List of active separatist movements in Europe
Active separatist movements in Europe.
This is a list of currently active separatist movements in Europe. Separatism often refers to full political secession,[1][2][3] though separatist movements may seek nothing more than greater autonomy or to be recognized as a national minority.[4]
What is and is not considered an autonomist or secessionist movement is sometimes contentious. Entries on this list must meet three criteria:
- They are active movements with active members;
- They are seeking greater autonomy or self-determination for a geographic region (as opposed to personal autonomy);
- They are citizens/peoples of the conflict area and do not come from another country.
Under each region listed is one or more of the following:
- De facto state (de facto entity): for unrecognized regions with de facto autonomy;
- Proposed state: proposed name for a seceding sovereign state;
- Proposed autonomous area: for movements towards greater autonomy for an area but not outright secession;
- De facto autonomous government: for governments with de facto autonomous control over a region;
- Government-in-exile: for a government based outside of the region in question, with or without control;
- Political party (or parties): for political parties involved in a political system to push for autonomy or secession;
- Militant organisation(s): for armed organisations;
- Advocacy group(s): for non-belligerent, non-politically participatory entities.
- People: for information on what regional/ethnic/ethno-religious/racial/religious group calls for change for each individual movement listed.
Various ethnic groups in Europe are seeking greater autonomy or independence. In the European Union (EU), several of these groups are members of the European Free Alliance (EFA). In some cases, the group seeks union with a neighbouring country.
Active separatist movements by country
Albania
- People: Greeks in Albania
- Proposed state: Unification with
Greece
- Political parties: Omonoia, Unity for Human Rights Party (seeks autonomous status or union with Greece)
- Proposed state: Unification with
Belgium
Further information: Partition of Belgium
Flanders or Flemish Community (the latter includes 
Brussels-Capital Region)
- People: Flemish
- Proposed state: Flanders
- Political parties:
New Flemish Alliance (member of the European Free Alliance), Libertair, Direct, Democratisch, and Vlaams Belang member of the Identity, Tradition, Sovereignty-Group - Movements: Vlaamse Volksbeweging (VVB), Overlegcentrum van Vlaamse Verenigingen
- Political parties:
- Proposed state:
- People: Flemish and Dutch
- Proposed state:
Greater Netherlands
- Political Parties: Individual politicians from different parties, both Dutch and Flemish.
- Movements: Grootneerlandisme
- Proposed state:
- People: Walloons
- Proposed state:
Wallonia
- Political parties: Walloon Rally
- Proposed state:
- People: French
- Proposed state: Unification with the
French Republic
- Political parties: Wallonia France Rally
- Proposed state: Unification with the
- People: Luxembourgers
- Proposed state: unification with
Luxembourg
- Proposed state: unification with
Bosnia and Herzegovina
- People: Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Proposed state:
Republika Srpska
- Political parties: Alliance of Independent Social Democrats, Serbian Democratic Party[7]
- Proposed state:
Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia
- People: Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Proposed state: Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia
- Proposed state:
Bulgaria
- People: Macedonians
- Proposed unification with
Macedonia
- Political parties: United Macedonian Organization Ilinden-Pirin
- Proposed unification with
Croatia
- People: Istrians
- Proposed autonomous area: Istria
- Political parties: Istrian Democratic Assembly, Istrian Democratic Forum
- Proposed autonomous area: Istria
- People: Fiumans
- Proposed autonomous area: Fiume
- Political party: List for Fiume (EFA member)[8]
- Proposed autonomous area: Fiume
- People:Primorci and Gorani
- Proposed autonomous area: Primorsko goranska regija
- Political party: PGS - primorsko goranska stranka
- Proposed autonomous area: Primorsko goranska regija
Cyprus
Breakaway states:
- People: Turkish Cypriots
- De facto state with no international recognition except from Republic of Turkey:
Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
- De facto state with no international recognition except from Republic of Turkey:
Czech Republic
- People: Silesians
- Political party: Silesian Autonomy Movement (EFA member)[10]
Denmark
- For movements in Greenland, see List of active separatist movements in North America.
- People: Danish
- Proposed autonomous region: Bornholm
- Political party: Bornholm's Self-Government Party (Bornholms Selvstyre parti)[11][12]
- Proposed autonomous region: Bornholm
- People: Faroese
- Proposed state:
Faroe Islands
- Political parties: Republican Party, Progress, People's Party, Centre Party, Self-Government Party
- Movement: Faroese independence movement
- Proposed state:
Finland
- People: Åland Swedes
- Proposed state:
Åland
- Political party: Future of Åland (EFA member)
- Proposed state:
France
- Secessionist movements
Main articles: Basque nationalism and Basque independence
- People: Basque
- Proposed state: Unification with the
Basque Country and 
Navarre— Euskal Herria [13][14][15]
- Political parties: Abertzaleen Batasuna (AB), Batasuna, Eusko Alkartasuna (EFA member), Euzko Alderdi Jeltzalea (Basque Nationalist Party).
