Hermann Hoth

Hermann Hoth

Hermann Hoth, June 1941
Nickname(s) "Papa Hoth"
Born (1885-04-12)12 April 1885
Neuruppin, Province of Brandenburg, Kingdom of Prussia, German Empire
Died 25 January 1971(1971-01-25) (aged 85)
Goslar, Lower Saxony, West Germany
Allegiance
Years of service 1903–45
Rank Generaloberst
Commands held
Battles/wars
Awards Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords

Hermann Hoth (12 April 1885 – 25 January 1971) was a German army commander and war criminal during World War II. He fought in the Battle of France and as a panzer commander on the Eastern Front. Hoth commanded the 3rd Panzer Group during Operation Barbarossa in 1941, and the 4th Panzer Army during the Wehrmacht's 1942 summer offensive.

Following the encirclement of the 6th Army in the Battle of Stalingrad in November 1942, Hoth's panzer army unsuccessfully attempted to relieve it during Operation Winter Storm. After Stalingrad, Hoth was involved in the Third Battle of Kharkov, the Battle of Kursk in the summer of 1943 and the Battle of Kiev.

Hoth implemented the criminal Commissar Order during the invasion of the Soviet Union. After the war, Hoth was convicted of war crimes and crimes against humanity in the High Command trial and sentenced to 15 years. He was released on parole in 1954.

Early career

Born in 1885, Hoth joined the army in 1903 and was awarded both classes of the Iron Cross during World War I. He remained in the Reichswehr (the armed forces of the Weimar Republic) in the interwar period. Following the reorganization of the German military into the Wehrmacht in 1935, he was appointed to command the 18th Infantry Division.[1]

World War II

Hoth was promoted to Lieutenant-General and given command of the XV Motorised Corps in 1938, leading it in the invasion of Poland the following year. During the invasion of France in May 1940, his panzer corps was on Guderian's right flank during their advance through the Ardennes, and contained the 5th Panzer and 7th Panzer Divisions. Hoth was promoted to Generaloberst in July 1940.[1]

Operation Barbarossa

In Operation Barbarossa in 1941, Hoth commanded the 3rd Panzer Group which captured Minsk and Vitebsk as part of Army Group Center's operations. In mid July, the 3rd Panzer Group was subordinated to Army Group North to shore up the flanks and attempted to seize Velikie Luki.[2] Hoth's forces were driven back on 20 July when Red Army forces broke through the German lines, prompting criticism from Field Marshal Günther von Kluge, commander of Army Group Center for unnecessarily striking out too far to the north east.[3] In mid to late August, Hoth's forces faced another setback owing to heavy losses and dispersal of efforts: facing the heavily reinforced Soviet 19th Army, he committed the 7th Panzer Division without infantry support, which resulted in what the historian David Stahel describes as a "debacle". The division's attack ran into fortified Soviet lines and was repulsed with the loss of 30 tanks.[4] As all German armies on the Eastern Front, Hoth's Panzer Group implemented the criminal Commissar Order.[5] According to reports from the subordinate units, the order was carried out on a widespread basis.[6]

In October Hoth was appointed commander of the 17th Army in Ukraine.[7] Hoth was an active supporter of the war of annihilation (Vernichtungskrieg) against the Soviet Union. He called upon his men to understand the need for "harsh punishment of Jewry".[8] In support of the Severity Order issued by Walter von Reichenau in October 1941, in November 1941 he issued the following directive to troops under his command:[9]

Every sign of active or passive resistance or any sort of machinations on the part of Jewish-Bolshevik agitators are to be immediately and pitilessly exterminated ... These circles are the intellectual supports of Bolshevism, the bearers of its murderous organisation, the helpmates of the partisans. It is the same Jewish class of beings who have done so much damage to our own Fatherland by virtue of their activities against the nation and civilisation, and who promote anti-German tendencies throughout the world, and who will be the harbingers of revenge. Their extermination is a dictate of our own survival.

