Michael Curtiz

Michael Curtiz
Curtiz c. 1920s
Born	Mihaly Kertesz[lower-alpha 1] (1888-12-24)December 24, 1888[1] Budapest, Austria-Hungary (now Hungary)
Died	April 10, 1962(1962-04-10) (aged 75) Hollywood, California, US
Other names	Mike
Citizenship	American (after 1933)
Occupation	Director, producer, actor, writer
Years active	1912–61
Spouse(s)	Lucy Doraine (1918–1923; divorced) Lili Damita (1925–1926; divorced) Bess Meredyth (1929–1962; his death; 1 child)

Michael Curtiz (born Mihaly Kertesz, December 24, 1888 – April 10, 1962) was a Hungarian-born American film director, recognized as one of the most prolific directors in history.^[2]:67 He directed classic films from the silent era and numerous others during Hollywood's Golden Age, when the studio system was prevalent.

Curtiz was already a well-known director in Europe when Warner Brothers invited him to Hollywood in 1926, when he was 38 years of age. He had already directed 64 films in Europe, and soon helped Warner Brothers become the fastest-growing movie studio. He directed 102 films during his Hollywood career, mostly at Warner Brothers, where he directed 10 different actors to Oscar nominations. James Cagney and Joan Crawford won their only Academy Awards under Curtiz's direction. He put Doris Day and John Garfield on screen for the first time, and he made stars of Errol Flynn, Olivia de Havilland, and Bette Davis. He himself was nominated five times and won twice, once as Best Director for Casablanca.

He introduced to Hollywood a unique visual style using artistic lighting, extensive and fluid camera movement, high crane shots, and unusual camera angles. He was versatile in that he could handle any kind of picture: melodrama, comedy, love story, film noir, musical, war story, Western, or historical epic. But he always paid attention to the human interest aspect of every story, stating that the "human and fundamental problems of real people" were the basis of all good drama.^[3]

Curtiz helped popularize the classic swashbuckler with films such as Captain Blood (1935) and The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938). He directed many dramas which today are also considered classics, Angels with Dirty Faces (1938), The Sea Wolf (1941), Casablanca (1942), and Mildred Pierce (1945). He directed leading musicals, including Yankee Doodle Dandy (1942), This Is the Army (1943) and White Christmas, and he made comedies with Life With Father (1947) and We're No Angels (1955).

Early life

Curtiz was born Mihaly Kertesz^{[lower-alpha 2]} to a Jewish family in Budapest, Hungary in 1888 (then Austria-Hungary), where his father was a carpenter and his mother an opera singer.^{[4]:20[1][lower-alpha 3]} Curtiz had a lower to middle-class upbringing. He recalled during an interview that his family's home was a cramped apartment, where he had to share a small room with his two brothers and a sister. "Many times we are hungry," he added.^[4]:20

After graduating high school, he studied at Markoszy University, followed by the Royal Academy of Theater and Art, in Budapest, before beginning his career.^{[lower-alpha 4]}

Career in Europe

Actor

Curtiz became attracted to the theater when he was a child in Hungary. He built a little theater in the cellar of his house when he was 8 years old, where he and five of his friends would reenact plays. They set up the stage, with scenery and props, and Curtiz would direct them.

After he graduated college at age 19, he took a job as an actor with a traveling theater company where he began working as one their traveling players.^[6] From that job, he became a pantomimist with a circus for a while, but then returned to join another group of traveling players for a few more years. They played Ibsen and Shakespeare in various languages, depending on what country they were in. They performed throughout Europe, including France, Hungary, Italy and Germany, and he eventually learned five languages.^[6] He had various responsibilities:

We had to do everything—make bill posters, print programs, set scenery, mend wardrobe, sometimes even arrange chairs in the auditoriums. Sometimes we traveled in trains, sometimes in stage coaches, sometimes on horseback. Sometimes we played in town halls, sometimes in little restaurants with no scenery at all. Sometimes we gave shows out of doors. Those strolling actors were the kindest-hearted people I have ever known. They would do anything for each other.^[6]

Director

He worked as Mihály Kertész at the National Hungarian Theater in 1912.^[7]:5 That same year he directed Hungary's first feature film, Ma és holnap (Today and Tomorrow), in which he also had a leading role. He followed that with another film Az utolsó bohém (The Last Bohemian (1912)). He was also on the Hungarian fencing team at the 1912 Olympic Games in Stockholm.^[8]:163

In 1913 Curtiz began living in various cities in Europe to work on silent films. He first went to study at Nordisk studio in Denmark, which led to work as an actor and assistant director to August Blom on Denmark's first multi-reel feature film, Atlantis (1913).^[9]

After World War I began in 1914, he returned to Hungary where he served in the army for a year, before he was wounded fighting on the Russian front.^[10][9] Curtiz wrote of that period:

The intoxicating joy of life was interrupted, the world had gone mad... We were taught to kill. I was drafted into the Emperor's Army...After that, many things happened: destruction, thousands forever silenced, crippled or sent to anonymous graves. Then came the collapse [of Austria-Hungary]. Fate had spared me.^[4]:22

He was then assigned to make fund-raising documentaries for the Red Cross in Hungary.^[9] In 1917 he was made director of production at Phoenix Films, the leading studio in Budapest, where he would remain until he left Hungary.^[11]:173 However, none of the films he directed there survived intact, and most are completely lost.^[11]:173

By 1918 he had become one Hungary's most important directors,^[9] having by then directed about 45 films.^[8]:163 But following the end of the war, in 1919, the new communist government nationalized the film industry, which made him decide to return to Vienna to direct films there.^[9]

Curtiz then briefly worked at UFA GmbH, a German film company, where he learned to direct large groups of costumed extras, along with using complicated plots, rapid pacing, and romantic themes.^[8] His career truly started due to his work for Count Alexander Kolowrat (known as Sascha) with whom he made at least 21 films for the Count's film studio, Sascha Films. Curtiz later wrote that at Sascha he "learned the basic laws of film art, which, in those days, had progressed further in Vienna than anywhere else."^[11]:173

