Reflex locomotion
Reflex locomotion, usually referred to as the Vojta method, is the technique for the treatment of physical and mental impairment in humans. It was discovered by Václav Vojta.
Based on studies of treatments for spastic children for muscular disorders in the 1950s, a number of reflex points were identified which can be used to stimulate the human body to crawl and turn. By applying pressure to the appropriate reflex points the major muscle groups in the body are activated, breathing becomes regulated and mental activity increases.
The Fundamentals of Vojta Therapy
According to Vojta, reflex locomotion is activated from the three main positions: prone, supine and side lying. To stimulate the patterns of movement, there are—as described by Vojta—ten available zones on the body and on the arms and legs. Through a combination of different zones and changes in pressure and extension both patterns of movement, reflex rolling and reflex creeping, can be activated. Furthermore, an important role is played by optimal joint angles in the extremities and so-called resistances, whereby the therapist sets up a resistance against the sequence of segmental movements in the current pattern of movement. Thus, for example, the tendency to rotate the head during reflex creeping is resisted and held. In this way, tension in the musculature in the environment of the “resisted” body part increases, without further contraction (isometric contraction). Through this technique, moreover, muscular activities in other distal body parts (abdomen, back, arms, legs) are strengthened.[1]
Two Coordination Complexes in Reflex Locomotion
In the practical use of reflex locomotion, there are two so-called coordination complexes:
- Reflex Creeping
- Reflex Rolling
Both complexes were first discovered, applied and had their reactions observed in children and young people with already established movement disturbances (e.g. spastic paralysis). Through observing the stimulation of healthy new-born babies it was only later realised that these were independent innate movement complexes that could also be employed in therapy with new-born babies. [2]
Principle and Variations
The movement sequences of reflex locomotion are retrievable at all times. The three main positions—prone, supine and side lying—have more than thirty variations. By combining and varying stimulation zones and resistances, as well as making slight changes in directions of pressure and joint angles in the starting position, therapy can be adapted to the patient’s individual clinical picture and treatment goal.
The Comprehensive Effect
The movement sequences depicted in reflex locomotion according Vojta contain the basic patterns of movement used in individual development of normal motor functions for human posture and movement. Every patient must be treated individually in accordance with his primary illness and the possibilities and limits arising from it. Patients with various illnesses, such as cerebral palsy, spinal scoliosis or hip dysplasia and dislocation for example, can benefit from the broad spectrum of effects produced by the Vojta Method as shown. Even in severe cerebral movement disorders, there is a markedly positive influence on and favourable change in uprighting movements and the ability to communicate. The effect of Vojta Therapy on the patient can cover the following areas in particular: [3]
- Skeletal Musculature:
The spine is segmentally extended, rotated and is functionally more mobile. The head can be moved more freely. The joints centre themselves, especially at the hip and shoulder. Incorrect postures decrease. The hands and feet can be used in a more goal-directed and comprehensive fashion for grasp and support functions.
- Face and Mouth Area:
Sucking, swallowing and chewing movements are facilitated. The eyes move themselves independently of the head and more goal-directed. The voice becomes louder and stronger. Speech acquisition is facilitated and enunciation becomes easier to understand.
- Respiratory Function:
The rib cage widens. The breathing becomes deeper and more even.
- The Autonomic (Involuntary) Nervous System:
There is better blood circulation to the skin. The sleep-wake rhythm improves. The regulating functions of the bowel and the urinary bladder are activated.
- Perception:
Equilibrium reactions are improved. Orientation in space becomes better. The sensations – cold, warm, sharp or dull – become stronger or more accurate. Own proprioception becomes more distinct. The recognition of forms and structures exclusively through touch (stereognosis) becomes better. The ability to concentrate becomes more persistent and more flexible.
- The Mind:
The patient seems more balanced, happier and is more emotionally resilient.