Under Hoth's command, units of the 17th Army took part in the hunt for and murder of Jews in its territory of control.[10] During the Soviet winter offensives of early 1942, the army was driven back in the Second Battle of Kharkov.

Battle of Stalingrad

Main article: Battle of Stalingrad
Fedor von Bock (left) and Hoth (center), 8 July 1941.

In June 1942, he took over from General Richard Ruoff as commander of 4th Panzer Army.[1] As part of Operation Blue, the German offensive in southern Russia, the army reached the Don River at Voronezh. Hoth was then ordered to drive to Rostov-on-Don. It then advanced to the north in support of the Sixth Army's attempt to capture Stalingrad.[11]

In November 1942, the Soviet Operation Uranus broke through the Axis lines and trapped the Sixth Army in Stalingrad. Hoth's panzer army led the unsuccessful attempt to relieve the Sixth Army (Operation Winter Storm), under the overall command of Field Marshal Erich von Manstein's Army Group Don. By 25 December, the operation had failed.[1]

Third Battle of Kharkov

In February 1943, Hoth's 4th Panzer Army participated in the counteroffensive against the Soviet forces advancing in the Donbass region.[12] The operation was hastily prepared and did not receive a name. Later known as Third Battle of Kharkov, it commenced on 21 February, as the 4th Panzer Army launched a counter-attack. The German forces cut off the Soviet mobile spearheads and continued the drive north,[13] retaking Kharkov on 15 March and Belgorod on 18 March.[14] Exhaustion of both the Wehrmacht and the Red Army coupled with the loss of mobility due to the onset of the spring rasputitsa resulted in the cessation of operations for both sides by mid-March.[15] The counteroffensive left a salient extending into the German area of control, centered around the city of Kursk, and leading up to Operation Citadel.[15]

Battle of Kursk

Main article: Battle of Kursk

In July 1943, Hoth commanded the 4th Panzer Army in the Battle of Kursk as part of Army Group South. Operation Citadel called for a double envelopment, directed at Kursk, to surround the Soviet defenders and seal off the salient. The Army Group South committed Hoth's 4th Panzer Army, alongside Army Detachment Kempf.[16] Hoth's divisions, reinforced by the II SS Panzer Corps under Paul Hausser, penetrated several Soviet defensive lines, before being brought to a halt in the Battle of Prokhorovka.[17] In the aftermath of Kursk, the Red Army mounted a series of successful offensives that crossed the Dnieper, retook Kiev and pushed the Germans out of eastern Ukraine. In September 1943, Hoth's army was operationally penetrated by Red Army units and was unable to maintain a continuous front line even in retreat. The army crossed the Dnieper south and north of Kiev with heavy losses. On 10 December 1943, Hoth was relieved of command, and was not recalled until April 1945.[1]

Trial and conviction

Main article: High Command Trial

Following the end of the war, Hoth was tried at the Subsequent Nuremberg Trials, in the High Command Trial. During his testimony he sought to explain his November 1941 order aimed at elimination of the "Bolshevik-Jewish resistance". He claimed that his instructions only meant that his troops should be vigilant and were intended to improve morale: "The German soldier in his good nature ... easily forgot that he was still in enemy territory" and that the "power of Bolshevism [had to be] broken". He insisted that the no physical harm came to civilians as the result of this measure, which his troops executed with "clean hands". Hoth maintained that if any Jews had been killed it was due to their connection to crimes against the German forces. "It was a matter of common knowledge in Russia that it was the Jew in particular who participated in a very large extent in sabotage, espionage, etc.," Hoth claimed.[18]

Hoth was found guilty of war crimes and crimes against humanity . On 27 October 1948 he was sentenced to 15 years in prison. In January 1951, the sentence was reviewed with no changes. Hoth was released on parole in 1954; his sentence was reduced to time served in 1957.[19]

Hermann Hoth died in 1971.[20]