Among the films he directed there were Biblical epics such as Sodom und Gomorrha (1922) and Die Sklavenkönigin (1924) (titled Moon of Israel in the U.S.).^[9] He also made Red Heels (1925) and The Golden Butterfly (1926),^[1] and once directed 14-year-old Greta Garbo in Sweden.^[12] During this period he tended to specialize in directing two kinds of films, either sophisticated light comedies or historical spectaculars.^[11]:173 He launched the career of Lucy Doraine, who went on to become an international star, along with that of Lily Damita, who would later marry Errol Flynn.^[11]:173

Moon of Israel was a spectacle of the enslavement of the children of Israel and their miraculous deliverance by way of the Red Sea. Shot in Vienna with a cast of 5,000, it had for its theme the love story of an Israelite maiden and an Egyptian prince.^[8]:163 Paramount Pictures in the U.S. bought the rights to the film in order to compete with Cecil B. DeMille's The Ten Commandments. But Moon of Israel caught the attention of Jack and Harry Warner, and Harry went to Europe in 1926 just to meet Curtiz and watch him work as director.^{[lower-alpha 5]}

The Warners were impressed that Curtiz had developed a unique visual style which was strongly influenced by German Expressionism, with high crane shots and unusual camera angles. The film also showed that Curtiz was fond of including romantic melodrama "against events of vast historical importance, for driving his characters to crises and forcing them to make moral decisions," according to Rosenzweig.^[13]:136 He offered Curtiz a contract to be a director at his new film studio in Hollywood, Warner Brothers, where he would direct a similar epic that had been planned, Noah's Ark.^[9][15] By the time Curtiz accepted Warner's offer, he was already a prolific director, having made sixty-four films in countries including Hungary, Austria, and Denmark.^[16]:3

Career in the U.S.

1920s

He arrived in the United States in the summer of 1926.^[17]:63 and began directing at Warner Brothers under the anglicised name "Michael Curtiz". It marked the beginning of his 28-year career at Warners, where he directed 86 films, which included his best work.

Although he was an experienced filmmaker, now age 38, Warners assigned him to direct a number of average quality films to break him in, the first being The Third Degree (1926).^[1] Curtiz's unique camerawork technique was used throughout, visible in dramatic camera angles, in a style which one critic assumed other directors would likely envy.^[18]

Learning English quickly was an immediate handicap, however, since he had no free time. When Jack Warner gave him the film to direct, Curtiz recalls, "I could not speak one word of English."^[19] It was a romantic story about jail life and gangsters in Chicago, a place he had never been to about American underworld figures he had never met.^[12]

To gain some direct experience about the subject, Curtiz convinced the Los Angeles sheriff to let him spend a week in jail. "When I came out I knew what I needed for the picture."^[19]

Curtiz firmly believed that investigating the background of every story should be done first and done thoroughly before starting a film.^[19] He said that whenever someone asked him how he, a foreigner, could make American films, he told them that "human beings are the same all over the world. Human emotions are international." He treated his first films in the U.S. as a learning experience:

The only things that are different in different parts of the world are customs...But those customs are easy to find out if you can read and investigate. Downtown there is a fine public library. There you can open a book and find out anything you want to know.^[19]

Although the language barrier made communicating with the cast and crews a hardship, he continued to invest time in preparation. Before he directed his first western, for example, he spent three weeks reading about the histories of Texas and the lives of its important men.^[10] And he found it necessary to continue such intensive studying of American culture and habits in preparation for most other film genres.^[10] But he was quite satisfied being in Hollywood:

It is splendid to work here in this country. One has everything at hand to work with. The director does not have to worry about anything except his ideas. He can concentrate on those with no worry about his production otherwise.^[20]

The Third Degree, available at the Library of Congress, made good use of Curtiz's experience in using moving cameras to create expressionistic scenes, such as a sequence shot from the perspective of a bullet in motion.^[1] The film was the first of eight that Curtiz would use Dolores Costello as its star.^[1]

Warners had Curtiz direct three other mediocre stories to be sure he could take on larger projects, during which time he was able to familiarize himself with Warners' methods and work with the technicians, including cameramen, that he would be using in subsequent productions.^[13]:137 As biographer James C. Robertson explains, "In each case Curtiz strove valiantly, but unsuccessfully to revitalize unconvincing scripts through spectacular camera work and strong central performances, the most noteworthy features of all those films."^[13]:137

On a visit to Hollywood in 1927, Ilya Tolstoy, Leo Tolstoy's son, who had been a friend of Curtiz in Europe, wanted him to direct several films that would be based on his father's novels. He chose Curtiz because he already knew the locale and its people.^[21]

It was during this period that Warner Brothers began experimenting with talking films. They assigned two, part-silent and part-talking pictures for Curtiz to direct: Tenderloin (1928) and Noah's Ark (1928), both of which also starred Costello.^[15]

Noah's Ark included two parallel stories, one recounting the biblical flood, and the other a World War I-era romance. It was the first epic film attempted by Warner Brothers, and in handing production over to Curtiz, they were hoping to assure its success. The climactic flood sequence was considered "spectacular" at the time, notes historian Richard Schickel,^[22]:31 while biographer James C. Robertson said it was "one of the most spectacular incidents in film history."^[5]:16 Its cast was made up of over 10,000 extras. However the re-issue of the film in 1957 cut an hour off the original two-hour fifteen-minute film. The story was an adaptation written by Bess Meredyth, who would marry Curtiz a few years later.^[23]

The critical success of these films by Curtiz contributed to Warner Brothers becoming the fastest-growing studio in Hollywood.^[1]

1930s

In 1930 Curtiz directed Mammy (1930), Al Jolson's fourth film after being in Hollywood's first true talking picture, The Jazz Singer (1927). During the 1930s Curtiz directed on average at least four films each year.

Although rare for Warners, the studio produced two horror films that Curtiz directed, Doctor X (1932) and Mystery of the Wax Museum (1933), both in color with numerous atmospheric scenes filmed on the studio's back lot.^[1] The look of Doctor X was unique in that besides being in color it had less grain than other color films as it used the new Technicolor process.

