Reed Brody

Reed Brody
Born	1953 Brooklyn, New York

Reed Brody is an American human rights lawyer and Counsel and Spokesperson for Human Rights Watch. He specializes in pursuing abusive leaders for atrocities, and has gained fame as the "Dictator Hunter". He currently works as counsel for the victims in the case of the exiled former dictator of Chad, Hissène Habré – who faces trial in Senegal - and has worked with the victims of Augusto Pinochet and Jean-Claude “Baby Doc” Duvalier.

Early life and education

Brody was born in Brooklyn, New York, in 1953. His father, Ervin Brody, a Hungarian Jew, spent three years in German labor camps before emigrating to the United States and teaching at Fairleigh Dickinson University. His mother, Francesca Cash, was an arts teacher at a Brooklyn inner-city school.

Brody went to Stuyvesant High School in New York and received his Bachelor of Arts in Political Science from Fairleigh Dickinson University where he was Student Government President and a leader in the anti-Vietnam War movement. He earned his law degree from Columbia University School of Law, where he was a Harlan Fiske Stone Scholar. While a law student, Brody worked a year in Paris as a teaching assistant at the Université de Paris (Panthéon-Sorbonne). Brody holds an honorary doctorate from Fairleigh Dickinson University and was awarded a Public Interest Achievement Award by Columbia University Law School.

Career

Brody has worked for 25 years on the cutting edge of the human rights movement, playing a facilitating role in democratic transitions, uncovering atrocities, bringing dictators to justice, and creating various mechanisms to fight abuse and injustice. After law school, Brody worked as New York State Assistant Attorney General from 1980 to 1984 where he authored consumer protection laws and advocated on behalf of consumers and workers in class action-type suits against large corporations and financial institutions. He was called "the leading expert in the country on career-counseling malpractices.”^[1]

Brody left his position as Assistant Attorney General to research and uncover a pattern of atrocities against Nicaraguan civilians by US-funded "contras". His report, Contra Terror in Nicaragua^[2] received national front-page coverage^[3] and led to U.S. Congressional hearings and a temporary halt to contra funding. Brody conducted a speaking tour of over 60 U.S. cities and appeared as co-counsel with the Center for Constitutional Rights in litigation in U.S. federal court to stop U.S. aid to contras. His report was also introduced into evidence in the case Nicaragua v. United States at the International Court of Justice in The Hague. He was attacked by United States President Ronald Reagan, who called him a Sandinista "sympathizer".^[4]

From 1987 until 1991, Brody worked for the International Commission of Jurists in Geneva, as the Director of its Centre for the Independence of Judges and Lawyers (CIJL),^[5] where he organized campaigns on behalf of harassed and/or detained jurists and engaged in high-level regional and national seminars on the independence of numerous judiciary systems around the world. Together with P. N. Bhagwati, former Chief Justice of India, he assisted the government of Mongolia on behalf of the United Nations in preparing its 1991 constitution.

In 1992, Brody became Executive Director of the International Human Rights Law Group (now Global Rights), where he served until 1994 placing activists in-country to train and empower locally based rights advocates in a dozen countries, and in 1993, he was spokesman for the more than 3,000 NGO representatives at the UN World Conference on Human Rights in Vienna.^[6] Brody then served as Director of the Human Rights Division of the United Nations Observer Mission in El Salvador (ONUSAL) from 1994 until 1995, where he led a staff of human rights officers and police observers responsible for verifying respect for human rights, monitoring compliance with peace accords, and coordinating international support to El Salvador’s judiciary and Human Rights Ombudsman.^[7][8] He was also a member of the UN Preliminary Mission to establish a human rights verification mission in Guatemala (MINUGUA) in 1994.

In 1995, Brody helped found the Bureau des Avocats Internationaux in Haiti to prosecute human rights crimes committed during de facto military rule. The investigations he began led to the convictions of 57 military and paramilitary officers for the "Raboteau Massacre," the most significant rights prosecution in Haitian history.

From 1995 to 1997 he worked as a free-lance activist. He served as media liaison for the exiled Tibetan Women's Delegation at the 1995 UN Women’s Conference in Beijing. In 1995, he was expelled from occupied East Timor by Indonesian authorities.^[9] He led an Amnesty International fact-finding mission to Sierra Leone (1996). As former Executive Secretary, he was a coordinator of the International Commission of Jurists' report Tibet: Human Rights and the Rule of Law, published in 1997.^[10] He was a member of the U.S. National Criminal Justice Commission, which produced The Real War on Crime, published in 1996.^[11]

In 1997, Brody was Deputy Director of the United Nations Secretary General’s Investigative Team in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, charged with probing atrocities committed by troops loyal to Laurent Kabila.^[12]

