List of icebreakers
This is a list of icebreakers and other special vessels capable of operating independently in ice-covered waters. Ships known to be in service are presented in bold.[1][2]
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
Argentina
- ARA General San Martín (Q-4) (1954–1982)
- ARA Almirante Irízar (Q-5) (1978–; extensive repairs after fire in 2007)
- ARA Bahía Paraíso (B-1) (or Q-6) (1980–1989; sank in Antarctica)
Australia
- Aurora Australis (1990–)
- A new icebreaking research vessel is expected to enter service in 2019.[3]
Austria
- Eisvogel (1955–)
- Röthelstein (1995–)
Canada
Canadian Coast Guard
CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent in Halifax Harbour
- CCGS Northern Light (1876–1890; sold)
- CCGS Mikula (1916; sold to Russia)[4]
- CCGS Saurel (1929–1967; broken up)[4]
- CCGS N.B. McLean (1930–1979; broken up)
- CCGS Ernest Lapointe (1939–1978; museum ship)
- CCGS D'Iberville (1952–1983; broken up)
- CCGS Labrador (1962–1987; broken up)
- CCGS Alexander Henry (1959–1984; museum ship)
- CCGS John A. Macdonald (1960–1991; broken up)
- CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent (1969–)
- CCGS Amundsen (1979–)
- CCGS Des Groseilliers (1982–)
- CCGS Terry Fox (1983–)
- CCGS Henry Larsen (1987–)
- CCGS Pierre Radisson (1987–)
- CCGS Samuel Risley (1985–)
- CCGS Sir Wilfrid Laurier (1986–)
- CCGS John G. Diefenbaker (2020s–; proposed)
Royal Canadian Navy
- HMCS Labrador (1954–1961; Transferred to Coast Guard)
- Harry DeWolf-class offshore patrol vessel (2018–; 5-6 vessels under construction)[5]
Commercial
- Canmar Kigoriak (1979–2003; sold to Russia)
- Robert Lemeur (1982–1995; sold to China)[6]
- Arctic Kalvik (1983–2003; sold to Russia)
- Miscaroo (1983–1998; Canmar Miscaroo since 1995; sold to Russia)
- Arctic Ivik (1985–1997; sold and later converted to survey vessel)
- Polar Star (2000–; ex-Njord; laid up in Canary Islands due to receivership of Polar Star Expeditions in 2011)[7]
China
Polar Research Institute of China
- Xuě Lóng (雪龙, "Snow Dragon") (1993–)
- A new Chinese-built polar icebreaker is currently at the design stage.[8][9]
People's Liberation Army Navy
- Type 071 icebreaker (3 vessels; 1971–)
- Type 210 icebreaker (1982–)
- Type 272 icebreaker (2016–)
Commercial
- Bin Hai 293 (1995–; ex-Robert Lemeur)[10]
Chile
- Piloto Pardo
- Achiles
- Contraalmirante Oscar Viel Toro (1995–)
- New icebreaker is scheduled to enter service in 2021.[11]
Denmark
Danbjørn, Isbjørn and Thorbjørn moored at Frederikshavn
- Bryderen (1884–1947; sold to Poland; broken up in 1960)
- Isbjørn (1923–1965)[12]
- Lillebjørn (1926–1968)[12]
- Storebjørn (1931–1974; broken up)[12]
- Elbjørn (1954–2003; preserved as a restaurant ship)[12]
- Danbjørn (1965–2014; laid up and listed for sale)[13]
- Isbjørn (1966–2014; laid up and listed for sale)[13]
- Thorbjørn (1980–2015; sold to private company)[14]