Another breakthrough film came in 1932 with 20,000 Years in Sing Sing (1932), starring little-known actors Spencer Tracy and Bette Davis in one of their earliest films.^[24] MGM head Louis B. Mayer saw the film and was impressed enough by Tracy's acting that he hired him on to MGM's roster of stars.^[25]:221

But it was not until 1935 that Curtiz's career really took off.^[2]:63 When the early 1930s had Warners struggling to compete with studio giants like MGM, which was releasing blockbuster costumed hits like Queen Christina (1933), with Greta Garbo, Treasure Island (1934) and The Count of Monte Cristo (1934), they decided to take a chance and produce their own costumed drama.

Until then, it was a genre they had assumed could never succeed during the years of the Great Depression. But in March 1935 Warners announced it would produce Captain Blood (1935), a swashbuckler action drama based on the popular novel by Rafael Sabatini, and that Curtiz would direct.^[2]:63 It would star a then unknown extra, Errol Flynn,^[12] alongside little-known Olivia de Havilland.^[26]

The film was a major success with positive critical reviews. It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture and, despite not being nominated, Curtiz received the second-greatest number of votes for Best Director, solely as a write-in candidate. It also made major stars out of both Flynn and de Haviland, and it elevated Curtiz to being the studio's leading director.^[2]:63

He continued the successful genre of adventure films starring Flynn, often alongside de Haviland, that included The Charge of the Light Brigade (1936), a depiction of the British Light Brigade during the Crimean War.^[27] The film, another Oscar-winner, sold even more tickets than Captain Blood, and reinforced Curtiz's status as the studio's top director.^[2]:64 It was followed by The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938), the most profitable that year,^[2]:64 winning three Academy Awards and being nominated for Best Picture.^[28] It is number 12 on Rotten Tomatoes' list of best rated films.^[29]

That being their third Curtiz film together, Flynn and de Havilland continued to star in other hugely successful films under his direction, including the true-life story,The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex (1939), co-starring Bette Davis.^[30] Davis starred in a Curtiz film in most years during the 1930s.^[2]:73 Because of Curtiz's high film productivity, Warners created a special unit for his pictures, which then allowed him to manage two film crews. One would work with him during actual filming, while the other would work on preparing everything for the next picture.^[31]

John Garfield was among Curtiz's discoveries, with his debut in Four Daughters (1938), followed by a co-starring role in its sequel, Four Wives (1939). Curtiz discovered Garfield, a stage actor, by accident when he came across a discarded screen test he gave, and thought he was very good. But Garfield had assumed he failed the screen test and was already heading back to New York in disgust. Curtiz then went to Kansas City to intercept the train, where he pulled Garfield off and brought him back to Hollywood.^[12] Garfield also later co-starred in Curtiz's The Sea Wolf (1941).

In Four Daughters, Garfield co-starred with Claude Rains, who would star in ten Curtiz movies over his career, with six of those during the 1930s.^[1] Garfield and Rains "were brilliant together in this unjustly neglected Curtiz classic," says biographer Patrick J. McGrath about Four Daughters.^[32] Garfield considered it his "obscure masterpiece."^[32] Reviews praised his roll: "Perhaps the greatest single occurrence having to do with Four Daughters on reading the critics appears to be the debut of John Garfield, a brilliant young actor recruited from the Broadway stage."^[33] Similar approval came from the New York Times, which called Garfield's acting "bitterly brilliant...one of the best pictures of anybody's career."^[33] Garfield and Rains co-starred the following year in Curtiz's Daughters Courageous (1939).

The popularity of actor James Cagney was boosted after he starred in Angels with Dirty Faces (1938), marking the first time he was nominated for an Oscar and the high point in Cagney's gangster roles.^[1] The New York Film Critics Circle voted him best actor for his portrayal in the film, where he played the part of a hoodlum who redeems himself.^[2]:64[34] Curtiz was also again nominated, solidifying further his status as the studio's most important director.^[2]:64

The following year, Curtiz directed Sons of Liberty (1939), starring Claude Rains, in an Oscar-winning biopic which dramatizes the Jewish contribution to America's independence.^[2]:44 Curtiz also elicited some of the finest work from Edward G. Robinson in Kid Galahad (1937), where Robinson played a tough and sardonic, but ultimately soft-hearted, boxing manager.^[35] It co-starred Bette Davis and Humphrey Bogart.^[1][36]

Three westerns directed by Curtiz also starring Flynn were Dodge City (1939),^[37] Santa Fe Trail (1940),^[38] and Virginia City (1940).^[39][40]

1940s

The 1940s would continue to see releases of other critically acclaimed films directed by Curtiz, including The Sea Hawk (1940), Dive Bomber (1941), The Sea Wolf (1941), Casablanca (1942), Yankee Doodle Dandy (1942), This Is the Army (1943), Mildred Pierce (1945), and Life With Father (1947).

The Sea Hawk (1940) was one of 1940’s biggest hits, starring Errol Flynn in the role of an adventurer in the mold of Sir Francis Drake.^[41] Flora Robson played Queen Elizabeth I, and Claude Rains acted as the Spanish ambassador, whose job it was to mislead the Queen who rightly suspected the Spanish armada was about to invade England. Some critics felt the story was equivalent to actual events then taking place in Europe, describing it as a "thinly veiled diatribe against American isolationism on World War II's brink."^[42] Film columnist Boyd Martin, for one, noticed the similarities:

The parallel of the dreams of empire indulged in by King Philip of Spain and those apparently momentarily enjoyed by Hitler is so obvious that it will not escape detection even by the youngest film follower who reads his newspaper and goes to see the film...In having been supplied with a parallel, Mr. Curtiz rides his Sea Hawk neck and neck with contemporary history.^[43]