- Trade unions: Euskal Langileen Alkartasuna, Langile Abertzaleen Batzordeak
- Youth advocacy groups: Egi, Gazte Abertzaleak, Iritzarri, Segi
- Militant organisations: ETA, Irrintzi
- Proposed state: Unification with the
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Brittany and parts of 
Pays de la Loire
Main article: Breton nationalism
- People: Bretons
- Proposed state: Brittany
- Advocacy groups: Celtic League[16]
- Political parties: Adsav, Strollad Breizh, Emgann, Breiz Atao
- Militant organisation: Talbenn Dieubiñ Breizh (Breton Revolutionary Army) (ARB)
- Proposed state:
Northern Catalonia / Roussillon (predominantly Pyrénées-Orientales)
Main articles: Catalan nationalism and Catalan independence
- People: Catalans
- Proposed state: Unification with Catalonia — Catalan Countries
- Political parties: Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya (EFA member), Unitat Catalana (EFA member), Candidatura d'Unitat Popular[17]
- Proposed state: Unification with
Main article: Corsican nationalism
- People: Corsicans
- Proposed state:
Corsica
- Political party: Corsica Libera
- Proposed state:
- People: Savoyans
- Proposed state:
Savoy
- Political party: Liga de la Savouè (Savoyan League)
- Proposed state:
Main article: Occitan nationalism
- People: Occitans
- Proposed state:
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Occitania
- Political party: Partit de la Nacion Occitana
- Proposed state:
- People: Provençals (Occitans)
- Proposed state:
Provence
- Militant group: Front Nacionala Liberacion de Provença
- Proposed state:
- Autonomist movements
- People: Alsatians (Allemanics)
- Proposed autonomous area:
Alsace
- Political parties: Elsass Zuerst, Nationalforum Elsass-Lothringen, Unser Land
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Bretons
- Proposed autonomous area: Brittany
- Political party: Unvaniezh Demokratel Breizh (EFA member)
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Corsicans
- Proposed autonomous area: Corsica
- Political party: Partitu di a Nazione Corsa (EFA member)
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Niçard
- Proposed autonomous area:
County of Nice
- Political party: Partit Nissart (Parti niçois (fr))[18]
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Normands
- Proposed autonomous area:
Normandy
- Political party: Mouvement normand (Normand Movement)
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Savoyans
- Proposed autonomous area: Savoy
- Political party: Movement Règion Savouè
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Occitans
- Proposed autonomous area: Occitania
- Political parties: Partit Occitan (EFA member), Iniciativa per Occitània, Anaram au Patac, Hartèra
- Proposed autonomous area:
Georgia
Main article: List of active separatist movements in Asia § Georgia
Breakaway states:
- Ethnic group: Abkhaz
- De facto state with partial de jure recognition: Republic of Abkhazia
- Political organisation:Government of Abkhazia
- Militant organization: Abkhazia Army
- De facto state with partial de jure recognition:
- Ethnic group: Ossetians
- De facto state: with partial de jure recognition:Republic of South Ossetia, proposed integration to
Russia[19] - Political organisation: Government of South Ossetia
- Militant organization: South Ossetia Army
- De facto state: with partial de jure recognition:Republic of South Ossetia, proposed integration to
Germany
.svg.png){kind=small}
- People: Bavarians
- Proposed state: Bavaria (Free State of Bavaria)
- Political party: Bavaria Party
- Proposed state: Bavaria (Free State of Bavaria)
- People: Frisians
- Proposed autonomous region: East Frisia
- Political party: Die Friesen
- Proposed autonomous region: East Frisia
- People: Franconians
- Proposed autonomous area: Franconia
- People: Sorbs
- Proposed autonomous area: Lusatia
- Political party: Lusatian Alliance
- Proposed autonomous area: Lusatia
- People: Danish, Frisians
- Proposed autonomous area: Southern Schleswig
- Political party: South Schleswig Voter Federation
- Proposed autonomous area: Southern Schleswig
Italy
Main article: Friulian Front
- People: Friulians
- Proposed state:
Friulia
- Political parties: Friulian Front, Lega Nord Friuli-Venezia Giulia
- Proposed state:
- People: Lomardians
- Proposed state:
Republic of Lombardy
- Political parties: Independence Front Lombardy, Pro Lombardy Independence
- Proposed state:
Main article: Sardinian nationalism
- People: Sardinians
- Proposed state:
Republic of Sardinia
- Political parties: Sardinia Nation, Sardinian Action Party, Independence Republic of Sardinia, Project Republic of Sardinia, others
- Militant organisations: Fronte Nazionale de Liberazione de sa Sardigna (defunct), Movimentu Nazionalista Sardu (defunct), Movimento Armato Sardo (defunct)[21]
- Proposed state:
.svg.png){kind=small}
Main article: Sicilian nationalism
- People: Sicilians
- Political parties: Sicilian Independentist Movement, Sicilian Socialist Party, Party of the Sicilians
Main article: South Tyrolean secessionist movement
- People: South Tyroleans (a subset of Tyroleans)
- Proposed state: Republic of South Tyrol or unification with
Tyrol (
Austria)
- Political parties: Die Freiheitlichen, South Tyrolean Freedom, Citizens' Union for South Tyrol, Lega Nord Alto Adige/Südtirol
- Militant organisations: South Tyrolean Liberation Committee (defunct)
- Proposed state: Republic of South Tyrol or unification with
Main article: Venetian nationalism
- Proposed state:
Republic of Venice
Kosovo
Further information: International recognition of Kosovo
- People: Serbs
- Proposed reunification with
Serbia — Proposed autonomous province
- Political organisations: Assembly of the Community of Municipalities, Community of Serb municipalities
- Proposed reunification with
- People: Gorani people
- Proposed unification with Serbia — Proposed autonomous province
- Proposed unification with
Latvia
- People: Latgalians
- Proposed unification with Russia — Proposed autonomous province
- Political organisations: Social Democratic Party "Harmony"
- Proposed unification with
Lithuania
- People: Samogitians
- Proposed state:
Samogitia
- Proposed state:
Macedonia
Albanian community in Macedonia
Main article: Albanian nationalism
- People: Albanians
- Proposed state:
Republic of Ilirida or union with 
Albania
- Armed organizations: ANA/AKSh (status unknown – inactive)
- Proposed state:
Moldova
Breakaway state:
- People: Equal proportions of Russians, Ukrainians and Moldovans
- De facto state: with partial de jure recognition
Transnistria
- Political organisation: Government of Transnistria
- Militant organisation: Army of Transnistria
- De facto state: with partial de jure recognition
Proposed independent and autonomous movements:
- People: Gagauz
- Proposed state:
Gagauzia
- Political organisation: Gagauzian People Assembly should Moldova decided to unite with Romania, Gagauzia would have the right to self-determination.