Estonia
Estonian Maritime Museum
- Suur Tõll (1922–1940; museum ship in Tallinn since 1987)
Estonian Maritime Administration
- Tarmo (1993–; purchased from Finland)
- EVA 316 (1995–; ex-Lonna; purchased from Finland)
Port of Tallinn
- Botnica (2012–; purchased from Finland)
Finland
State-owned icebreakers
Steam-powered
Steam-powered icebreakers Tarmo and Jääkarhu
- Murtaja (1890–1958; broken up)
- Sampo (1898–1960; broken up)
- Apu (1899–1959; broken up)
- Tarmo (1907–1970; museum ship in Kotka since 1992)
- Wäinämöinen (1918–1922; handed over to Estonia)
- Ilmarinen (1918–1922; handed over to the Soviet Union)
- Voima (1924–1945; handed over to the Soviet Union)
- Jääkarhu (1926–1945; handed over to the Soviet Union)
Diesel-electric
Six modern Finnish icebreakers docked for the summer season at Katajanokka, Helsinki
- Sisu (1939–1974; as Louhi in the Finnish Navy until 1986; broken up)
- Voima (1954–)
- Karhu (1958–1988; sold to the Soviet Union)
- Murtaja (1959–1986; broken up)
- Sampo (1960–1987; today owned by the city of Kemi and used for tourist cruises)
- Tarmo (1963–1993; sold to Estonia)
- Hanse (1966–1998; sold to Greece; wrecked off Tunisia)
- Varma (1968–1994; sold to Latvia)
- Apu (1970–2006; sold to Russia)
- Urho (1975–)
- Sisu (1976–)
- Otso (1986–)
- Kontio (1987–)
- Fennica (1993–)
- Nordica (1994–)
- Botnica (1998–2012; sold to Estonia)
- Polaris (2016–)
Finnish Navy
Alfons Håkans
- Hermes
- Zeus
France
- L'Astrolabe (1988–; in service)
- L'Astrolabe (2017–; under construction)[15]
Germany
See also: Icebreakers of Germany
_1981%2C_MiNr_2654.jpg)
German icebreaker
- Stettin (1933–1981; museum ship)
- Castor (1941–; handed over to the Soviet Union)
- Pollux (1943–1945; sank)
- Stephan Jantzen (1967–??; registered as a yacht and renamed Anschütz)[16]
- Polarstern (1982–)
- Mellum based in Wilhelmshaven
- Neuwerk based in Cuxhaven
- Arkona based in Stralsund
- Eisvogel-class icebreakers
- Wal (museum ship)
- Elbe (museum ship)
- Hindenburg (??–1918; sunk by mine)
India
- A new polar research vessel is expected to enter service by 2017.[17]
Japan
Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force
Japan Coast Guard
- Sōya (宗谷, PL107) (1938–1978)
- Sōya (そうや, PHL01) (1978–)
- Teshio
Kazakhstan
The following icebreaking supply ships are in service in the Caspian oil fields:
- Arcticaborg (1998–)
- Antarcticaborg (1998–)
- Tulpar (2002–)
- Five Mangystau-class icebreakers (Mangystau 1...Mangystau 5)
Latvia
- Krišjānis Valdemārs (1925–1941; sunk)
- Varma (1994–)
Netherlands
Greenpeace
- Arctic Sunrise (1995–)
Norway
- NoCGV Svalbard (2001–)
- Kronprins Haakon (2017– (planned); under construction)[18]
Poland
- Perkun (1963–1993; broken up)
Russia
Icebreakers
The following lists include icebreakers owned and/or operated by both government-owned as well as commercial entities.
