Outline of war

Part of a series about
War
History Prehistoric Ancient Medieval Early modern Industrial Modern Fourth-generation warfare
Battlespace Air Cyber Information Land Sea Space
Weapons Armor Artillery Biological Cavalry Chemical Conventional Cyber Electronic Infantry Nuclear Psychological Unconventional
Tactics Aerial Battle Cavalry Charge Counterattack Counter-insurgency Cover Foxhole Guerrilla warfare Morale Siege Swarming Tactical objective Trench warfare
Operational Blitzkrieg Deep operation Maneuver warfare Operational manoeuvre group
Strategy Attrition Counter-offensive Deception Defensive Goal Naval Offensive
Grand strategy Containment Economic warfare Limited war Military science Philosophy of war Strategic studies Total war
Organization Command and control Doctrine Education and training Engineers Intelligence Ranks Staff Technology and equipment
Logistics Arms industry Materiel Supply chain management
Related Asymmetric warfare Broken-Backed War Theory Court-martial Cold war Deterrence theory Irregular warfare Law of war Mercenary Military campaign Military operation Network-centric warfare Operations research Principles of war Proxy war Religious war Slavery Theater War crimes War film War games War novel Wartime sexual violence World war Colonial war
Lists Battles Military occupations Operations Sieges War crimes Wars Weapons Writers

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to war:

War – organised and often prolonged armed conflict that is carried out by states and/or non-state actors – is characterised by extreme violence, social disruption, and economic destruction.^[1][2] War should be understood as an actual, intentional and widespread armed conflict between political communities, and therefore is defined as a form of political violence or intervention.^[1][3]

An absence of war is usually called peace.

Types of war

Types of warfare

• Asymmetric warfare
• Expeditionary warfare
  • Expeditionary maneuver warfare

Warfare by objective

• Defensive warfare
• Offensive warfare

Warfare by strategic doctrine

Warfare by terrain

Warfare by equipment or weapon type

Warfare by era

Warfare by stages

• First-generation warfare – refers to battles fought with massed manpower, using line and column tactics with uniformed soldiers governed by the state. It includes the earliest stages of organized, state-controlled armed forces waging war in the modern era.^[4]
• Second-generation warfare – tactics of warfare used after the invention of the rifled musket and breech-loading weapons and continuing through the development of the machine gun and indirect fire.^[4]
• Third-generation warfare – focuses on using speed and surprise to bypass the enemy's lines and collapse their forces from the rear. Essentially, this was the end of linear warfare on a tactical level, with units seeking not simply to meet each other face to face but to outmaneuver each other to gain the greatest advantage.^[4]
• Fourth-generation warfare – conflict characterized by a blurring of the lines between war and politics, soldier and civilian. It includes any war in which one of the major participants is not a state but rather a violent non-state actor. Fourth-generation warfare is characterized by the nation states' loss of their near-monopoly on combat forces, returning to modes of conflict common in pre-modern times.^[4]

Other

• Champion warfare
• Underwater warfare

History of war

• Naval warfare in the Winter War
• Naval warfare of World War I

Warfare by era

See: Warfare by era, above

Wars

Wars by death toll

• List of wars by death toll

Wars by date

Wars by region

See also: Category:Lists of wars by region

Wars by type of conflict

See also: Category:Warfare by type

Battles

• List of battles
• List of sieges

Weapons of war

Military theory

• Military theory
• Philosophy of war
• Principles of war
• War cycles

Military organization

Operational level of war

• Blitzkrieg
• Soviet deep battle
• Maneuver warfare
  • Operational manoeuvre group

Military operations

• • List of military operations
  • Military operation plan
  • Military operations other than war

Types of military operations

Types of military operations, by scope:

• Theater – operation over a large, often continental area of operation and represents a strategic national commitment to the conflict such as Operation Barbarossa, with general goals that encompass areas of consideration outside of the military such as the economic and political impacts.
• Campaign – subset of the theatre operation, or a more limited geographic and operational strategic commitment such as Battle of Britain, and need not represent total national commitment to a conflict, or have broader goals outside of the military impacts.
• Battle – subset of a campaign that will have specific military goals and geographic objectives, as well as clearly defined use of forces such as the Battle of Gallipoli, which operationally was a combined arms operation originally known as the "Dardanelles landings" as part of the Dardanelles Campaign, where about 480,000 Allied troops took part.
• Engagement – tactical combat event of contest for specific area or objective by actions of distinct units. For example, the Battle of Kursk, also known from its German designation as Operation Citadel, included many separate engagements, several of which were combined into the Battle of Prokhorovka. The "Battle of Kursk" in addition to describing the initial German offensive operation (or simply an offensive), also included two Soviet counter-offensive operations Operation Kutuzov and Operation Polkovodets Rumyantsev.
• Strike – single attack, upon a specified target. This often forms part of a broader engagement. Strikes have an explicit goal, such as, rendering facilities inoperable (e.g. airports), to assassinating enemy leaders, or to limit supply to enemy troops.

Military strategy

• Attrition warfare
• Battlespace
• Military deception
• Strategic defence
• Offensive (military)
• Strategic goal (military)
• Naval strategy

Grand strategy

• Containment
• Economic warfare
• Military science
• Philosophy of war
• Strategic studies
• Total war

Military tactics

Politics of war

• Casus belli – Latin expression meaning the justification for acts of war. In theory, present international law allows only three situations as legal cause to go to war: out of self-defense, defense of an ally under a mutual defense pact, or sanctioned by the UN.
• Declaration of war
• War effort
• War economy
• Surrender
  • Capitulation an agreement in time of war for the surrender to a hostile armed force of a particular body of troops, a town or a territory.
  • Strategic surrender – surrender to avoid a last, chaotic round of fighting that would have the characteristics of a rout, allowing the victor to obtain his objective without paying the costs of a last battle.
  • Unconditional surrender – surrender without conditions, except for those provided by international law.
• Victory
  • Debellatio – when a war ends because of the complete destruction of a belligerent state.
  • No quarter – when a victor shows no clemency or mercy and refuses to spare the life of the vanquished when they surrender at discretion. Under the laws of war "... it is especially forbidden ... to declare that no quarter will be given".
  • Pyrrhic victory – victory with such a devastating cost that it carries the implication that another such victory will ultimately lead to defeat.
• Anti-war movement
  • War as metaphor

Philosophy of war

Philosophy of war – examines war beyond the typical questions of weaponry and strategy, inquiring into such things as the meaning and etiology of war, the relationship between war and human nature, and the ethics of war.

• Militarism – belief that war is not inherently bad but can be a beneficial aspect of society.
• Realism – its core proposition is a skepticism as to whether moral concepts such as justice can be applied to the conduct of international affairs. Proponents of realism believe that moral concepts should never prescribe, nor circumscribe, a state's behaviour. Instead, a state should place an emphasis on state security and self-interest. One form of realism – descriptive realism – proposes that states cannot act morally, while another form – prescriptive realism – argues that the motivating factor for a state is self-interest. Just wars that violate Just Wars principles effectively constitute a branch of realism.
• Revolution and Civil War – Just War Theory states that a just war must have just authority. To the extent that this is interpreted as a legitimate government, this leaves little room for revolutionary war or civil war, in which an illegitimate entity may declare war for reasons that fit the remaining criteria of Just War Theory. This is less of a problem if the "just authority" is widely interpreted as "the will of the people" or similar. Article 3 of the 1949 Geneva Conventions side-steps this issue by stating that if one of the parties to a civil war is a High Contracting Party (in practice, the state recognised by the international community,) both Parties to the conflict are bound "as a minimum, the following [humanitarian] provisions." Article 4 of the Third Geneva Convention also makes clear that the treatment of prisoners of war is binding on both parties even when captured soldiers have an "allegiance to a government or an authority not recognized by the Detaining Power."
• Nonviolent struggle – The "just war" criterion of "last resort" requires believers to look for alternative means of conflict. The methods of nonviolent action permit the waging of political struggle without resort to violence. Historical evidence and political theory can be examined to determine whether nonviolent struggle can be expected to be effective in future conflicts. If nonviolent action is determined effective, then the requirements for "just war" are not met.^[5]
• Absolutism – holds that there are various ethical rules that are absolute. Breaking such moral rules is never legitimate and therefore is always unjustifiable.
• Pacifism – belief that war of any kind is morally unacceptable and/or pragmatically not worth the cost. Pacifists extend humanitarian concern not just to enemy civilians but also to combatants, especially conscripts. For example, Ben Salmon believed all war to be unjust. He was sentenced to death during World War I (later commuted to 25 years hard labor) for desertion and spreading propaganda.^[6]
• Right of self-defence – maintains (based on rational self-interest) that the use of retaliatory force is justified against repressive nations that break the zero aggression principle. In addition, if a free country is itself subject to foreign aggression, it is morally imperative for that nation to defend itself and its citizens by whatever means necessary. Thus, any means to achieve a swift and complete victory over the enemy is imperative. This view is prominently held by Objectivists.^[7]
• Consequentialism – moral theory most frequently summarized in the words "the end justifies the means," which tends to support the just war theory (unless the just war causes less beneficial means to become necessary, which further requires worst actions for self-defense with bad consequences).