- Proposed state:
- People: Bulgarians
- Proposed autonomous area:
Taraclia
- Proposed autonomous area:
Montenegro
Netherlands
- People: Frisian
- Proposed autonomous area: Frisia
- Political party: Frisian National Party, (EFA member)
- Status: Democratic movement seeking greater autonomy for Frisian-speaking people in Friesland[29]
- Proposed autonomous area: Frisia
- People: Limburgish
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Poland
- People: Silesians
- Proposed autonomous area: Silesia
- Political party: Silesian Autonomy Movement[10]
- Proposed autonomous area: Silesia
Romania
The geographical distribution of Hungarians in Romania
Hungarian community in Romania
- People: Hungarians
- Proposals for Hungarian territorial autonomy:
- Other administrative proposals by regionalist organisations:
- Political organisations: Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania, the demand for Hungarian autonomy has been part of their program since 1993.[30] Hungarian Civic Party, they signed a settlement with the Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania about cooperation and joint support for Hungarian autonomy.[31] Hungarian People's Party of Transylvania (PPMT), the party proposes the establishments of Transylvanian parliament and government and supports the case of Szekler autonomy in Szekely Land.[32] It also advocates territorial autonomy for Partium.[33][34] Liga Transilvania-Banat, a regionalist party led by Sabin Gherman.[35]
- Advocacy organisations: Szekler National Council,[36] Hungarian National Council of Transylvania, Liga Pro Europa, a Romanian-Hungarian regionalist NGO.,[35] Provincia, a group of intellectuals promoting regionalization of Romania,[35] Autonomy for Transylvania (AFT) campaign, it demands autonomy for Transylvania.[37] Democratic League of Transylvania (Liga Transilvania Democrată), a regionalist NGO,[38] an active supporter of the "Autonomy for Transylvania" campaign,[39] League of Banat (Liga Banateana), a regionalist NGO.[40][41]
Russia
- Russia's Black Sea
Crimean Federal District (
Crimea and 
Sevastopol)
- People: Ukrainians
See also: 2014 Crimean Crisis
- Proposed state: Reunification with
Ukraine - Political organisation: Ukrainian Government
- Proposed state: Reunification with
- People: Crimean Tatars
- Proposed autonomous area:
Crimea - Political organisation: Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People
- Proposed autonomous area:
- Russia's North Caucasus
See also: Insurgency in the North Caucasus
- People: Chechens
- Militant organisation: Chechen separatists
- Proposed state:
Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (1991–99)
- Religious group: Sunnis
- Militant organization: Caucasus Emirate
- Proposed state:
Caucasus Emirate
- People: Circassian
- Movement: Circassian nationalism; Circassian Congress; Circassian Youth Initiative; Adyge Djegi
- Proposed state: Circassia, including all regions historically included in Circassia and/or inhabited by Circassians (note: this includes Adygea as well as north Kabardino-Balkaria, north Karachay–Cherkessia, south-east Krasnodar Krai, and south Stavropol Krai)
- People: Balkar, Karachay
- Movement: Various nationalist organisations in Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay–Cherkessia
- Goals: Firstmost, the establishment of autonomy for the
Karachay and 
Balkaria, rather than in biethnic republics where they must share power with Russians and Circassians (division of Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay–Cherkessia into smaller units, also popular for Circassian nationalists). Then, the unification of Karachay and Balkar units is advocated by some but not all nationalists (see Balkar and Karachai nationalism) - Proposed state: Karachay-Balkar Republic (includes south Kabardino-Balkaria and south Karachey-Cherkessia)
Abazinia in central-north Karachay–Cherkessia
- People: Abazins
- Proposed state: Abazin Republic (proclaimed but non-recognized in 1991 as autonomous)
- People: Kumyks
- Movement: Tenglik (since 1989)
- Proposed state: Kumyk Republic (proclaimed but non-recognized in 1991 as autonomous)
- Russia's other European regions
See also: Separatist movements in Asian Russia
- People: Tatars
- Political party: All-Tatar Public Center
- Movement: Tatar Youth Union "Azatlyk"
- Proposed state: Tatarstan, Idel-Ural
- Movement: Congress of the Peoples of Udmurtia
- Proposed state: Idel-Ural
- Movement: Chuvash Youth Union
- Proposed state: Idel-Ural
- Proposed state: Idel-Ural
- Proposed state: Idel-Ural
- Movement: Bashkir social movement "Kuk bure"
- Proposed state: Idel-Ural
- People: Komi
- Proposed state: Komi Republic
- People: Don Cossacks
- Movement: Don Cossacks of Don Host Oblast autonomists
- Proposed state: Don Republic (proclaimed in 1918 and in 1991 as part of Union of Cossack Republics in Southern Russia in Union of Sovereign States that never founded both)
- People: Kuban Cossacks
- Movement: Kuban Cossacks of Kuban Oblast autonomists
- Proposed state: Kuban People's Republic (proclaimed in 1918), Kuban Republic (attempted to proclaim in 1991 as part of Union of Cossack Republics in Southern Russia in Union of Sovereign States that never founded both)
North Caucasus near Terek
- People: Terek Cossacks
- Movement: Terek Cossacks of Terek Oblast autonomists
- Proposed state: Upper Kuban Cossack Republic (proclaimed in 1991 as part of Union of Cossack Republics in Southern Russia in Union of Sovereign States that never founded both)
Serbia
Autonomous Province of Vojvodina
- People: Serbs, Hungarians in Serbia
- Proposed autonomous region: Vojvodina
- Political parties (autonomist): League of Social Democrats of Vojvodina, Reformists of Vojvodina, Vojvodina's Party
- Proposals for Hungarian territorial autonomy in the northern part of Vojvodina:
- People: Hungarians
- Proposed autonomous area: Hungarian Regional Autonomy
- Political parties: Hungarian Coalition composed of three political parties (Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians, Democratic Party of Vojvodina Hungarians, Democratic Fellowship of Vojvodina Hungarians)
- Proposals for Hungarian territorial autonomy in the northern part of Vojvodina:
- People: Albanians in Serbia
- Proposed autonomous province: Preševo Valley
- Movement: Albanian nationalism
- Political organisation: Party for Democratic Action
- Unification with Albania
- Armed organizations: National Liberation Army (Albanians of Serbia)|KLA/UÇPMB (disarmed and dismantled in 2001), KLA/AK
- People: Bosniaks of Serbia
- Proposed autonomous province:
Sandžak or unification with 
Bosnia-Herzegovina. - Advocacy groups (autonomist): Islamic Community in Serbia[42]
Breakaway state:
Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija (Kosovo)
- People: Albanians in Kosovo
- De facto state:
Republic of Kosovo (majority international recognition)
- Political organisation: Government of Kosovo
- Proposed state: Unification with Albania
- Movement: Albanian nationalism
- De facto state:
Slovakia
The geographical distribution of Hungarians in Slovakia
Southern Slovakia:
- People: Hungarians
- Proposed autonomous area: Territorial autonomy for the compact Hungarian ethnic block and cultural autonomy for the regions of sporadic Hungarian presence.[43]
- Political parties (autonomist): Party of the Hungarian Community,[44] In 2010, the party renewed their demand for autonomy.[45]
- Proposed autonomous area: Territorial autonomy for the compact Hungarian ethnic block and cultural autonomy for the regions of sporadic Hungarian presence.[43]
Spain
Further information: Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain
Areas in Spain with separatist or autonomist movements, as well as their claims to territory in neighbouring countries.