Nuclear-powered icebreakers
Russian nuclear-powered icebreaker Yamal
- Lenin (1959–1989; museum ship in Murmansk)
- Arktika (1975–2008; decommissioned and awaiting disposal)[19]
- Sibir (1977–1992; being demolished)[19]
- Rossiya (1985–2013; decommissioned and awaiting disposal)[19][20]
- Taymyr (1989–)
- Vaygach (1990–)
- Sovetskiy Soyuz (1990–)
- Yamal (1992–)
- 50 Let Pobedy (2007–)
- Arktika (2017– (planned); under construction)[21][22][23]
- Sibir (2019– (planned); under construction)[24]
- Ural (2020– (planned); under construction)[24]
Diesel-powered icebreakers
Kapitan Khlebnikov en route to Wrangel Island
- Kapitan Belousov (1954–1991; sold to Ukraine)[25]
- Kapitan Voronin (1955–1996; broken up)[26]
- Kapitan Melekhov (1956–1994; broken up)[27]
- Moskva (1959–1998; broken up)[28]
- Leningrad (1960–1993; broken up)[29]
- Dobronya Nikitich (1960–1990)[16][30]
- Purga (1961–2012)[30]
- Vasiliy Pronchishchev (1961–1989; ex-Ledokol-1; broken up)[16][31]
- Anafasy Nikitin (1962–1994; ex-Ledokol-2; broken up)[16][32][33]
- Chariton Laptev (1962–2004; ex-Ledokol-3; broken up)[16]
- Vyuga (1962–1991)[30]
- Vasily Poyarkov (1963–1988; ex-Ledokol-4; broken up)[16]
- Erofey Khabarov (1963–1993; ex-Ledokol-5; broken up)[16]
- Ivan Kruzenstern (1963–; ex-Ledokol-6)[34]
- Vladimir Rusanov (1964–1988; ex-Ledokol-7; broken up)[16]
- Semyon Chelyuskin (1965–1988; ex-Ledokol-8; sold to Vietnam; broken up)[30]
- Ilya Muromets (1965–1993)[30]
- Yury Lisyansky (1965–; ex-Ledokol-9)[35]
- Kiev (1965–1993; broken up)[36]
- Buran (1966–)[30]
- Murmansk (1968–1995; broken up)[37]
- Vladivostok (1969–1997; broken up)[38]
- Fyodor Litke (1970–; laid up)[39]
- Ivan Moskvitin (1971–1997; broken up)[16]
- Semyon Dezhnev (1971–)[40]
- Ermak (1974–)
- Admiral Makarov (1975–)
- Krasin (1976–)
- Kapitan M. Izmaylov (1976–)
- Kapitan Kosolapov (1976–)
- Kapitan A. Radzhabov (1976–)
- Kapitan Sorokin (1977–; fitted with Thyssen-Waas bow in 1991)
- Kapitan Chechkin (1977–)
- Kapitan Plakhin (1977–)
- Kapitan Nikolaev (1978–; rebuilt in 1990)
- Kapitan Chadaev (1978–)
- Kapitan Krutov (1978–)
- Kapitan Bukaev (1978–)
- Kapitan Zarubin (1978–)
- Kapitan Dranitsyn (1980–)
- Kapitan Khlebnikov (1981–)
- Magadan (1982–)
- Mudyug (1982–)
- Dikson (1983–)
- Kapitan Evdokimov (1983–)
- Kapitan Babichev (1983–)
- Kapitan Chudinov (1983–)
- Kapitan Borodkin (1983–)
- Avraamiy Zavenyagin (1984–)
- Kapitan Mecaik (1984–)
- Kapitan Deminov (1984–)
- Kapitan Moshkin (1986–)
- Karu (1988–; ex-Karhu, ex-Kapitan Chubakov; purchased from Finland)
- Tor (2000–; purchased from Sweden)[41]
- Dudinka (2006–; ex-Apu; purchased from Finland)
- Moskva (2008–)
- Sankt-Peterburg (2009–)
- Vladivostok (2015–)
- Murmansk (2015–; in service)[42]
- Novorossiysk (2016– (planned); under construction)[42]
- Aleksandr Sannikov (2017– (planned); under construction)[43]
- Second icebreaker for Gazprom Neft (2017– (planned); under construction)[44]
- Viktor Chernomyrdin (2018– (current estimate); under construction)
- Ob (2018– (planned); under construction)[45]
Steam-powered icebreakers
Steam-powered icebreaker Yermak
- Pilot (1864–1890; broken up?)
