Littoraria irrorata

Littoraria irrorata
The shell of this individual of Littoraria irrorata is covered in the lichen Pyrenocollema halodytes
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda
(unranked): clade Caenogastropoda
clade Hypsogastropoda
clade Littorinimorpha
Superfamily: Littorinoidea
Family: Littorinidae
Genus: Littoraria
Species: L. irrorata
Binomial name
Littoraria irrorata
Say, 1822
Synonyms[1]
  • Littorina irrorata (Say, 1822)
  • Turbo irroratus Say, 1822

Littoraria irrorata, common name the Marsh periwinkle, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Littorinidae.[1]

This species occurs in salt marshes on the Atlantic coast and Gulf Coast of North America, from Massachusetts to Texas.

Some colonies of this species of snail are the only mollusks known to practice fungiculture.[2]

Description

The maximum recorded shell length is 29.2 mm.[3]

Distribution

This species can be found along Ireland, the Northwest Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico.

Ecology

Marsh periwinkles on marsh grass

Feeding habits

Littoraria irrorata feeds on fungi that it encourages to grow. It creates and maintains wounds on the grass, Spartina alterniflora, which are then infected by fungi, probably of the Phaeosphaeria and Mycosphaerella genera. Such fungi are the preferred diet of the snail. L. irrorata also deposits faeces on the wounds that they create, which encourage the growth of the fungi because they are rich in nitrogen and fungal hyphae. Juvenile snails raised on uninfected leaves do not grow and are more likely to die, indicating the importance of the fungi in the diet of L. irrorata.[4]

Habitat

The minimum recorded depth for this species is 0 m; maximum recorded depth is 22 m.[3]

References

  1. 1 2 Reid, David G. (2011). Littoraria irrorata (Say, 1822). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=419566 on 2011-05-16
  2. Brian R. Silliman , Steven Y. Newell (2003). "Fungal farming in a snail". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 100 (26): 15643–15648. Bibcode:2003PNAS..10015643S. doi:10.1073/pnas.2535227100. PMC 307621Freely accessible. PMID 14657360.
  3. 1 2 Welch J. J. (2010). "The "Island Rule" and Deep-Sea Gastropods: Re-Examining the Evidence". PLoS ONE. 5 (1): e8776. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...5.8776W. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008776.
  4. Silliman, B.; Newell, S. (2003). "Fungal farming in a snail". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 100 (26): 15643–15648. Bibcode:2003PNAS..10015643S. doi:10.1073/pnas.2535227100. PMC 307621Freely accessible. PMID 14657360.


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