Political history of Mysore and Coorg (1761–99)

Finding the body of Tipu Sultan. Painting by Samuel William Reynolds, 1800.

The political history of Mysore and Coorg (1761–1799) is the political history of the contiguous historical regions of Mysore State and Coorg province on the Deccan Plateau in west-central peninsular India from the time of the rise of Haidar Ali in 1761 to that of the death of his son Tipu Sultan in 1799.

Sources and historiography

There is very little contemporaneous documentation of the pre-1760 period of Mysore's history, especially the last century of that period. According to (Subrahmanyam 1989, p. 206), the 18th-century Wodeyar rulers of Mysore—in contrast to their contemporaries in Rajputana, Central India, Maratha Deccan, and Tanjavur—left little or no record of their administrations.

A Wodeyar dynasty genealogy, the Maisüru Maharajara Vamsävali of Tirumalarya, was composed in Kannada during the period 1710–1715, and was claimed to be based on all the then-extant inscriptions in the region.[1] Another genealogy, Kalale Doregala Vamsävali, of the Delvoys, the near-hereditary chief ministers of Mysore, was composed around the turn of the 19th century.[1] However, neither manuscript provides information about administration, economy or military capability.[1] The ruling dynasty's origins, especially as expounded in later palace genealogies, are also of doubtful accuracy; this is, in part, because the Wodeyars, who were reinstated by the British on the Mysore gaddi in 1799, to preside over a fragile sovereignty,[2] "obsessively" attempted to demonstrate their "unbroken" royal lineage,[3] to bolster their then uncertain status.[4]

The earliest manuscript offering clues to governance and military conflict in the pre-1760 Mysore, seems to be (Dias 1725), an annual letter written in Portuguese by a Mysore-based Jesuit missionary, Joachim Dias, and addressed to his Provincial superior.[5] After East India Company's final 1799 victory over Tipu, official Company records began to be published as well; these include (East India Company 1800), a collection of Anglo-Mysore Wars-related correspondence between the Company's officials in India and Court of Directors in London, and (Wilks 1805), the first report on the new Princely State of Mysore by its first British resident, Mark Wilks. Around this time, French accounts of the Anglo-Mysore wars appeared as well, and included (Michaud 1809), a history of the wars by Joseph-François Michaud, another Jesuit priest. The first attempt at including a comprehensive history of Mysore in an English language work is (Buchanan 1807), an account of a survey of South India conducted at Lord Richard Wellesley's request, by Francis Buchanan, a Scottish physician and geographer.

The first explicit History of Mysore in English is (Wilks 1811), written by Mark Wilks, the British resident mentioned above. Wilks claimed to have based his history on various Kannada documents, not only the ones mentioned above, but also many that have not survived. According to (Subrahmanyam 1989, p. 206), all subsequent classic histories of Mysore have borrowed heavily from Wilks's book for their pre-1760 content. These include, (Rice 1897), Lewis Rice's well-known Gazetteer and (Rao 1948), C. Hayavadana Rao's major revision of the Gazetteer half a century later, and many spin-offs of these two works. By the end of the period of British Commissionership of Mysore (1831–1881), many English language works had begun to appear on a variety of Mysore-related subjects. These included (Rice 1879), a book of English translations of Kannada language inscriptions, and (Digby 1878), William Digby's two volume critique of British famine policy during the Great Famine of 1876–78, which devastated Mysore for years to come; the latter work, even referred to Mysore as a "province."

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 (Subrahmanyam 1989, p. 206)
  2. ↑ Ikegame 2007, p. 17
  3. ↑ Nair 2006, pp. 139–140
  4. ↑ Bhagavan 2008, pp. 887
  5. ↑ Subrahmanyam 1989, pp. 215–216

References

Contemporary sources

  • Alam, Muzaffar; Subrahmanyam, Sanjay, "Exploring the Hinterland: Trade and Politics in the Arcot Nizamat (1700–1732)", in Mukherjee, R.; Subramaniam, L., Politics and Trade in the Indian Ocean World: Essays in Honour of Ashin Das Gupta, New Delhi: Oxford University Press. Pp. 294, pp. 113–164, ISBN 0-19-566455-8 
  • Ames, Glenn J. (2000), Renascent Empire? The House of Braganza and the Quest for Stability in Portuguese Monsoon Asia, C. 1640–1683, Amsterdam University Press. Pp. 262, ISBN 90-5356-382-2 
  • Bandyopadhyay, Sekhar (2004), From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India, New Delhi and London: Orient Longmans. Pp. xx, 548., ISBN 81-250-2596-0 
  • Bayly, C. A. (1990), Indian Society and the Making of the British Empire, The New Cambridge History of India, Cambridge and London: Cambridge University Press. Pp. 248, ISBN 0-521-38650-0 
  • Bayly, Susan (2004), Saints, Goddesses and Kings: Muslims and Christians in South Indian Society, 1700-1900, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. Pp. 532, ISBN 0-521-89103-5 
  • Bhagavan, Manu (2003), Sovereign Spheres: Princes, Education and Empire in Colonial India, New Delhi: Oxford University Press. Pp. xxi, 219, ISBN 0-19-566399-3 
  • Bhagavan, Manu (2008), "Princely States and the Hindu Imaginary: Exploring the Cartography of Hindu Nationalism in Colonial India", The Journal of Asian Studies, 67 (3): 881–915, doi:10.1017/S0021911808001198 
  • Brittlebank, Kate (1995), "Sakti and Barakat: The Power of Tipu's Tiger. An Examination of the Tiger Emblem of Tipu Sultan of Mysore", Modern Asian Studies, 29 (2): 257–269, doi:10.1017/s0026749x00012725, JSTOR 312813 
  • Brittlebank, Kate (1997), Tipu Sultan's Search for Legitimacy: Islam and Kingship in a Hindu Domain, New Delhi: Oxford University Press. Pp. xxii, 27 plates, 184, ISBN 0-19-563977-4 
  • Disney, A. R. (1978), Twilight of the Pepper Empire: Portuguese Trade in Southwest India in the Early Seventeenth Century (Harvard Historical Studies), Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Pp. 222, ISBN 0-674-91429-5 
  • Habib, Irfan, ed. (2002), Confronting Colonialism: Resistance and Modernization under Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan, London: Anthem Press. Pp. xlvii (including introductory essay), 205., ISBN 1-84331-024-4 
  • Ikegame, Aya (2007), "The capital of rajadharma: modern space and religion in colonial Mysore", International Journal of Asian Studies, 4 (1): 15–44, doi:10.1017/S1479591407000563 
  • Keay, John (2001), India: A History, Grove Press. Pp. 578, ISBN 0-8021-3797-0 
  • Kumar, Deepak (2003), "India", in Porter, Roy, The Cambridge History of Science, Volume 4: Eighteenth-Century Science, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Pp. 942, pp. 669–688, ISBN 0-521-57243-6 
  • Lewis, Barry; Patil, C. S. (2003), "Chitradurga: Spatial Patterns of a Nayaka Period Successor State in South India", Asian Perspectives, 42 (2): 267–286, doi:10.1353/asi.2003.0046 
  • Manor, James (1975), "Princely Mysore before the Storm: The State-Level Political System of India's Model State, 1920-1936", Modern Asian Studies, 9 (1): 31–58, doi:10.1017/s0026749x00004868, JSTOR 311796 

Classic sources

External links

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