Awards

References

Citations

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Heiber 2004, p. 938.
  2. ↑ Glantz & House 2015, p. 88.
  3. ↑ Stahel 2009.
  4. ↑ Stahel 2009, p. 408.
  5. ↑ Stahel 2015, p. 28.
  6. ↑ Hebert 2010, p. 259.
  7. ↑ Hebert 2010, p. 213.
  8. ↑ Mitcham 2008, p. 537.
  9. ↑ Burleigh 1997, p. 69.
  10. ↑ Hebert 2010, p. 273.
  11. ↑ Citino 2009.
  12. ↑ Citino 2012, pp. 66-67.
  13. ↑ Citino 2012, pp. 68-70.
  14. ↑ Clark 2012, p. 177.
  15. 1 2 Clark 2012, p. 178.
  16. ↑ Clark 2012, pp. 194,196.
  17. ↑ Clark 2011, p. 187, 330.
  18. ↑ Hebert 2010, pp. 121–122.
  19. ↑ Hebert 2010, pp. 216–217.
  20. ↑ LeMO 2016.
  21. 1 2 Thomas 1997, p. 304.
  22. 1 2 3 Scherzer 2007, p. 406.
  23. ↑ Wehrmachtberichte Vol I, pp. 635, 639, 701–702.

Bibliography

  • Burleigh, Michael (1997). Ethics and Extermination: Reflections on Nazi Genocide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511806162. ISBN 9780521588164. 
  • Citino, Robert M. (2012). The Wehrmacht Retreats: Fighting a Lost War, 1943. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-1826-2. 
  • Citino, Robert M. (2009). "Death of the Wehrmacht". HistoryNet. Retrieved 30 May 2016. 
  • Clark, Lloyd (2012). Kursk: The Greatest Battle: Eastern Front 1943. London: Headline Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-7553-3639-5. 
  • Clark, Lloyd (2011). The Battle of the Tanks: Kursk, 1943. New York: Grove/Atlantic, Inc. ISBN 978-0-8021-1908-7. 
  • Hebert, Valerie (2010). Hitler's Generals on Trial: The Last War Crimes Tribunal at Nuremberg. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-1698-5. 
  • Heiber, Helmut; Weinberg, Gerhard L.; Glantz, David (2004). Hitler and His Generals: Military Conferences 1942–1945. Enigma Books. ISBN 978-1929631285. 
  • "Hermann Hoth". LeMO at Deutsches Historisches Museum (in German). Retrieved 20 May 2016. 
  • Mitcham, Samuel W. (2008). The rise of the Wehrmacht: the German armed forces and World War II, Volume 1. Westport, Connecticut: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-275-99659-8. 
  • Scherzer, Veit (2007). Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives [The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Miltaer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-938845-17-2. 
  • Stahel, David (2015). The Battle for Moscow. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-08760-6. 
  • Stahel, David (2009). Operation Barbarossa and Germany's Defeat in the East. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-76847-4. 
  • Thomas, Franz (1997). Die Eichenlaubträger 1939–1945 Band 1: A–K [The Oak Leaves Bearers 1939–1945 Volume 1: A–K] (in German). Osnabrück, Germany: Biblio-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7648-2299-6. 
  • Die Wehrmachtberichte 1939–1945 Band 1, 1. September 1939 bis 31. Dezember 1941 [The Wehrmacht Reports 1939–1945 Volume 1, 1 September 1939 to 31 December 1941] (in German). München, Germany: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag. 1985. ISBN 978-3-423-05944-2. 
Military offices
Preceded by
none		 Commander of Panzergruppe 3
16 November 1940 – 4 October 1941 		Succeeded by
Generaloberst Georg-Hans Reinhardt
Preceded by
General der Infanterie Karl-Heinrich von Stülpnagel		 Commander of 17. Armee
5 October 1941 – 19 April 1942 		Succeeded by
Generaloberst Hans von Salmuth
Preceded by
Generaloberst Richard Ruoff		 Commander of 4. Panzer-Armee
31 May 1942 – 26 November 1943 		Succeeded by
Generaloberst Erhard Raus
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