^[44] Dive Bomber (1941) was released a few months before Pearl Harbor was attacked, which made the film timely and well received by the public. It was also one of Warner's biggest hits of 1941, and rated as the sixth most popular film that year.^[45] No other pre-Pearl Harbor picture matched the quality of its flying scenes.^[46] Film columnist Louella Parsons wrote that "Dive Bomber again makes us glad we are Americans protected by a Navy as competent as ours.^[46]

Great care had to be taken to film at the active naval base in San Diego, especially for aerial sequences. Curtiz shot every foot of Dive Bomber with Navy assistance and under strict navy scrutiny.^[47] To create realistic shots, he mounted cameras on the Navy's planes to achieve "amazing point-of-view shots," taking viewers inside the cockpit during flight. He also mounted cameras underneath the wings of planes to dramatize take-offs from the Enterprise, an aircraft carrier launched a few years earlier.^[46] Bosley Crowther of The New York Times gave it a good review:^[48]

The Warners have photographed this picture in some of the most magnificent technicolor yet seen... masses of brilliantly colored planes, ranked in impressive rows about an air base or upon the huge flight decks of carriers, and roaring in silver majesty, wing to wing, through the limitless West Coast skies. Never before has an aviation film been so vivid in its images, conveyed such a sense of tangible solidity when it is showing us solid things or been so full of sunlight and clean air when the cameras are aloft. Except for a few badly matched shots, the job is well nigh perfect.

Edward G. Robinson starred in his second film directed by Curtiz in 1941, The Sea Wolf.^[50] He portrayed the rampaging, dictatorial captain of a ship in an adaptation of one of Jack London's most famous novels. Robinson said the character he portrayed "was a Nazi in everything but name," which, Robinson noted, was relevant to the state of the world at that time.^[51][1] John Garfield and Ida Lupino were cast as the young lovers who attempt to escape his tyranny. Some reviews described the film as one of Curtiz's "hidden gems...one of Curtiz's most complex works."^[52]

Robinson was impressed by Garfield's intense personality, which he feels may have contributed to his death at age 39:

John Garfield was one of the best young actors I ever encountered, but his passions about the world were so intense that I feared any day he would have a heart attack. It was not long before he did.^[51]

In 1942 Curtiz directed another air force film, Captains of the Clouds, about the Royal Canadian Air Force. It starred Jame Cagney and Brenda Marshall. According to Hal Wallis, its producer, because it was being filmed soon after the U.S. and Canada entered World War II, it became Warners most extensive and difficult production, and everything had to be relocated to Canada.^[53]:76 Like Dive Bomber, the vivid aerial scenes filmed in Technicolor were another feature that garnered critical attention, and the film was nominated for Best Art Direction and Best Color Cinematography.^[54]

That same year Curtiz directed the musical biopic,Yankee Doodle Dandy (1942), a film about singer, dancer and composer, George M. Cohan.^[55] It starred James Cagney in a role totally opposite from the one he played four years earlier in Curtiz's Angels with Dirty Faces (1938). Where the earlier film became a career high point for Cagney's portrayals of a gangster, a role he played in many earlier films, in this film, an overtly patriotic musical, Cagney demonstrates his considerable dancing and singing talents. It was Cagney's favorite career role.^[56]

His bravura performance earned him his only Academy Award as Best Actor. For Warner Brothers, it became their biggest box office success in the company's history up to that time, nominated for nine Academy Awards and winning four. The success of the film also became a high-point in Curtiz's career, with his nomination as Best Director. The film has been added to annals of Hollywood as a cinematic classic, preserved in the United States National Film Registry at the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".^[9]

Also in 1942, Curtiz directed Casablanca (1942), a World War II-era romantic drama that many consider to be the most popular motion picture from Hollywood’s golden age, and is today considered a classic.^[1][57] Among its stars were Humphrey Bogart, playing an expatriate living in Morocco, and Ingrid Bergman, who was trying escape the Nazis. The film is widely considered to be one of the finest films ever made,^[1] receiving eight Academy Award nominations and winning three, including one for Curtiz as Best Director.^[1]

Another patriotic Curtiz film was This Is the Army (1943), a musical adapted from the stage play with a score by Irving Berlin.^[59] As America was engaged in World War II, the film boosted the morale of soldiers and the public. Among its nineteen songs, Kate Smith's rendition of "God Bless America" was one of the highlights of the film.^[60] As a result of the film's numerous popular and generic elements, such as ground and aerial combat, recruitment, training, and marching as well as comedy, romance, song, and dance, it was the most financially successful war-themed film of any kind made during World War II.^[58]

During this period he also directed the World War II propaganda film Mission to Moscow (1943), a film which was commissioned at the request of president Franklin D. Roosevelt in support of the US and British ally, the Soviet Union, at that time holding down 80% of all German forces as they repelled the Nazi invasion of Russia. The film was mostly well received by critics and was a success at the box office, but the film soon proved to be controversial after it stirred up strong anti-Communist sentiments. Curtiz took the criticism personally and vowed never again to direct an overtly political film, a promise which he kept.^[13]:148

Mildred Pierce (1945) was based on the novel by James M. Cain.^[61] Its star, Joan Crawford, gave one of the strongest performances in her acting career, playing a mother and successful businesswoman who sacrifices everything for her spoiled daughter, played by Ann Blyth.

