Norman L. Biggs

Norman Linstead Biggs (born 2 January 1941) is a leading British mathematician focusing on discrete mathematics and in particular algebraic combinatorics.^[1]

Education

Biggs was educated at Harrow County Grammar School and then studied mathematics at Selwyn College, Cambridge. In 1962, Biggs gained first-class honours in his third year of the University's undergraduate degree in mathematics.^[2]

• 1946–1952: Uxendon Manor Primary School, Kenton, Middlesex
• 1952–1959: Harrow County Grammar School
• 1959–1963: Selwyn College, Cambridge (Entrance Exhibition 1959, Scholarship 1961)
• 1960: First Class, Mathematical Tripos Pt. I
• 1962: Wrangler, Mathematical Tripos Pt. II; B.A. (Cantab.)
• 1963: Distinction, Mathematical Tripos Pt. III
• 1988: D.Sc. (London); M.A. (Cantab.)

Career

He was a lecturer at University of Southampton, lecturer then reader at Royal Holloway, University of London, and Professor of Mathematics at the London School of Economics. He has been on the editorial board of a number of journals, including the Journal of Algebraic Combinatorics. He has been a member of the Council of the London Mathematical Society.

He has written 12 books and over 100 papers on mathematical topics, many of them in algebraic combinatorics and its applications. He became Emeritus Professor in 2006 and continue to teach History of Mathematics in Finance and Economics for undergraduates. He is also Vice-President of the British Society for the History of Mathematics.

Family

Biggs married Christine Mary Farmer in 1975 and has one daughter Clare Juliet born in 1980.

Interests and Hobbies

Biggs' interests include computational learning theory, the history of mathematics and historical metrology. Since 2006, he has been an Emeritus Professor at the London School of Economics.

Biggs hobbies consist of writing about the history of weights and scales. He currently holds the position of Chair of the International Society of Antique Scale Collectors (Europe), and a member of the British Numismatic Society.

Work

Mathematics

In 2002, Biggs wrote the second edition of Discrete Mathematics breaking down a wide range of topics into a clear and organised style. Biggs organised the book into four major sections; The Language of Mathematics, Techniques, Algorithms and Graphs, and Algebraic Methods. This book was an accumulation of Discrete Mathematics, first edition, textbook published in 1985 which dealt with calculations involving a finite number of steps rather than limiting processes. The second edition added nine new introductory chapters; Fundamental language of mathematicians, statements and proofs, the logical framework, sets and functions, and number system. This book stresses the significance of simple logical reasoning, shown by the exercises and examples given in the book. Each chapter contains modelled solutions, examples, exercises including hints and answers. Biggs, Norman L. (2002). Discrete Mathematics: Second edition. 

Algebraic Graph Theory

In 1974, Biggs published Algebraic Graph Theory which articulates properties of graphs in algebraic terms, then works out theorems regarding them. In the first section, he tackles the applications of linear algebra and matrix theory; algebraic constructions such as adjacency matrix and the incidence matrix and their applications are discussed in depth. Next, there is and wide-ranging description of the theory of chromatic polynomials. The last section discusses symmetry and regularity properties. Biggs makes important connections with other branches of algebraic combinatorics and group theory.^[3]

Computational Learning Theory

In 1997, N. Biggs and M. Anthony wrote a book titled Computational Learning Theory: an Introduction. Both Biggs and Anthony focused on the necessary background material from logic, probability, and complex theory. This book is an introduction to computational learning.

History of Mathematics

Biggs contributed to thirteen journals and books developing topics such as the four-colour conjecture, the roots/history of combinatorics, calculus, Topology on the 19th century, and mathematicians.^[4] In addition, Biggs examined the ideas of William Ludlam, Thomas Harriot, John Arbuthnot, and Leonhard Euler.^[5]

Chip-Firing Game

Abstract

The chip-firing game has been around for less than 20 years. It has become an important part of the study of structural combinatorics. The set of configurations that are stable and recurrent for this game can be given the structure of an abelian group. In addition, the order of the group is equal to the tree number of the graph.^[6][7]

Let graph G is a finite, simple, connected graph without loops such that G = (V, E) where V = {1, 2,..., n} and E = {e₁, e₂,..., e_m}. Let deg (v_i) be the degree of vertex i where i = {v∈V(G)}. Each vertex of the graph will be assigned a nonnegative integer S(v_i). Let S be the chip configurations of the game. S will show us how many chips are available at v_i. A move will consist of selecting a vertex v_j which has at least as many chips on it, as its degree; thus S(v) ≥ deg (v). One chip will be fired along each of its incident edges. Each time v_j is fired, it loses its degree in chips. (i.e. If the deg(v) = 2 when v is fired, v loses 2 chips.) Each of v_j neighbouring vertices will gain one chip per edge incident with v_j. Let v(v, w) be the number of edges joining v_j to w. Let the value of x(v) be the number of times v is fired in the sequence of moves.