The disputed territory of Olivenza.
Main article: Andalusian nationalism
- People: Andalusian
- Proposed state:
Andalusia
- Political parties (nationalist): Partido Andalucista (dissolved), Bloque Andaluz de Izquierdas, Partido Comunista del Pueblo Andaluz
- Political parties (secessionist): Nación Andaluza, Asamblea Nacional de Andalucía, Candidatura Unitaria de Trabajadores
- Youth movements: Jaleo!!!, Juventud Independentista Revolucionaria Andaluza, Juventudes Andalucistas (dissolved)
- Trade union: Sindicato Andaluz de Trabajadores
- Proposed state:
Main article: Aragonese nationalism
- People: Aragonese
- Proposed state
- Socialist):
Aragon - Federalist:
Aragon
- Political party (nationalist): Chunta Aragonesista (EFA member), Tierra Aragonsesa
- Political party (secessionist): Estau Aragonés, Puyalón de Cuchas,
- Youth movements: Purna Astral, Chobenalla Aragonesista
- Trade union: Sindicato Obrero Aragonés (SOA)
- Other pro-independence organisations: A Enrestida, Sindicato d'Estudiants Independentistas y Revolucionarias d'Aragón (SEIRA), Bloque Independentista de Cuchas
- Socialist):
- Proposed state
Main article: Asturian nationalism
- People: Asturians
- Proposed state:
Asturias
- Political parties (autonomist): Partíu Asturianista, Unión Renovadora Asturiana
- Political parties (nationalist): Unidá Nacionalista Asturiana (EFA member), Unidá, Bloque por Asturies, Compromisu por Asturies
- Political parties (secessionist): Andecha Astur
- Youth movements: Darréu, UNA-Mocedá, Fai!
- Trade unions: Corriente Sindical d'Izquierda, SUATEA
- Other pro-independence organisations: Sofitu
- Proposed state:
Main article: Catalan nationalism
- People: Balearics — Catalanics (those with Catalan ancestry)
- Proposed state:
Balearic Islands — 
Catalan Countries (Confederation of Catalan States)
- Political parties: Partit Socialista de Mallorca-Entesa Nacionalista (in Majorca)
- Youth advocacy groups: Arran, Joventuts d'Esquerra Republicana de les Illes Balears
- Proposed state:
Basque Country (autonomous community)
Main articles: Basque nationalism and Basque independence
- People: Basques
- Proposed state: Basque Country (greater region) – Euskal Herria[13]
- Political parties: Euzko Alderdi Jeltzalea (Basque Nationalist Party) (member of the European Democratic Party), Eusko Alkartasuna (EFA member), Bildu, Amaiur, Aralar, Eusko Abertzale Ekintza (Basque Nationalist Action), Batasuna (illegalised due to terrorism support)
- Trade union: Euskal Langileen Alkartasuna, Langile Abertzaleen Batzordeak
- Youth advocacy groups: EGI, Gazte Abertzaleak, Haika (illegalised) Segi, Ikasle Abertzaleak
- Militant organisations: ETA (Euskadi Ta Askatasuna) (ceasefire since 2011), Iraultza (disbanded), Komando Autonomo Antikapitalistak (merged with ETA)
- Proposed state:
Main article: Canarian nationalism
- People: Canarians
- Proposed state:
Canary Islands
- Political parties (autonomist): Coalición Canaria, Partido Nacionalista Canario, Centro Canario Nacionalista, Nueva Canarias
- Political parties (secessionist): FREPIC-AWAÑAK, Alternativa Nacionalista Canaria, Alternativa Popular Canaria, Unidad del Pueblo,
- Youth movement: Azarug
- Proposed state:
- People: Cantabrians
- Proposed state:
Cantabria
- Political party: Cantabrian Nationalist Council
- Youth movement: Regüelta (Revolt)
- Trade union: Intersindical Cántabra
- Proposed state:
Main articles: Catalan nationalism and Catalan independence
- People: Catalans
- Proposed state: Catalonia (Republic) — Catalan Countries (Confederation of Catalan States) (i.e. including other Catalan-speaking areas)
- Political parties (secessionist):
- Together for Yes: coalition to stand in the Catalonian parliamentary election, 2015 supported by Democratic Convergence of Catalonia (33/135 seats in the Catalan parliament), Republican Left of Catalonia (21/135), Democrats of Catalonia (6/135), Moviment d'Esquerres (1/135) and other small parties and civil organisations
- Popular Unity Candidacy - Constituent Call, coalition to stand in the Catalonian parliamentary election, 2015 supported by Popular Unity Candidacy (10/135) and other small parties and civil organisations
- Political parties (autonomist): Catalonia Yes We Can (11/135), Democratic Union of Catalonia (0/135 seats in the Catalan parliament)