- Saratovskiy Ledokol (1895–1968; sunk)[46]
- Yermak (1899–1963; broken up)
- Ledokol 3 (1899–1923; broken up)[47]
- A. Sibiryakov (1909–1942; sunk by Germans)
- Vaygach (1909–1918; sank in 1918)
- Taymyr (1909–1950s?; broken up)
- Malygin (1912–1940; sunk in 1940)
- Volynets (1914–1918, 1940–1985; ex-Tsar' Mikhail Fyodorovich, ex-Wäinämöinen, ex-Suur Tõll; sold to Estonia in 1987)
- Fyodor Litke (1914–1958; ex-CGC Earl Grey; broken up)
- Sedov (1915–1967; ex-Beothic (1909–1915); broken up)
- Sadko (1915–1941; ex-Lintrose (1912–1915); sank in 1941)
- Ledokol V (1916–1941; sank in 1941)[48]
- Ledokol VI (1916–1961; broken up)[49]
- Ledokol VII (1916–1954; broken up)[50]
- Ledokol VIII (1917–1961; broken up)[51]
- Ledokol IX (1917–1932; sank in White Sea)[52]
- Krasin (1917–1971; extensively rebuilt in 1953–1960, now a museum ship in St. Petersburg)
- Lenin (1917–1968; broken up)
- Stepan Makarov (1917–1941; sunk)
- Sibir (1938–1973; ex-I. Stalin (–1961); broken up)
- Admiral Lazarev (1938–1967; ex-L. Kaganovich (–1951); broken up)
- Admiral Makarov (1941–1967; ex-V. Molotov (–1956); broken up)
- A. Mikoyan (1941–1968; broken up)
- Malygin (1945–1970; ex-Voima; broken up)
- Sibiryakov (1945–1972; ex-Jääkarhu; broken up)
- Peresvet (1956–1980; decommissioned; wreck remains on the shore of Reyneke Island)
Other icebreaking vessels
The following ships are anchor handling tug supply vessels, platform supply vessels, research vessels, patrol vessels or other multipurpose vessels with significant icebreaking capability.
- Petr Pakhtusov (1966–1997; broken up)[16]
- Georgy Sedov (1967–1992; broken up)[16]
- Sadko (1968–)[16]
- PKZ-86 (1969–; ex-Vladimir Kavrayskiy)[16]
- Peresvet (1970–2011)[30]
- Ivan Susanin (1973–)[30]
- Aysberg (1974–2006)[30]
- Ruslan (1975–)[30]
- Anadyr (1976–; ex-Dnepr; ex-Imeni XXV syezda KPSS)[30]
- Dunay (1977–)[30]
- Neva (1978–)[30]
- Otto Schmidt (1979–1996; broken up)
- Volga (1980–)[30]
- Murmansk (1981–2013; ex-Imeni XXVI syezda KPSS; ex-Irtysh)[30]
- Akademik Fyodorov (1987–)
- Smit Sakhalin (1998–; ex-Miscaroo; ex-Canmar Miscaroo)[53]
- Kigoriak (2003–; ex-Canmar Kigoriak, ex-Kigoria, ex-Talagy)[54]
- Vladimir Ignatyuk (2003–; ex-Arctic Kalvik)[55]
- SCF Sakhalin (2005–)
- Pacific Enterprise (2006–)
- Pacific Endeavour (2006–)
- Pacific Endurance (2006–)
- Polar Pevek (2006–)
- Yury Topchev (2006–)
- Vladislav Strizhov (2006–)
- Toboy (2008–)
- Varandey (2008–)
- Ikaluk (2012–; ex-Ikaluk; ex-Canmar Ikaluk; ex-Smit Sibu)[56]
- Akademik Tryoshnikov (2012–)
- Vitus Bering (2012–)
- Aleksey Chirikov (2013–)
- Baltika (2014–)
- Beringov Proliv (2015–)[57]
- Murman (2015–)[57]
- Aleut (2015–)[58]
- Pomor (2016–)
- Normann (2016–)
- Gennadiy Nevelskoy (2016–; under construction)
- Stepan Makarov (2016–; under construction)
