33] The activities of the Central Polynesia Land and Commercial Company were more complex than outlined in their articles of incorporation.^[34] The Central Polynesia Land and Commercial Company went bankrupt in October, 1873.^[35][36] Samoan Commercial and Land Company formed in March, 1874. Frederick Bee was a shareholder.^[37] The Samoan Commercial and Land Company went bankrupt in late 1876.^[38]

Edward S. Salomon and Frederick Bee worked for the Olympia Railroad and Coal Mining Company starting in August, 1873.^[39] Bee was the manager of the Olympia Railway and Mining Company in 1874.^[40] By 1876, Bee described himself as a capitalist, not as a manager, because the Olympia Railroad and Coal Mining Company was not a successful venture for Bee and Edward Salomon.^[41]

Opposition to Chinese exclusion

The Republican National Convention in June, 1876 recommended that Congress investigate Chinese immigration.^[42] In July, 1876, while the anti-Chinese hysteria was at its height, Congress provided for a joint committee to go to California to investigate. No attorney agreed to represent the interests of Chinese residents. Senator Oliver P. Morton of Indiana was chairman of the committee. Senator Morton contacted Bee that he act as attorney for the Chinese, and he agreed.^[43]

On October 18, the Committee requested the presence of Bee and others.^[44] On February 27, 1877, the Report of the Joint Special Committee to Investigate Chinese Immigration concluded that the Chinese population had few desirable characteristics.^[45]

Bee advertised the sale of his 45-acre Sunnyside Ranch in Placerville, California in October, 1879. The property included a two-story house, orchard, windmill and well.^[46]

3000 Irish met in San Francisco to complain about Bee in November, 1878 as a reaction to statements made by Bee in the Washington Post.^[47] Envoys Chen Lanbin and Yung Wing investigated Frederick Bee, who had helped the Chinese to settle disputes, and found him worthy of the appointment.^[48] The Chinese consulate opened in San Francisco in December, 1878 with Bee as consul.^[49]

Bee was appointed a Mandarin of the Blue Button by the Chinese Government in April, 1882.^[50] The Chinese Exclusion Act was enacted on May 6, 1882.

Huang Zunxian was a poet and diplomat who became Consul General in San Francisco in May, 1882. While Huang was the Consul General, he formed a positive opinion of Bee. Huang wrote this poem about Bee,
"After several years of hardship, I am writing a poem about my comrade;
When someone’s guts are bigger than his body, his spirit is naturally heroic and fearless.
When will the days of chasing after petty gains and losses come to an end?
Even in smiling, he always carried a boot dagger. "^[51]

One of Bee's duties was to verify the residency status of Chinese passengers, who had petitioned for writs of habeas corpus, so a judge could decide if the petitioners were allowed to remain in the United States.^[52] Bee also investigated murders of Chinese residents in the Western United States.^[53][54][55]

In July 1885, the San Francisco Board of Supervisors published a report on the condition of Chinese residents.^[56] The report concluded that the residents of Chinatown lived in crowded conditions, lacked census data, supported prostitution, and condoned white women living with Chinese men.

In February, 1886, Bee published, "The other side of the Chinese question. To the people of the United States and the honorable the Senate and House of Representatives. Testimony of California's leading citizens. Read and judge", as a response to the Board of Supervisors' report.^[57]

Bee testified in front of the Congressional Joint Committee on Immigration and Naturalization on December 6, 1890 in San Francisco, CA in an attempt to refute the "evils" of Chinese immigration.^[58] The Geary Act was signed on May 6, 1892 to extend the Chinese Exclusion Act and to remove bail in habeas corpus cases for Chinese immigration cases.

Viticulturalist

On 15 October 1886, Bee bought 60 acres in Martinez, California.^[59] Bee grew 40 acres of Tokay, mixed wine, Rose Peru and Black Hamburg grapes.^[60] The Bee Ranch was on the hill between Vine Hill Way and Morello Avenue.

Bee died on May 26, 1892 in San Francisco, California.^{[43] [61]} His nephew, Frederick Bee Tompkins, inherited his vineyard.^[62]

Notes

External links

• "Frederick Bee History Project". Retrieved August 25, 2013. 
• "California Digital Newspaper Collection". Retrieved August 25, 2013. 
• "Foreign Relations of the United States". Retrieved August 25, 2013. 
• "Nevada Historical Marker 76". Retrieved September 9, 2013. 
• "Marin Historical Society - Frederick Bee article". Retrieved September 9, 2013. 
• "Bee - Bennett House marker". Retrieved September 9, 2013. 
• "Encyclopedia Britannica". Retrieved January 14, 2014.