At the time Crawford accepted the part from Warner Brothers, her eighteen-year career at MGM had been in decline.^[62] She had been one of Hollywood's most prominent and highest paid movie stars at MGM, but her films began losing money, and by the end of the 1930s she was labeled "box office poison." Rather than remain at MGM and see newer, younger talent draw most of the studio's attention with better roles, she left MGM and signed a contract with Warner Brothers at a reduced salary.^[63]

Curtiz originally wanted Barbara Stanwyck for the role. But Crawford, who by then hadn't been in a film for two years, did her best to get the part. And rare for a major star, was even willing to audition for Curtiz. She was already aware that "Mr. Mike Curtiz hated me... I don't want those big broad shoulders," he said. But during her reading of an emotional scene as he watched, she saw him become so overwhelmed by her delivery that he cried, and he then said, "I love you, baby."^[64]

To help Crawford prepare for certain court scenes, Curtiz took her downtown where they spent time visiting jails and watching criminal trials.^[65] In photographing her, he used careful film noir camera techniques, a style he learned in Europe, to bring out Crawford's distinctive face, using rich black-and-white highlights.^[66] He was aware that Crawford guarded her screen image very carefully, and that she truly cared about quality. And Crawford learned to appreciate Curtiz's genius with the camera.^[67] Eve Arden, who was nominated as Best Supporting Actress in the film, said "Curtiz was one of the few directors who knew what he wanted and was able to express himself exactly, even in his amusing Hungarian accent."^[67]

Mildred Pierce was nominated for six Academy Awards, including best picture. Only Crawford won, for Best Actress, her first and only Oscar.^[63] The novel's author, James Crain, gave her a leather-bound copy of Mildred Pierce, which he inscribed: "To Joan Crawford, who brought Mildred to life as I had always hoped she would be, and who has my lifelong gratitude."^[68] The film returned Crawford to the ranks of leading stars.

After the success of the film, Jack Warner gave Curtiz two new and exceptional contracts in appreciation, boosting his salary and reducing the number of films he had to direct each year to two.^[69]

In 1947 he directed William Powell and Irene Dunne in Life With Father, a family comedy.^[70] It was a big hit in the Unites States, being nominated for four Academy Awards, including Best Actor for Powell. During Powell's career he acted in ninety-seven films, and this was his third and last nomination. One review stated, "He is magnificent in the role, imbuing it with every attribute of pomp, dignity, unconscious conceit and complete loveableness! His is one of the really great screen performances of the year... that crowns a long screen life."^[71]

Curtiz set up his own separate production company in the late 1940s, with his films to be released through Warner Brothers. "I'm going to try to build my own stock company and make stars of unknowns. It is getting impossible to sign up the big stars, because they are tied up for the next two years," he said.^[72] He also pointed out that he was less concerned with looks than personality when using an actor. "If they are good-looking, that's something extra. But I look for personality."^[72]

But he soon learned that good stories were even harder to come by: "Studios will pay anything for good stories...they will buy it up before anyone else can get it," he complained. The story for his last film, Life With Father, was said to have cost the studio $300,000, and the full budget for making the film was about $3 million.^[72]

1950s

By the 1950s Curtiz's productivity had slowed down and he was directing about two pictures per year. However, his films continued to cover a wide range of genres, including biopics, comedies and musicals. Some of the popular and well-received films included Young Man with a Horn (1950), Jim Thorpe -- All-American (1951), The Story of Will Rogers (1952), White Christmas (1954), We're No Angels (1955) and King Creole (1958).

Among the films Curtiz directed was Young Man with a Horn (1950), which starred Kirk Douglas, Lauren Bacall and Doris Day, had Douglas portray the rise and fall of a driven jazz musician, based on real-life horn player Bix Beiderbecke.^[73][74] The following year Curtiz directed another biopic, Jim Thorpe -- All-American (1951), which starred Burt Lancaster in the true story of a Native American athlete who won more gold medals than any other athlete at the 1912 Olympics at Stockholm.^[75] The film received plaudits as one of the most compelling of all sports movies.^[76]

Also in 1951, he directed another biopic, I'll See You in My Dreams, with Doris Day and Danny Thomas.^[77] The film is a musical biography of lyricist Gus Kahn. It was Day's fourth film directed by Curtiz, who first auditioned her and gave her a starring role in her debut film, Romance on the High Seas (1948). She was shocked at being offered a lead in her first film, and admitted to Curtiz that she was a singer without acting experience. But what Curtiz liked about her after the audition was that "she was honest," he said, not afraid to tell him she was not an actress. That, and the fact that "her freckles made her look like the All-American Girl," he said. Day would be the discovery he boasted about most later in his career.^[12]

The Story of Will Rogers (1952), also a biography, told the story of well-known humorist and movie star Will Rogers, played by Will Rogers, Jr., his son.^[78] White Christmas (1954), Curtiz's second adaptation of an Irving Berlin musical, was a major box office success, the highest-grossing film of 1954. It starred Bing Crosby, Danny Kaye, Rosemary Clooney, and Vera-Ellen.^[79]

Another musical, King Creole (1958), starred Elvis Presley and Carolyn Jones.^[80] When asked to direct Elvis, who was then the "king of rock and roll," Curtiz could only laugh, assuming Elvis wouldn't be able to act. After a few conversations with him, however, his opinion changed: "I began to sit up and take notice," Curtiz said, adding, "I guarantee that he'll amaze everyone. He shows formidable talent. What's more, he'll get the respect he so dearly desires."

^[82] During filming, Elvis was always the first one on the set. When he was told what to do, regardless of how unusual or difficult, he said simply, "You're the boss, Mr. Curtiz."^[82]

The script, the music, and the acting all came together to produce a remarkable picture, the likes of which Elvis never matched in his career.^[83] It received good reviews: Variety magazine declared that the film "Shows the young star [Presley] as a better than fair actor".^[84] The New York Times also gave it a favorable review: "As for Mr. Presley, in his third screen attempt, it's a pleasure to find him up to a little more than Bourbon Street shoutin' and wigglin'. Acting is his assignment in this shrewdly upholstered showcase, and he does it, so help us, over a picket fence."^[85] Presley later thanked Curtiz for giving him the opportunity to show his potential as an actor; of his thirty-three films, Elvis considered it his favorite.

The final film that Curtiz directed was The Comancheros, released six months before his death from cancer on April 10, 1962. Curtiz was ill during the shoot, but star John Wayne took over directing on the days Curtiz was too ill to work. Wayne didn't want to take co-director credit.

Later years

In the late 1940s, he made a new agreement with Warners under which the studio and his own production company were to share the costs and profits of his subsequent films. These films did poorly, however, whether as part of the changes in the film industry in this period or because Curtiz "had no skills in shaping the entirety of a picture".^[17]:191 Either way, as Curtiz himself said, "You are only appreciated so far as you carry the dough into the box office. They throw you into gutter next day".^[17]:332 The long partnership between director and studio descended into a bitter court battle.