- Fedor Ushakov (2017–; ordered)
- Mikhail Lazarev (2017–; ordered)
- Ilya Muromets (2017– (planned); under construction)[59]
South Africa
- S. A. Agulhas (1977–)
- S. A. Agulhas II (2012–)
South Korea
- Araon (2009–)
Soviet Union
- See Russia
Spain
- Hesperides (1991–)
Sweden
Swedish Maritime Administration
Swedish icebreaker Ymer
- Sankt Erik (1915–1977; ex-Isbrytaren II (–1959); museum ship since 1977)
- Atle (1926–1967; ex-Statsisbrytaren (–1931); broken up)[60]
- Ymer (1933–1977; broken up)[61]
- Thule (1953–1998; broken up)[62]
- Oden (1957–1988; broken up)[63]
- Tor (1964–2000; sold to Russia)[41]
- Njord (1969–2000; sold and renamed Polar Star)[64]
- Ale (1973–)
- Atle (1974–)
- Frej (1975–)
- Ymer (1977–)
- Oden (1988–)
Trans Viking Icebreaking & Offshore
- Tor Viking II (2000–)
- Balder Viking (2000–)
- Vidar Viking (2001–)
Ukraine
- Kapitan Belousov (1991–)[25]
United Kingdom
HMS Endurance in Portsmouth
- HMS Endurance (1990–; laid up since 2008)
- RRS James Clark Ross (1991–)
- RRS Ernest Shackleton (1995–)
- HMS Protector (2011–)
- RRS Sir David Attenborough (2019– (planned); ordered)
United States
United States Coast Guard
- USCGC Mackinaw (WAGB-83) (1944–2006; museum ship)
- USCGC Staten Island (WAGB-278) (1944–1974; broken up)
- USCGC Eastwind (WAGB-279) (1944–1968; broken up in 1976–1977)
- USCGC Southwind (WAGB-280) (1944–1974; broken up in 1976)
- USCGC Westwind (WAGB-281) (1944–1988; likely broken up)
- USCGC Northwind (WAGB-282) (1945–1989; broken up in 1999)
- USCGC Burton Island (WAGB-283) (1946–1978; broken up in 1982)
- USCGC Edisto (WAGB-284) (1947–1974; broken up in 1980)
- USCGC Glacier (WAGB-4) (1955–1987; broken up in 2012)
- USCGC Polar Star (WAGB-10) (1977–2006, 2013–; in service)
- USCGC Polar Sea (WAGB-11) (1978–2010; out of service and awaiting disposal as of 2016)
- USCGC Healy (WAGB-20) (2000–; in service)
- USCGC Mackinaw (WLBB-30) (2006–; in service)
- A new polar icebreaker is expected to enter service in the 2020s.[65]
National Science Foundation
- Nathaniel B. Palmer (1992–)[66]
- Laurence M. Gould (1997–)[67]
- Sikuliaq (2014–)
Edison Chouest Offshore
- Aiviq (2012–)
References
- ↑ Ilmari Aro (17 November 2008). "THE WORLD ICEBREAKER AND ICEBREAKING SUPPLY VESSEL FLEET" (PDF). Baltic Icebreaking Management. Retrieved 7 April 2010.
- ↑ Major icebreakers of the world. USCG Office of Waterways and Ocean Policy. Retrieved 2012-11-25.
- ↑ Two vie for icebreaker contract. The Advocate, 22 May 2014. Retrieved 2014-05-22.
- 1 2 Ships of the CCG 1850-1967. Canadian Coast Guard. Retrieved 2012-11-28.
- ↑ http://www.colsbleus.fr/articles/7091
- ↑ Juurmaa, K. and Wilkman, G. (2002): Supply operations in ice conditions. Published at Okhotsk Sea & Sea Ice, Mombetsu, Japan. Retrieved 2014-01-18.
