Massless particle

In particle physics, a massless particle is a particle whose invariant mass is theoretically zero. As of 2015 the two known massless particles were gauge bosons: the photon (carrier of electromagnetism) and the gluon (carrier of the strong force). However, gluons are never observed as free particles, since they are confined within hadrons.[1][2] Neutrinos were, until recently, thought to be either massless or have a small mass. However, because neutrinos change flavour as they travel, at least two of the types of neutrinos must have mass. This was proven by Canadian scientist Arthur B. McDonald and Japanese scientist Takaaki Kajita, which resulted in their sharing of the Nobel prize in Physics 2015.[3]

Name Symbol Antiparticle Charge (e) Spin Interaction mediated Existence
Photon γ Self 0 1 Electromagnetism Confirmed
Gluon
g
 		Self 0 1 Strong interaction Confirmed
Graviton G Self 0 2 Gravitation Unconfirmed

Special relativity

The behavior of massless particles is understood by virtue of special relativity. For example, these particles must always move at the speed of light. In this context, they are sometimes called luxons to distinguish them from bradyons and tachyons.

Dynamics

Massless particles are known to experience the same gravitational acceleration as other particles (which provides empirical evidence for the equivalence principle) because they do have relativistic mass, which is what acts as the gravity charge. Thus, perpendicular components of forces acting on massless particles simply change their direction of motion, the angle change in radians being GM/rc2 with gravitational lensing, a result predicted by general relativity. The component of force parallel to the motion still affects the particle, but by changing the frequency rather than the speed. This is because the momentum of a massless particle depends only on frequency and direction, while the momentum of low speed massive objects depends on mass, speed, and direction. Massless particles move in straight lines in spacetime, called geodesics, and gravitational lensing relies on spacetime curvature. Gluon-gluon interaction is a little different: gluons exert forces on each other but, because the acceleration is parallel to the line connecting them (albeit not at simultaneous moments), the acceleration will be zero unless the gluons move in a direction perpendicular to the line connecting them, so that velocity is perpendicular to acceleration.

Gravitons

Theories which postulate that gravity is quantized introduce gravitons — massless tensor bosons (with a spin 2) which mediate gravitational interaction. There is no direct experimental evidence supporting their existence. However indirect evidence of gravitons can be asserted by gravitational waves.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Valencia, G. (1992). "Anomalous Gauge-Boson Couplings At Hadron Supercolliders". AIP Conference Proceedings. 272: 1572–1577. arXiv:hep-ph/9209237Freely accessible. Bibcode:1992AIPC..272.1572V. doi:10.1063/1.43410.
  2. ↑ Debrescu, B. A. (2004). "Massless Gauge Bosons Other Than The Photon". Physical Review Letters. 94 (15): 151802. arXiv:hep-ph/0411004Freely accessible. Bibcode:2005PhRvL..94o1802D. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.94.151802.
  3. ↑ Day, Charles (2015-10-07). "Takaaki Kajita and Arthur McDonald share 2015 Physics Nobel". Physics Today. doi:10.1063/PT.5.7208. ISSN 0031-9228.
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