- Civil organisations: Assemblea Nacional Catalana, Òmnium Cultural, Association of Municipalities for Independence, Procés Constituent, Catalunya Acció, Sobirania i Progrés
- Youth advocacy groups: Arran, Joventuts d'Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya, Joves d'Esquerra Verda, Joventut Nacionalista de Catalunya, Unió de Joves
- Political parties (secessionist):
- Proposed state:
Main article: Castilian nationalism
- People Castilians
- Proposed states:
Castile
- Political parties (autonomist): Partido Castellano PCas
- Political parties (secessionist): Izquierda Castellana
- Youth movements: Yesca
- Proposed states:
- People: Galicians
- Proposed state:
Galicia. Some groups also propose a unification with 
Portugal — 
Portugalicia (See reintegrationism)
- Political party: Bloque Nacionalista Galego (Galician Nationalist Block) (autonomist) (EFA member), Nós-Unidade Popular (WE-Popular Unity) (independentist), Frente Popular Galego (Galician Popular Front) (independentist), Partido Galeguista (The Galician Party), Terra Galega Galician Coalition (Centrist nationalist Party), Alternativa Galega de Esquedas (Galician Left Alternative)
- Youth advocacy groups: Galiza Nova, AGIR, CAF
- Militant organisation: Resistência Galega
- Proposed state:
- People: Leonese
- Proposed states:
Leonese Country
- Political parties: Unión del Pueblo Leonés UPL, Partido Regionalista del País Leonés PREPAL
- Youth movements: Conceyu Xoven, RUCHAR Mocedá Llionesa[46]
- Advocacy groups: AGORA País Llionés
- Militant organisations: Tierra Lleunesa
- Proposed states:
Main article: Basque nationalism
- People: Navarran or Navarrese (a subgroup of Basque people)
- Proposed states: Unification with the Basque Country – Euskal Herria
- Political parties: Geroa Bai, Bildu, Basque Nationalist Action, Batasuna, Euskal Herritarrok
- Militant organisations: ETA (Euskadi Ta Askatasuna) (ceasefire since 2011), Iraultza (disbanded), Komando Autonomo Antikapitalistak (merged with ETA)
- Proposed states: Unification with the
Territory of Olivenza (Olivença)
Main article: Disputed status of Olivenza
- People: Portuguese
- Proposed state: Unification with Portugal
- Militant organisations: Amigos de Olivença (Portuguese irredentist movement)
- Proposed state: Unification with
- People: Valencians — Catalanics (those with Catalan ancestry)
- Proposed state:
Valencian Country or .svg.png)
Kingdom of Valencia — with the option for a free association with the rest of Catalan Countries
- Political parties: Valencian Nationalist Bloc, Initiative of the Valencian People, Popular Unity Candidates, Republican Left of the Valencian Country, Valencian State, Valencian Nationalist Left, Valencian Left
- Advocacy groups: Pro-Catalan Valencianists (who defend pan-Catalanism and Fuster's theories) propose the creation of a Valencian State and some type of reconnection with the rest of Catalan-speaking areas. Only a minor tendency within anti-Catalan Valencianism (Blaverism) proposed independence of the Kingdom of Valencia from both Catalonia and Spain.[47][48]
- Youth advocacy groups: Arran, Youths of Compromís (mostly soveranist and non-secessionist), Youths of Republican Left of the Valencian Country
- Trade union: Intersindical Valenciana
- Other organisations: Valencian Sovereignty (Sobirania Valenciana)
- Proposed state:
Additionally, there are a number of almost extinct secessionist or soveranist movements in other autonomous communities and historical territories, e.g. Extremadura and Murcia.
- People: Extremadurans
- Proposed state:
.svg.png)
Extremadura
- Political parties:
- Proposed state:
- People: Murcians
- Proposed state:
Murcia
- Political parties (nationalist): Partido Federal Murciano, Partido del País Murciano, Unión de los Pueblos de Murcia
- Political parties (autonomist): Partido Regionalista Murciano, Partido Murcianista, Nueva Región, Unión Democrática de la Región de Murcia-Coalición Ciudadana Regional
- Proposed state:
Local secessionist (mostly autonomist) movements include Aranesism, Bercianism, Cartagenism, Majorcanism, Manchego autonomism, Navarrism, Valencian Blaverism and Eastern Andalusian autonomism.