After his relationship with Warners broke down, Curtiz continued to direct on a freelance basis from 1954 onwards. The Egyptian (1954) (based on Mika Waltari's novel about Sinuhe) for Fox starring Jean Simmons, Victor Mature and Gene Tierney. He directed many films for Paramount, including White Christmas (1954), starring Bing Crosby and Danny Kaye; We're No Angels (1955), starring Humphrey Bogart; and King Creole (1958), starring Elvis Presley.

Directing style

Preparation

Curtiz always invested the time necessary to prepare all aspects of a film before shooting. "As far as I am concerned," he said, "the chief work in directing a film is in preparing a story for the screen... Nothing is as important... A director can be likened to the field general of an army. He should know more clearly than anyone else what is coming, what to expect... I believe this as a sound working plan."^[86]

By putting time into preparation, he cut down on delays after production started which gave him the ability to put out on average six films a year until the 1940s. He turned out Front Page Woman in only three weeks, which contained rapid-fire newspaper dialog with Bette Davis,^[87] then turned around and made Captain Blood entirely on the sound stage without having to leave the studio.^[88]

Cinematography

Sidney Rosenzweig argues that Curtiz did have his own distinctive style, which was in place by the time of his move to America: "high crane shots to establish a story's environment; unusual camera angles and complex compositions in which characters are often framed by physical objects; much camera movement; subjective shots, in which the camera becomes the character's eye; and high contrast lighting with pools of shadows".^[7]:6-7 Aljean Harmetz states that, "Curtiz's vision of any movie... was almost totally a visual one".^[17]:183-184

A few months after arriving in Hollywood as Warner's new director, Curtiz explained that he wanted to make viewers feel as though they were actually witnessing a story on screen:

To accomplish this end the camera must assume many personalities. For the most part it assumes the personality of the audience. At moments when the interest is high and the illusion of the audience is greatest, the camera alternately places itself in the position of the various characters, as the dramatic burden shifts from actor to actor. This entails much movement of the camera. If it cuts off at each position so that it seems to jump from place to place, the effect is noticeable and the reception of the story is marred. In many cases, therefore, the camera must move from position to position without stopping, just as a person would.^[89]

In preparing scenes, Curtiz like to compare himself to an artist, painting with characters, light, motion and background on a canvas. But during his career this "individualism," says Robertson, "was hidden from public view" and undervalued because, unlike many other directors, Curtiz's films covered such a wide spectrum of different genres.^[5]:2 He was therefore seen by many as more of a versatile master technician who worked under Warner Brother's direction, rather than as an auteur with a unique and recognizable style.^[5]:2 Hal Wallis, who produced a number of his major films, including Casablanca, said Curtiz had always been his favorite director:

He was a superb director with an amazing command of lighting, mood and action. He could handle any kind of picture: melodrama, comedy, Western, historical epic or love story.^[53]

However, Wallis, being producer of many of Curtiz's films, including Robin Hood, was always watchful over budgets. He wrote to Jack Warner during the shooting of that film, "In his enthusiasm to make great shots and composition and utilize the great production values in this picture, he is of course, more likely to go overboard than anyone else... I did not try to stop Mike yesterday when he was on the crane and making establishing shots..."^[4]:123

Curtiz himself rarely expressed his philosophy or filmmaking style in writing since he was always too busy making films, so there is no autobiography and only a few media interviews.^[5]:3 His brother noted also that Curtiz was "shy, almost humble," in his private life, as opposed to his "take-charge" attitude at work.^[90] His brother adds that "he did not want anybody to write a book about him. He refused to even talk about the idea."^[90] When Curtiz was once asked to sum up his philosophy of making movies, he said, "I put all the art into my pictures that I think the audience can stand."^[90]

Types of stories

Before coming to Hollywood, Curtiz always considered the story before he began working on a film. The human interest side of a story was key, along with having the plot develop as the film progressed. He explains:

First I look for "human interest" when a story is given me. If that interest is predominant over the action then I believe the story is good. Always it is my desire to tell that story as if the camera were a person relating the incidents of a happening.^[3]

His attitude did not change when he joined a large studio, despite being given large spectacles to direct. As late as the 1940s, he still preferred "homey pictures." He said it was "because I want to deal with human and fundamental problems of real people. That is the basis of all good drama. It is true even in a spectacle, where you must never forget the underlying humanity and identity of your characters no matter how splendid the setting or situations are."^[91] Although he also felt that even with the same story, any five different directors would produce five distinctive versions. "No two would be alike," he said, as each director's "work is reflection of himself."^[86]

Film historian Peter Wollen says that throughout Curtiz's career, his films portrayed characters that had to "deal with injustice, oppression, entrapment, displacement and exile."^[16]:85 He cites examples of Curtiz films to support that: 20,000 Years in Sing Sing (1932), dealt with the theme of social alienation, while Captain Blood, The Adventures of Robin Hood and The Sea Hawk all concerned a tyrant monarch that was threatening the freedom of ordinary Englishman.^[16]:90 Wollen states:

The case for Curtiz as an auteur rests on his incredible ability to find the right style for the right picture. If he shows a thematic consistency across several genres, it is in his consistent preference for stressing the struggles of the rebel and the downtrodden against the entrenched and powerful.^[2]:74

Personal habits

Curtiz was always extremely active: he worked very long days, took part in several sports in his spare time, and was often found to sleep under a cold shower.^[17]:188 He skipped lunches since they interfered with his work and he felt they often made him tired. He was therefore dismissive of actors who ate lunch, believing that "lunch bums" had no energy for work in the afternoons.^[17]:188

Wallis said he was "a demon for work."^[53] He arose each morning at at 5 a.m. and typically remained at the studio until 8 or 9 p.m. He hated to go home at the end of the day, said Wallis. With his high energy level, he also attended to every minute detail on the set.