Human Rights Watch

Brody joined Human Rights Watch in 1998 and has been an integral part of the organization’s efforts to hold perpetrators of large-scale human rights violations accountable for their crimes. Most notably, Brody directed Human Rights Watch’s participation in the landmark case of former Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet before the British House of Lords, a seminal case that many say marked the beginning of the end of impunity for powerful former heads of state. Brody credits the Pinochet case as the defining moment in pushing him to pursue similar cases that would serve as a "wake-up call" to tyrants and a “spark of hope for victims.”^[13][14] In the wake of the Pinochet case, Brody began pursuing other former exiled leaders including Mengistu Haile Mariam of Ethiopia, Jean-Claude Duvalier and Raul Cédras of Haiti, and Idi Amin of Uganda. He wrote the Human Rights Watch booklet The Pinochet Precedent: How Victims can Pursue Human Rights Criminals Abroad.^[15]

Brody has worked since 1999 to bring to justice the former dictator of Chad, Hissène Habré. Habré is accused of thousands of political killings and systematic torture when he ruled Chad from 1982 to 1990^[16] and has been living in exile in Senegal for more than 22 years. On 19 December 2012, the Senegalese National Assembly approved the creation of the "Extraordinary African Chambers"^[17] within the Senegalese courts to try Habré for crimes allegedly committed during his rule. After more than a decade of working to bring Habré to trial, Brody, along with Chadian victims’ organizations, finally witnessed a drastic shift in momentum. Pre-trial proceedings are expected to begin in the early months of 2013, with the trial itself possibly beginning in 2014. Upon the law’s adoption, Brody stated: "Habré’s trial, if it is fair and transparent, could mark a turning point for justice in Africa." The "Habré precedent" could become a source of inspiration and help steer justice efforts in Africa and in the world.^[18]

Brody was an observer at the 2012 trial of Spanish judge Baltasar Garzón. Judge Garzón is best known for using the doctrine of universal jurisdiction to investigate war crimes and torture across national lines, most notably ordering the arrest of Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet and seeking to indict members of the Bush administration for their role in torturing prisoners. On 9 February 2012, the Supreme Court of Spain convicted Judge Garzón of illegally wiretapping conversations to discover evidence of illicit money laundering tactics being used by suspects and their lawyers.^[19]

In April 2010, Brody spoke at a rally of over 60,000 in Madrid’s Puerta del Sol, noting the irony that Judge Garzón was prosecuted for attempting to apply the very principles that he had successfully promoted internationally.^[20] Brody expressed disbelief that Judge Garzón was the first judge in Spain to be put on trial for ordering wiretaps.^[21]

In 2010, he assisted the Haitian government in building the case against former dictator Jean-Claude "Baby Doc" Duvalier, and he co-authored the HRW report Haiti’s Rendezvous with History: The Case of Jean-Claude Duvalier.^[22] He is featured in a video on the case produced by Human Rights Watch.^[23]

He is author of the July 2011 HRW report Getting Away with Torture^[24] which examined the impunity of former US President George W. Bush and other top officials for the widespread mistreatment of Muslim prisoners, and of the book Faut-il Juger George Bush? based on the report. His other reports on counter-terrorism issues include The Road to Abu Ghraib (June 2004),^[25] which investigated the roots of the prisoner abuse scandal and The United States’ 'Disappeared' (October 2004),^[26] which looked at the long-term incommunicado detention of al-Qaeda leaders in "secret locations".

Publications and academia

Brody has authored several books, including, Faut-il Juger George Bush?, The Pinochet Papers: The Case of Augusto Pinochet in Britain and Spain, Tibet: Human Rights and the Rule of Law, and Contra Terror in Nicaragua. His articles have appeared in the International Herald Tribune, Los Angeles Times, Boston Globe, Le Monde, Le Soir, and El País.

Brody has taught law at Columbia University Law School and American University’s Washington College of Law and been a guest lecturer at the law schools of Cornell, Georgetown, Harvard, NYU, Wisconsin and Yale.

Appearances in films and media

Brody’s work has also been featured in documentaries including Le Chasseur de Dictateurs (France 2, Complément d'enquête, 2011), Le Chasseur de Dictateurs: Jean-Claude Duvalier (Radio Canada TV, 2011), Hissène Habré: La Traque d’un Dictateur (Canal+, France, 2009), and The Dictator Hunter (directed by Klaartje Quirijns, 2007).^[27]

He has been profiled in the New York Times ("A 'Bounty Hunter' in Search of Human Justice", October 3, 2002),^[28] the Wall Street Journal ("Pinochet Is Freed, But No Ex Dictator Should Feel Safe", 3 March 2000), Le Monde ("Reed Brody, chasseur de dictateurs", 6 January 2006),^[29] La Repubblica ("Il cacciatore di dittatori che insegue il Pinochet nero", 17 March 2006)^[30]VSD ("Reed Brody, infatigable chasseur de dictateurs", 19–25 December 2007), and La Croix ("Rencontre avec...Reed Brody inlassable défenseur des droits de l'homme", 4 September 2004).^[31]

References