Main articles: Aranese nationalism and Occitan nationalism
- People: Aranese (a subset of Gascon Occitans)
- Proposed autonomous area: Aran Valley — within Catalonia or unification with Occitania
- Political parties: Convergència Democràtica Aranesa, Unitat d'Aran, Partit Renovador d'Arties-Garòs, Esquèrra Republicana Occitana, Partit de la Nacion Occitana, Partit Occitan
- Proposed autonomous area: Aran Valley — within
Sweden
- People: Scanians or Swedes
- Proposed autonomous area:
Scania
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Scanians or Danes
- Proposed state: Unification with
Denmark
- Proposed state: Unification with
Switzerland
- Regional group: Jurassien (French speaking)
- Proposed state: "Free State of Jura"
- Political party: Mouvement Indépendantiste Jurassien (Jurassian Independentist Movement)[50]
- Proposed autonomous area: Reunified Jura (northern and southern districts), remaining inside the Swiss Confederation
- Militant organisations: Mouvement Autonomiste Jurassien (Jurassian Autonomist Movement),[51] Groupe Bélier (Youth activists movement)[52]
- Proposed state: "Free State of Jura"
- Regional group: Ticinesi (Italian speaking)
- Proposed state: annexation to the Lombardy
- Political party: Lega Sud Ticino
- Pressure groups: Domà Nunch
Turkey
Main article: List of active separatist movements in Asia § Turkey
- Ethnic group: Kurdish
- Proposed state: Kurdistan
- Political parties: Peace and Democracy Party (BDP), Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP)
- Militant organisations: Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK), Group of Communities in Kurdistan (KCK), Kurdistan Freedom Falcons (TAK), Democrat Party of Kurdistan/North (PDK/Bakur), Revolutionary Party of Kurdistan (PŞK), Communist Party of Kurdistan (KKP)
Ukraine
- Breakaway states
Map of protests by region, indicating severity of the unrest at its peak
Luhansk Oblast (partially)
- People: Russian Ukrainians
- De facto state:
.svg.png)
Lugansk People's Republic
- Political parties: Russian Block, Russian Unity, New Russia Party
- Militant organization: United Armed Forces of Novorossiya
- De facto state:
Donetsk Oblast (partially)
- People: Russian Ukrainians
- De facto state:
Donetsk People's Republic
- Political parties: Donetsk Republic, Russian Block, Russian Unity, New Russia Party
- Militant organization: United Armed Forces of Novorossiya
- De facto state:
- Disputed status
- People: Russian Ukrainians
- De facto state: Russian Federation
- Militant organization: Russian Armed Forces
- People: Russian Ukrainians
- De facto state: Russian Federation
- Militant organization: Russian Armed Forces
- Proposed autonomous regions
- People: Hungarian Ukrainians, Rusyn Ukrainians[54]
- Proposed autonomous area: Transcarpathian Regional Confederation of the Hungarian and Rusyn People[55]
- Political parties: People's Parliament Carpathian Rusyns, which demands autonomy of Ruthenia
- Proposed autonomous area: Transcarpathian Regional Confederation of the Hungarian and Rusyn People[55]
United Kingdom
- Secessionist movements
See also: English nationalism and English independence
- People: English
- Proposed state:
England
- Political parties: English Democrats[56]
- Proposed state:
See also: Scottish nationalism, Scottish independence, Scottish independence referendum 2014, and Proposed second Scottish independence referendum
- People: Scots
- Proposed state:
Scotland
- Political parties: Scottish National Party (EFA member), Scottish Green Party, RISE,[57] Scottish Socialist Party
- Advocacy groups: Celtic League[16]
- Proposed state:
- People: Shetlanders and Norwegians
See also: Welsh nationalism and Welsh independence
- People: Welsh
- Proposed state:
Wales
- Political parties: Plaid Cymru, Cymru Annibynnol, Cymru Sovereign
- Advocacy groups: Cymuned, Celtic League[16]
- Proposed state:
- People: Ulster Scots
- Proposed state:
Ulster
- Militant organisations: Some elements within the Ulster Defence Association
- Proposed state:
- People: Irish
- Proposed state: Unification with
Ireland - Movement: United Ireland
- Political parties: Sinn Féin, Social Democratic and Labour Party, Republican Sinn Féin, Irish Republican Socialist Party, Fianna Fáil, éirígí, Workers' Party of Ireland, Irish Republican Socialist Party
- Militant organisations: Real Irish Republican Army, Continuity Irish Republican Army, Óglaigh na hÉireann
- Advocacy group: Celtic League,[16] 32 County Sovereignty Movement
- Proposed state: Unification with
See also: London independence
- People: Londoners
- Proposed state:
London - Movement: London Independence[62]
- Proposed state:
- Autonomist movements
See also: Devolution in the United Kingdom
See also: Devolved English parliament and English nationalism
- People: English
- Proposed autonomous area: England
- Political parties: English Democrats,[63] UKIP[64]
- Advocacy groups: Campaign for an English Parliament
- Proposed autonomous area:
See also: Devolution in Scotland and Scottish nationalism
- People: Scots
- Proposed autonomous area: Scotland
- Political parties: Scottish National Party (EFA member)[65]
- Proposed autonomous area:
See also: Welsh nationalism
- People: Welsh
- Proposed autonomous area: Wales
- Political parties: Plaid Cymru
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Londoners
- Proposed autonomous area: London
- Political parties: Labour Party[66]
- Proposed autonomous area:
Cornwall (possibly including the Isles of Scilly)
- People: Cornish
- Proposed autonomous area: Cornwall
- Political parties: Green Party of England and Wales,[67] Mebyon Kernow (EFA member), Cornish Nationalist Party, Liberal Democrats[68][69]
- Advocacy groups: Celtic League, Cornish Constitutional Convention, Cornwall 2000, Revived Cornish Stannary Parliament, Tyr Gwyr Gweryn,[70][71] Wessex Constitutional Convention[72]
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: People of Wessex
- Proposed autonomous area:
Wessex
- Political parties: Wessex Regionalist Party
- Advocacy group: Wessex Constitutional Convention
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: People of Yorkshire
- Proposed autonomous area:
Yorkshire[74][75][76][77]
- Political parties: Liberal Democrats, Yorkshire First
- Advocacy group: Yorkshire Devolution Movement[78][79]
- Proposed autonomous area:
North East England or North East Combined Authority area (which excludes Tees Valley)
- People: People of North East England
- Proposed autonomous area: North East England or
Northumbria[80]
- Political parties: North East Party[81]
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Shetlanders and Orcadians
- Proposed autonomous area: Northern Isles
- Political parties: Liberal Democrats[82]
- Advocates: Liam McArthur MSP, Tavish Scott MSP,[82] and some local independent councillors[83]
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Orcadians
- Proposed autonomous area:
Orkney
- Political parties: Liberal Democrats[82]
- Advocates: Liam McArthur MSP[82]
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Shetlanders
- Proposed autonomous area:
Shetland
- Political parties: Liberal Democrats[82]
- Advocates: Tavish Scott MSP,[82]
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: People of the Outer Hebrides
- Proposed autonomous area: Outer Hebrides[83]
- Proposed autonomous area:
- Independence movements of dependant territories
- People: Manx
- Proposed State:
Isle of Man
- Political party: Mec Vannin
- Advocacy group: Celtic League[16]
See also
- Lists of active separatist movements
- List of historical separatist movements
- Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
- List of micro-regional organizations
References
- ↑ "Separatism", Free Dictionary
- ↑ Merriam; Webster, "Separatism", Dictionary
- ↑ "Separatism", The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English, Encyclopedia, 2008
- ↑ Harris, Jerry (2009). The Nation in the Global Era Conflict and Transformation. Brill. p. 320. ISBN 90-04-17690-X.