To broaden his life experiences in the U.S., since he seldom traveled outside of Hollywood, he tended to be restless and curious about everything in the area when he did go on location shoots. Wallis, who as the producer, was often with him, notes that he explored everything:

He had a thirst for knowledge; he wanted to see the poolrooms, the flophouses, the Chinese sections, the slums—everything strange and exotic and seedy so that he could add to the knowledge that gave his pictures their amazing degree of realism.^[53]

He earned the nickname, "Iron Mike," by his friends, since he tried to keep physically fit by playing polo when he had time, and owned a stable of horses for his recreation at home. He attributed his fitness and level of energy solely to sober living.^[91] Even with his vast success and wealth over the years, he did not allow himself "to be fondled in the lap of luxury."^[91]

Working with colleagues

The flip side of his dedication was an often callous demeanor, which many attributed to his Hungarian roots: Fay Wray, who worked under him on Mystery of the Wax Museum, said that, "I felt that he was not flesh and bones, that he was part of the steel of the camera".^[17]:126 Curtiz was not popular with most of his colleagues, many of whom thought him arrogant.^[7]:7 Nor did he deny that, explaining, "When I see a lazy man or a don't care girl, it makes me tough. I am very critical of actors, but if I find a real actor, I am first to appreciate them."^{[4]:122[17]:124}

Nevertheless, Bette Davis, who was little known in 1932, made five more films with him although they argued consistently when filming The Cabin in the Cotton (1932), one of her earliest roles.^[93][94] He had a low opinion of actors in general, saying that acting "is fifty percent a big bag of tricks. The other fifty percent should be talent and ability, although it seldom is." Overall, he got along well enough with his stars, as shown by his ability to attract and keep some of the best actors in Hollywood. He got along very well with Claude Rains, whom he directed in ten films.^[17]:190

Curtiz struggled with English as he was too busy filming to learn the language. He sometimes used pantomimes to show what he wanted an actor to do, which led to many amusing anecdotes about his choice of words when directing. David Niven never forgot Curtiz's saying to "bring on the empty horses" when he wanted to "bring out the horses without riders," so much so that he used it for the title of his memoir.^[95] But not all actors who worked under Curtiz were as amused by his malapropisms. Edward G. Robinson, who Curtiz directed in The Sea Wolf, had a different opinion about language handicaps by foreigners to Hollywood:

They could fill a book. Even if I did not suspect you'd heard them all, I long ago decided that I would not bore myself or you with Curtizisms, Pasternakisms, Goldwynisms, or Gaborisms. Too many writers have made a cottage industry of reporting the misuse of the English language by Hollywood people.^[51]

Personal life

Around 1918 he married actress Lucy Doraine and they divorced in 1923. He married his second wife, Lili Damita, in 1925 and they divorced in 1926. When he left for the United States, he left behind an illegitimate son and an illegitimate daughter.^[17]:122

While Curtiz himself had escaped Europe before the rise of Nazism, other members of his family were not as lucky. He once asked Jack Warner, who was going to Budapest in 1938, to contact his family and help them get exit visas. Warner succeeded in getting Curtiz's mother to the U.S., where she spent the rest of her life living with her son. But he could not rescue Curtiz's only sister, her husband, or their three children, who were sent to Auschwitz, where her husband and two of the children died.^[4]:124

Curtiz paid part of his own salary into the European Film Fund, a benevolent association which helped European refugees in the film business establish themselves in the U.S.^[17]:221

In 1933 Curtiz became a naturalized U.S. citizen.^[96] By the early 1940s Curtiz had become fairly wealthy, earning $3,600 per week and owning a substantial estate, complete with polo pitch.^[17]:76 One of his regular polo partners was Hal B. Wallis, who had met Curtiz on his arrival in the country and had established a close friendship with him. Wallis' wife, the actress Louise Fazenda, and Curtiz's third wife, Bess Meredyth, an actress and screenwriter, had been close since before Curtiz's marriage to Meredyth in 1929. Curtiz was frequently unfaithful, and had numerous affairs; Meredyth once left him for a short time, but they remained married until 1961, shortly before Curtiz's death.^[17]:121 She was Curtiz's helper whenever his need to deal with scripts or other elements went beyond his grasp of English, and he often phoned her for advice when presented with a problem while filming.^[17]:123

Death

He died from cancer on April 10, 1962, aged 75. At the time of his death he was living alone in a small apartment in Sherman Oaks, California.^[12] He is interred in the Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California, near his younger brother, director and special effects artist, David Curtiz.^[97][98]

Legacy

Michael Curtiz has directed some of the most well-known films of the 20th century, achieving numerous award-winning performances from actors. Before moving to Hollywood from his native Hungary when he was 38 years of age, he had already directed 64 films in Europe. He soon helped Warner Brothers become the nation's fastest-growing studio, directing 102 films during his career in Hollywood, more than any other director.^[2]:67 Jack Warner, who first discovered Curtiz after seeing one of his epics in Europe, called him "Warner Brothers' greatest director."^[90]

He helped popularize the swashbuckler with unknown extra, Errol Flynn and little-known Olivia de Havilland, making them major stars in the 1930s. Overall, he made 12 films with Flynn, 8 with Humphrey Bogart, and 10 with Claude Rains. Along with Flynn, he introduced Doris Day and John Garfield to the screen, and made stars of little-known actors, Bette Davis, de Haviland, and Ann Sheridan.

He directed 10 different actors to Oscar nominations: Paul Muni, John Garfield, James Cagney, Walter Huston, Humphrey Bogart, Claude Raines, Joan Crawford, Ann Blyth, Eve Arden, and William Powell. Cagney and Crawford won their only Academy Awards under Curtiz's direction, with Cagney on TV later attributing part of his success to "the unforgettable Michael Curtiz."^[90] Curtiz himself was nominated 5 times and won as Best Director for Casablanca.

He earned a reputation as a harsh taskmaster to his actors, as he micromanaged every detail on the set. With his background as director since 1912, his experience and dedication to the art made him a perfectionist. He had an astounding mastery of technical details, including lighting, cinematography, and editing. Producer Hal Wallis considered him to be a superb director, with "amazing command of lighting, mood and action, who could handle any kind of picture: melodrama, comedy, Western, historical epic or love story." He also directed musicals and war films.