After the sequence of firing s, the new chip configurations, s' is given by:

s'(v) = s(v) – x(v)deg(v) + ∑ x(v) v(v, w)

• If the number of chips is less than the number of edges, the game is always finite.
• If the number of chips is at least the number of edges the game can be infinite for an appropriately chosen initial configuration.
• If the number of chips is more than twice the number of edges minus the number of vertices, then the game is always infinite.
• The game terminates if each vertex has fewer chips than its degree.

Example:

G:

Possible Firing Sequence:

Biggs's variant of the chip fire game is one where a vertex q is allowed to go into debt. In other words, it is allowed to be a negative integer unlike all the other vertices. This vertex q is called the bank. The bank does not fire. It just sits there collecting chips. Eventually, q will accumulate so many chips that no other vertex can fire which will make the configuration stable. Once the configuration is stable, vertex q can fire chips to neighbouring vertices to jump start the 'economy'. The bank can only fire if and only if the current configuration is stable.

Thus, in this alternate game, a configuration s is an integer-valued function satisfying:

s(q) = – ∑ s(v) ≤ 0 where s(v) ≥ 0 and not equal to q

We define a stable chip configuration to be:

0 ≤ s(v) < deg(v) (v ≠ q)

Publications

Summary of Biggs' published Books on Mathematics

• Finite Groups of Automorphisms, Cambridge University Press (1971)
• Algebraic Graph Theory, Cambridge University Press (1974)
• Graph Theory 1736-1936 (with E.K. Lloyd and R.J. Wilson), Oxford University Press (1976) (Japanese edition 1986)
• Interaction Models, Cambridge University Press (1977)
• Permutation Groups and Combinatorial Structures (with A.T. White), Cambridge University Press, (1979), (Chinese edition 1988)
• Discrete Mathematics, Oxford University Press (1989) (Spanish edition 1994)
• Introduction to Computing with Pascal, Oxford University Press (1989)
• Computational Learning Theory: an Introduction (with M. Anthony) (1997)
• Algebraic Graph Theory (Second Edition), Cambridge University Press (1993)
• Mathematics for Economics and Finance (with M. Anthony), Cambridge University Press (1996) (Chinese edition 1998; Japanese edition 2000)
• Discrete Mathematics, (Second Edition), Oxford University Press (2002)
• Codes: An Introduction to Information Communication and Cryptography, Springer Verlag (2008)

Summary of Biggs' latest published Papers on Mathematics

2000

• 'A matrix method for chromatic polynomials – II', CDAM Research Report Series, LSE-CDAM 2000–04, April 2000.
• (with P.Reinfeld), 'The chromatic roots of generalised dodecahedra', CDAM Research Report Series, LSE-CDAM 2000–07, June 2000.

2001

• 'Equimodular curves for reducible matrices', CDAM Research Report Series, LSE-CDAM 2001-01, January 2001.
• 'A matrix method for chromatic polynomials', J. Combinatorial Theory (B), 82 (2001) 19–29.

2002

• 'Chromatic polynomials for twisted bracelets', Bull. London Math. Soc. 34 (2002) 129–139.
• 'Chromatic polynomials and representations of the symmetric group', Linear Algebra and its Applications 356 (2002) 3–26.
• 'Equimodular curves', Discrete Mathematics 259 (2002) 37–57.

2004

• 'Algebraic methods for chromatic polynomials' (with M H Klin and P Reinfeld), Europ. J. Combinatorics 25 (2004) 147–160.
• 'Specht modules and chromatic polynomials', J. Combinatorial Theory (B) 92 (2004) 359 – 377.

2005

• 'Chromatic polynomials of some families of graphs I: Theorems and Conjectures', CDAM Research Report Series, LSE-CDAM 2005–09, May 2005.

2007

• 'The critical group from a cryptographic perspective', Bull. London Math. Soc., 39 (2007) 829–836.

2008

• 'Chromatic Roots of the Quartic Mobius Ladders', CDAM Research Report LSE-CDAM 2008-05, May 2008.
• 'A Matrix Method for Flow Polynomials', CDAM Research Report LSE-CDAM 2008-08, June 2008.

2009

• 'Tutte Polynomials of Bracelets', CDAM Research Report LSE-CDAM-2009-01, January 2009.
• 'Strongly Regular Graphs with No Triangles', Research Report, September 2009. arXiv:0911.2160v1
• 'Families of Parameters for SRNT Graphs', Research Report, October 2009. arXiv:0911.2455v1

2010

• 'Tutte Polynomials of Bracelets', J. Algebraic Combinatorics 32 (2010) 389–398.
• 'The Second Subconstituent of some Strongly Regular Graphs', Research Report', February 2010. arXiv:1003.0175v1

2011

• 'Some Properties of Strongly Regular Graphs', Research Report, May 2011. arXiv:1106.0889v1

For other published work on the history of mathematics, please see.^[8]

See also

• Computational learning theory
• Four color theorem

References

External links

• Norman Biggs personal web page at LSE
• Norman Biggs entry at Mathematics Genealogy Project
• Cambridge University Press: Norman L Biggs