- ↑ "Directory of Minorities". Minority rights. Retrieved 10 April 2014.
he size of the Greek minority is especially contentious on account of the history of claims to southern Albania made by the Greek government in Athens, and of the substantial support within Greece and among Greeks in Albania, for the establishment of an autonomous district of 'Northern Epirus'.
- ↑ Andreevska, Elena (1998). The national minorities in the Balkans under the European and UN system of protection of human and minority rights. Magor. ISBN 978-998985105-6. Retrieved 10 April 2014.
Omonia's previous policy of improvements for ethnic Greeks within Albania has been progressively abandoned in favour of either autonomy or enosis
- ↑ Armed Peacekeepers in Bosnia. Diane. 2004. p. 122. ISBN 978-1-4289-1020-1.
- ↑ "Lista za Rijeku" [List of Rijeka] (in Bosnian). Retrieved 20 March 2014.
- ↑ Maxmilián Strmiska. "Rise and Fall of Moravian Regionalist Parties". The International Institute of Political Science. Retrieved 10 April 2009.
- 1 2 "Silesian Autonomy Movement". Silesian Autonomy Movement. Retrieved 10 April 2009.
- ↑ "Free Bornholm,". Retrieved 4 October 2014.
- ↑ "Amtsradsvalg,". Retrieved 4 October 2014.
- 1 2 Zubiaga, M. et al.: Towards a Basque State. Nation-building and institutions, Bilbo: UEU, 2012 ISBN 978-84-8438-421-2.
- ↑ Mateos, T. et al.: Towards a Basque State. Citizenship and culture, Bilbo: UEU, 2012 ISBN 978-84-8438-422-9.
- ↑ Antiguedad, I. et al.: Towards a Basque State. Territory and socioeconomics, Bilbo: UEU, 2012 ISBN 978-84-8438-423-6.
- 1 2 3 4 5 "Current Campaigns". Celtic League. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
- ↑ "Presentació del Grup de Suport a la CUP de Perpinyà" [Presentation of Candidatura d'Unitat Popular, in Perpignan]. Llibertat.cat (in Catalan). 6 November 2014.
- ↑ Parti niçois [Nice party] (in French)
- ↑ "South Ossetia, former part of Georgia, to hold 'special' referendum to join Russia". RT. 20 February 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2016.
- ↑ Stehle, Anja (13 September 2014), "Freiheit für Bayern – mei', wär' des schee: Nach Schottland referendum entscheidend ist dass die bevölkerung das will" [Freedom for Bavaria – please consider the schee: Scotland referendum is crucial for the population will], Handelsblatt (in German)
- ↑ Shao Chuan Leng, Coping with Crises: How Governments Deal with Emergencies, pg.92
- ↑ https://www.facebook.com/Fronte-Nazionale-Siciliano-935217669869357/. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ http://www.sicilianazione.eu/. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ http://www.sicilianiliberi.org/. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ http://www.msln.org/. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ (PDF) http://www.larouchepub.com/eiw/public/1982/eirv09n15-19820420/eirv09n15-19820420_022-eyewitness_report_how_the_sicili.pdf. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ "The Brussels Agreement and Serbia's National Interests: A Positive Balance Sheet?" (PDF). KONRAD -ADE NAUER -ST I FT UNG. 25 April 2014. Retrieved 4 May 2015.
- ↑ "Bulgarii din Republica Moldova cer autonomie și amenință Chișinăul cu alipirea la Găgăuzia". paginaeuropeana.ro. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
- ↑ "FNP program for the Provincial Elections 2007". Frisian National Party. Archived from the original on 6 October 2007. Retrieved 12 April 2009.
- ↑ "Borbély az autonómiatervezet ről: ejnye, hogy megijedtünk!" [Barber's autonomy from the draft: ahem, that scared!] (in Romanian). kronika. 28 March 2014. Retrieved 28 March 2014.
- ↑ "Jövő héten egyeztet az MPP és az RMDSZ az autonómia-tervezetről". transindex.ro. 25 March 2014. Retrieved 28 March 2014.
- ↑ "Cultural autonomy and territorial federalism: two voting options for Hungarians in Transylvania". Nationalia. 13 November 2012. Retrieved 28 May 2014.
- ↑ "Megalakult a Partiumi Autonómia Tanács" [The formation of the Partium Council Autonomy] (in Hungarian). Kitekinto. 22 July 2013. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
- ↑ "Nyílt pályázat a Partium jelképeinek megtervezésére" [Open tender for the design of the Partium symbols] (in Hungarian). Erdely. 21 May 2013. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
- 1 2 3 "Cooperating regionalist and autonomy movements in Europe" (PDF). Central European University. 2007. Retrieved 30 March 2014.
- ↑ "Szekler National Council". Transilvania. Retrieved 12 April 2009.
- ↑ "Petiţie pentru autonomia Transilvaniei, depusă la Prefectura Cluj" [Petition for the autonomy of Transylvania, Cluj filed Prefecture] (in Romanian). Romania libera. 12 March 2014. Retrieved 30 March 2014.