- ↑ Potential buyer: Once-valued ship now good only for scrap. Business Herald, 22 November 2011. Retrieved 2014-01-18.
- ↑ China to build new icebreaker for polar research expeditions. NDTV, 5 January 2014. Retrieved 2014-03-24.
- ↑ New icebreaker planned by 2016: officials. Chinadaily.com.cn, 6 January 2014. Retrieved 2014-03-24.
- ↑ "Bin Hai 293 (8111374)". Equasis. French Ministry for Transport. Retrieved 2015-10-12. (registration required (help)).
- ↑ VARD Designed Antarctic Icebreaker for Chilean Navy. MarineLink.com, 1 February 2016. Retrieved 2016-02-19.
- 1 2 3 4 Mens vi venter på isen. Maskinmesteren Februar 2009, page 36. Retrieved 2015-10-12.
- 1 2 To sidste isbrydere forlader Frederikshavn. Maritime Danmark, 3 June 2016. Retrieved 2016-07-02.
- ↑ Statslig isbryder solgt - bliver i Danmark. Nordjylland, 8 September 2015. Retrieved 2016-07-02.
- ↑ La construction de l'Astrolabe a débuté. Mer et Marine, 6 January 2016. Retrieved 2016-02-07.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 На задворках империи: Советские боевые машины на страже Арктики. Retrieved 2015-10-11.
- ↑ India To Acquire Polar Research Vessel. Marine Insight, 31 October 2014. Retrieved 2014-11-03.
- ↑ Norway to build modern icebreaker for oil, gas exploration in Arctic by 2016. Voice of Russia, 20 January 2014. Retrieved 2014-06-08.
- 1 2 3 Russia prepares to dismantle first nuclear icebreaker ever. Bellona, 14 November 2016. Retrieved 2016-11-16.
- ↑ Russian nuclear icebreaker Rossiya taking last voyage along Norway’s coast. Bellona, 11 April 2013. Retrieved 2016-11-16.
- ↑ Russia awards icebreaker contracts. World Nuclear News, 9 May 2014. Retrieved 2014-05-12.
- ↑ Russia to build icebreakers to secure its Arctic power position. The Voice of Russia, 9 November 2013. Retrieved 2014-05-12.
- ↑ US$200m boost for Russian shipbuilding. The MediTelegraph, 17 January 2015. Retrieved 2015-01-18.
- 1 2 Baltiysky Zavod will lay down 60 MW icebreaker Ural on July 25, 2016. PortNews, 20 July 2016. Retrieved 2016-07-21.
- 1 2 "Kapitan Belousov (5181598)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 2012-11-06. (subscription required (help)).
- ↑ "Kapitan Voronin (5181689)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 2012-11-06. (subscription required (help)).
- ↑ "Kapitan Meheklov (5181639)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 2012-11-06. (subscription required (help)).
- ↑ "Moskva (5242495)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 2012-11-06. (subscription required (help)).
- ↑ "Leningrad (5206104)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 2012-11-06. (subscription required (help)).
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Project 97. Russian-ships.info. Retrieved 2013-10-26.
- ↑ 6500765 VASILIY PRONCHISHCHEV. Maritime Connector. Retrieved 2015-10-11.
- ↑ 6500791 AFANnovoASIY NIKITIN. Maritime Connector. Retrieved 2013-10-26.
- ↑ Russians towing Canadians - Part 1. Tugfax. 22 April 2015. Retrieved 2015-10-11.
- ↑ "Ivan Kruzenstern (640380)". Register of ships. Russian Maritime Register of Shipping. Retrieved 2015-10-11.
- ↑ "Yuriy Lisyanskiy (652725)". Register of ships. Russian Maritime Register of Shipping. Retrieved 2015-10-11.
- ↑ "Kiev (6424040)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 2012-11-06. (subscription required (help)).