Some, such as screenwriter Robert Rossen, question whether Curtiz has "been misjudged by cinema history," since he is not included among those often considered to be great directors, such as John Ford, Howard Hawks, Orson Welles and Alfred Hitchcock: "He was obviously a talent highly alert to the creative movements of his time such as German expressionism, the genius of the Hollywood studio system, genres such as film noir, and the possibilities offered by talented stars."^[100]

Film historian Catherine Portuges has described Curtiz as one of the "most enigmatic of film directors, and often underrated."^[8]:161 While film theorist Peter Wollen wants "to resurrect" Curtiz's career, noting that with his enormous experience and drive, he "could wring unexpected meanings from a script through his direction of actors and cinematographers."^[2]:75

Academy Award nominations

Year	Award	Film	Result
1935	Best Director (as Write-in candidate)	Captain Blood	John Ford – The Informer
1938	Best Director	Angels with Dirty Faces	Frank Capra – You Can't Take It With You
	Best Director	Four Daughters
1939	Best Short Subject	Sons of Liberty	Won
1942	Best Director	Yankee Doodle Dandy	William Wyler – Mrs. Miniver
1943	Best Director	Casablanca	Won

Curtiz also won an Academy Awards in the category of Best Short Subject (Two-reel), for Sons of Liberty.^[101]

Six of Curtiz's films were nominated for Best Picture: Captain Blood (1935), The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938), Four Daughters (1938), Yankee Doodle Dandy (1942), Casablanca (1943), and Mildred Pierce (1945). Of these, only Casablanca won Best Picture.

Directed Academy Award performances

Year	Performer	Film	Result
Academy Award for Best Actor
1935	Paul Muni	Black Fury (Write-in candidate)	Nominated
1938	James Cagney	Angels with Dirty Faces	Nominated
1942	James Cagney	Yankee Doodle Dandy	Won
1943	Humphrey Bogart	Casablanca	Nominated
1947	William Powell	Life with Father	Nominated
Academy Award for Best Actress
1945	Joan Crawford	Mildred Pierce	Won
Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor
1938	John Garfield	Four Daughters	Nominated
1942	Walter Huston	Yankee Doodle Dandy	Nominated
1943	Claude Rains	Casablanca	Nominated
Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress
1945	Eve Arden	Mildred Pierce	Nominated
1945	Ann Blyth	Mildred Pierce	Nominated

AFI

The American Film Institute ranked Casablanca #3 and Yankee Doodle Dandy #98 on their list of the greatest American movies. The Adventures of Robin Hood and Mildred Pierce were nominated for the list.

Selected Hollywood filmography

• The Charlatan (1917) with Gyula Csortos and Lenkeffy Ica
• Noah's Ark (1928)
• The Mad Genius (1931) with John Barrymore and Marian Marsh
• The Cabin in the Cotton (1932) with Richard Barthelmess and Bette Davis
• Doctor X (1932) with Fay Wray and Lionel Atwill
• Goodbye Again (1933) with Warren William and Joan Blondell
• 20,000 Years in Sing Sing (1933) with Spencer Tracy and Bette Davis
• Mystery of the Wax Museum (1933) with Lionel Atwill, Fay Wray, and Glenda Farrell
• The Kennel Murder Case (1933) with William Powell as Philo Vance
• Jimmy the Gent (1934) with James Cagney and Bette Davis
• British Agent (1934) with Leslie Howard and Kay Francis
• Front Page Woman (1935) with Bette Davis and George Brent
• Captain Blood (1935) with Errol Flynn and Olivia de Havilland
• The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938) with Errol Flynn and Basil Rathbone
• Four Daughters (1938) with John Garfield and Claude Rains
• Angels with Dirty Faces (1938) with James Cagney and Humphrey Bogart
• Dodge City (1939) with Errol Flynn and Bruce Cabot
• The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex (1939) with Bette Davis and Errol Flynn
• Santa Fe Trail (1940) with Errol Flynn and Ronald Reagan
• Virginia City (1940) with Errol Flynn and Humphrey Bogart
• The Sea Hawk (1940) with Errol Flynn and Alan Hale, Sr.
• The Sea Wolf (1941) with Edward G. Robinson and John Garfield
• Dive Bomber (1941) with Fred MacMurray and Ralph Bellamy
• Captains of the Clouds (1942) with James Cagney and famed fighter pilot Billy Bishop
• Casablanca (1942) with Humphrey Bogart and Ingrid Bergman
• Mission to Moscow (1943) with Walter Huston
• Yankee Doodle Dandy (1942) with James Cagney and Walter Huston
• Mildred Pierce (1945) with Joan Crawford and Ann Blyth
• Night and Day (1946) with Cary Grant as Cole Porter
• Life with Father (1947) with William Powell, Irene Dunne and Elizabeth Taylor
• Romance on the High Seas (1948 film); Doris Day's movie debut
• The Breaking Point (1950) with John Garfield and Patricia Neal
• I'll See You in My Dreams (1951), a biographical film of composer and lyricist Gus Kahn, with Doris Day and Danny Thomas
• The Jazz Singer (1952), a remake with Danny Thomas and Peggy Lee
• White Christmas (1954) with Bing Crosby and Rosemary Clooney
• The Egyptian (1954) with Jean Simmons, Victor Mature and Gene Tierney
• We're No Angels (1955) with Humphrey Bogart and Peter Ustinov
• The Vagabond King with Oreste Kirkop, Kathryn Grayson and Rita Moreno.
• King Creole (1958) with Elvis Presley and Walter Matthau
• The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1960) with Eddie Hodges, Tony Randall and Patty McCormick
• The Comancheros (1961) with John Wayne and Stuart Whitman

Notes

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Michael Curtiz.

• Michael Curtiz at the Internet Movie Database
• Michael Curtiz at the TCM Movie Database
  
• Literature on Michael Curtiz
• Kertész Kaminer Manó (aka Kertész Mihály) profile