Laws of war

• Laws of war
• War crimes
  • List of war crimes

Prisoners of war

Effects of war

Effects of war

• Casualties
  • Casualty
  • Casualty classifications
    • KIA – Killed In Action
    • MIA – Missing In Action
    • WIA – Wounded in action
• List of genocides by death toll

War and culture

War organizations

• Council of war
• Ministry of War

War museums

• War museum
  • Imperial War Museum

War-related media

War publications

• The Art of War
• On War

War films

• List of war films and TV specials – lists movies and shows by the war depicted in them, the sections arranged chronologically

Persons influential in war

• List of military writers

In ancient times

• Alexander the Great
• Hannibal
• Julius Caesar
• Ashoka

During the Middle Ages

• William the conqueror
• Cnut the Great
• Akbar

During the Mongol Invasions

• Genghis Khan
• Kublai Khan

During the Hundred Years' War

• Henry V of England
• Joan of Arc

At the Siege of Malta

• Jean Parisot de la Valette

During the American Revolution

• George Washington
• Marquis de Lafayette
• Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis

During the Napoleonic Wars

• Horatio Nelson
• Napoleon
• Arthur Wellesley

During the Taiping Rebellion

• Hong Xiuquan

During World War I

• Douglas Haig
• Ferdinand Foch
• John J. Pershing
• Joseph Joffre

During World War II

See also

War

Wars

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Maps of the world showing all ongoing conflicts.

References

• Charles Phillips and Alan Axelrod: Encyclopedia of Wars. Facts On File, Inc., 2005, ISBN 0-8160-2851-6. (With about 1,800 wars, this is probably the most complete overview in English language).
• R. Ernest Dupuy, Trevor N. Dupuy: The Harper Encyclopedia of Military History. From 3500 B.C. to the Present. 4th Edition, HarperCollins Publisher, 1993, ISBN 978-0062700568. (With about 1,300 wars this is probably the second most complete overview in English language, with the added value to summarize about 4,500 battles).
• Vittorio Ferretti: Weltchronik der Kriege und Demozide - Ein Abriss der Ursachen, Abläufe und Folgen von über 5.000 gewalttätig ausgetragenen Konflikten bis zum Jahr 2000. Amazon, 2014, ISBN 978-3000403538. (With over 5,000 conflicts, this German book is by far the most complete overview published in any language till now. Its added value is to include democides into its scope).

External links

• World History Database Listing of all wars
• Newspaper by Martin John Callanan translated into different languages listing all wars ""
• Correlates of War Project
• Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry
• Complex Emergency Database (CE-DAT) – A database on the human impact of conflicts and other complex emergencies.
• World War I primary source collection
• International humanitarian law – International Committee of the Red Cross website
• Customary international humanitarian law International Committee of the Red Cross
• International humanitarian law database – Treaties and States Parties
• Customary IHL Database
• War zone safety travel guide from Wikivoyage