- ↑ "De ce "Liga Transilvania Democrată"" [Why "Transylvania Democratic League"] (in Romanian). Neuerweg. 21 March 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
- ↑ "Liga Transilvania Democrată a mai anunţat că se va implica şi din punct de vedere logistic pentru a obţine numărul necesar de semnături" [Transylvania Democratic League announced that it will involve and logistically to get the required number of signatures] (in Romanian). Nova TV. 15 October 2013. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
- ↑ "Program" (in Romanian). Liga Banateana. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
- ↑ "Bănăţenii vor autonomie economică şi administrativă: "Acest lucru nu înseamnă independenţa sau ruperea de România"" [Economic and administrative autonomy of Banat: "This does not mean independence or breaking of Romania"] (in Romanian). Adevarul. 29 October 2012. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
- ↑ "Zukorlić: Autonomija Sandžaka sve izvesnija".
- ↑ "Berényi: A tömbnek területi, a szórványnak kulturális autonómiát". bumm.sk. 20 July 2013. Retrieved 29 March 2014.
- ↑ "Head of party for ethnic Hungarians in Slovakia says autonomy necessary for minority's survival". politics.hu. 17 April 2013. Retrieved 3 April 2014.
- ↑ "A felvidéki önrendelkezés kilátásairól az autonómia albizottság ülésén". mkp.sk. 16 April 2013. Retrieved 29 March 2014.
- ↑ Llionesa, Ruchar Mocedá. "Ruchar Mocedá Llionesa: Presentación RUCHAR Mocedá Llionesa". Ruchar Mocedá Llionesa. Retrieved 2016-09-09.
- ↑ Independència Valenciana (Valencian)
- ↑ Valencia Freedom
- ↑ Daftary, Troebst (2004). Radical Ethnic Movements in Contemporary Europe. Berghahn Books. p. 192. ISBN 978-1-57181-695-5.
- ↑ "Mouvement Indépendantiste Jurassien" [Movement Indépendantiste Jura] (in French). Juralibre.chez.com. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
- ↑ "Mouvement autonomiste jurassien" [Jura autonomist movement] (in French). Maj.ch. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
- ↑ "Groupe Bélier – Mouvement de lutte pour l'Unité du Jura" [Aries Group – Movement struggling for Jura Unity] (in French). Groupebelier.ch. 14 March 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
- ↑ Pike, John (21 May 2004). "Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)". Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved 23 July 2008.
- ↑ "The Hungarians of Transcarpathia demand autonomy and double citizenship". nevnov.ru. 30 March 2014. Retrieved 2014-05-14.
- ↑ "Hungarians, Rusyns in Zakarpatie afraid of forced Ukrainization, want autonomy". voiceofrussia.com. 23 April 2014. Retrieved 2014-06-19.
- ↑ English Democrats seek independence for England, BBC News. Retrieved 27 February 2016.
- ↑ http://www.rise.scot/about/
- ↑ "Nå kan Shetland bli en del av Norge".
- ↑ "NA bankrupt economy, North Sea oil rights sold to China and Shetlanders defecting to Norway. What if Scotland DID go it alone?".
- ↑ "Shetland: Rather be part of Norway, than Scotland".
- ↑ "Norwegian politician: Welcomes closer ties to Shetland".
- ↑ http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-eu-referendum-36620401
- ↑ English Democrats seek independence for England, BBC News. Retrieved 27 February 2016.
- ↑ "Section 5: Solutions – Economic, Legal and Political Measures", Restoring Britishness: UKIP Policy, UK Independence Party, archived from the original on 28 September 2011, retrieved 6 April 2010
- ↑ "Scottish government renews call for extra powers on tax and welfare". The Guardian. 16 June 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
- ↑ Daniel Boffey (30 May 2015). "London should be treated as city state, says Labour mayoral hopeful". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
- ↑ "Green Party will support calls for a Cornish Assembly". The Cornish Guardian. 8 May 2014. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
- ↑ Graeme Demianyk (10 March 2014). "Liberal Democrats vote for Cornish Assembly". The Western Morning News. Retrieved 6 April 2014.
- ↑ "Spring Conference 2014". Liberal Democrats. 3 September 2014. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
- ↑ "Cornish Nation". Archived from the original on 11 June 2007.
- ↑ Stoyle, Professor Mark (17 February 2011), "The Cornish: A Neglected Nation?", British History, BBC
- ↑ Robins, David; Xylas, Nick (15 March 2003). The Case for Wessex (PDF). Wessex Constitutional Convention. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-9544667-0-1. Retrieved 15 February 2013.
- ↑ Robins, David; Xylas, Nick (15 March 2003). The Case for Wessex (PDF). Wessex Constitutional Convention. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-9544667-0-1. Retrieved 15 February 2013.
- ↑ Mark Stead (24 March 2012). "We want devolution, says York council leader". The York Press. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
- ↑ "The official website of the "Yorkshire Independence – Campaign for devolution"". 22 November 2010. Archived from the original on 6 December 2010.
- ↑ The Yorkshire devolution movement, Facebook Account
- ↑ "David Blunkett MP suggests "Yorkshire Parliament"". News. BBC. 27 October 2010. Retrieved 7 May 2014.
- ↑ The Yorkshire devolution movement, Word press
- ↑ Yorkshire devolution
- ↑ "Northumbria".
- ↑ "North-east devolution? We could be like Plaid Cymru says new party's leader". Retrieved 27 May 2014.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Dean Herbert (18 March 2013). "Lib Dem's Scott wants 'home rule' for Shetland isles". Scottish Express. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
- 1 2 Severin Carrell (17 March 2013). "Scottish independence: islands consider their own 'home rule'". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
External links
"Manifest" (PDF), Politiskaprogram [Political program], AX: Ålands framtid, 2011.
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