- ↑ "Murmansk (6723678)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 2012-11-06. (subscription required (help)).
- ↑ "Vladivostok (6822786)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 2012-11-06. (subscription required (help)).
- ↑ "Fyodor Litke (7020085)". Equasis. French Ministry for Transport. Retrieved 2012-11-25. (registration required (help)).
- ↑ "Semyon Dezhnev (7119446)". Equasis. French Ministry for Transport. Retrieved 2012-11-25. (registration required (help)).
- 1 2 "Tor (5418197)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 2012-11-06. (subscription required (help)).
- 1 2 Vyborg Shipyard starts building hull of 21900M icebreaker "Novorossiysk" for Rosmorport (photo). PortNews, 8 May 2014. Retrieved 2014-05-11.
- ↑ Vyborg Shipyard lays down lead icebreaking ship for Gazprom Neft Novy Port (photo). PortNews, 3 November 2015. Retrieved 2015-11-03.
- ↑ Two modern icebreaking support vessels 22 MW will be built at Vyborg Shipyard. Vyborg Shipyard PJSC, 13 April 2015. Retrieved 2015-10-11.
- ↑ Vyborg Shipyard lays down port icebreaker Ob for Sabetta. PortNews, 27 September 2016. Retrieved 2016-09-27.
- ↑ Ледокол "Саратов" планируют поднять со дна Волги в декабре. Retrieved 2015-10-09.
- ↑ Ledokol 3 1899. Tyne Built Ships. Retrieved 2015-10-11.
- ↑ D/S Ledokol V (Ледокол № 5) (+1941). Wrecksite.eu. Retrieved 2013-10-24.
- ↑ "Ledokol VI (96)". Clydebuilt Ships Database. Clydesite. Retrieved 2013-10-24.
- ↑ Ledokol VII 1916. Tyne Built Ships. Retrieved 2015-10-11.
- ↑ "Ledokol VIII (97)". Clydebuilt Ships Database. Clydesite. Retrieved 2013-10-24.
- ↑ Ledokol IX 1917. Tyne Built Ships. Retrieved 2015-10-11.
- ↑ "Smit Sakhalin (8127830)". Equasis. French Ministry for Transport. Retrieved 2015-10-12. (registration required (help)).
- ↑ "Kigoriak (7824261)". Equasis. French Ministry for Transport. Retrieved 2015-10-12. (registration required (help)).
- ↑ "Vladimir Ignatyuk (8127804)". Equasis. French Ministry for Transport. Retrieved 2015-10-12. (registration required (help)).
- ↑ "Ikaluk (8130693)". Equasis. French Ministry for Transport. Retrieved 2015-10-12. (registration required (help)).
- 1 2 Nordic Yards schedules launch of two MPSVs for Rosmorrechflot’s rescue service for September 2114 (photo). PortNews, 3 September 2014. Retrieved 2014-09-23.
- ↑ Havyard: Icebreaker Aleut on its way to Norway. Offshore Energy Today, 27 May 2015. Retrieved 2015-05-27.
- ↑ Russian Navy’s brand new icebreaker Ilya Muromets floats off. RT.com, 10 June 2016. Retrieved 2016-06-11.
- ↑ "Atle (5503000)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 2012-11-06. (subscription required (help)).
- ↑ "Ymer (5395802)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 2012-11-06. (subscription required (help)).
- ↑ "Thule (5360560)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 2012-11-06. (subscription required (help)).
- ↑ "Oden (5260916)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 2012-11-06. (subscription required (help)).
- ↑ "Njord (6905745)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 2012-11-06. (subscription required (help)).
- ↑ Polar Icebreaker. United States Coast Guard. Retrieved 2016-07-02.
- ↑ "R/V Nathaniel B. Palmer". National Science Foundation. Retrieved 2007-08-16.
- ↑ "R/V Laurence M. Gould". National Science Foundation. Retrieved 2007-08-16.
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