Siege of Cuddalore

Siege of Cuddalore Part of the Second Anglo-Mysore War Drawing of the action by Richard Simkin, 1890 Date 7 June–25 July 1783 Location Cuddalore, Carnatic (present-day southeastern India) Coordinates: 11°45′N 79°45′E / 11.75°N 79.75°E / 11.75; 79.75 Result Indecisive (ended by peace agreement) Belligerents  Great Britain British East India Company Hanover Sultanate of Mysore  France Commanders and leaders James Stuart Edward Hughes Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau Bailli de Suffren Sayed Sahib Strength 1,660 Europeans 9,430 sepoys Bussy: 2,500 Europeans Bussy: 2,000 sepoys 5,800 Mysoreans[1] Suffren: 2,400 marines Casualties and losses 1,000 1,000

Second Anglo-Mysore War Thalassery, Arcot 1st Pollilur Vellore Porto Novo 2nd Pollilur Sholinghur Negapatam Hyderghur Bednore Cuddalore Palghautcherry Mangalore Anglo-French War 1778–1783 Europe 17 June 1778 1st Ushant 1st Jersey English Channel Plymouth Gibraltar Flamborough Head 6 October 1779 Cape Santa Maria 13 August 1780 2nd Jersey Minorca 2nd Ushant 3rd Ushant Île-de-Batz Cape Spartel 12 December 1782 Caribbean Dominica 1st St. Lucia 2nd St. Lucia Saint Vincent 1st Grenada 2nd Grenada 1st Martinique Guadeloupe 2nd Martinique Bermuda Fort Royal Tobago Brimstone Hill Frigate Bay Demerara & Essequibo Montserrat The Saintes Mona Passage 18 October 1782 6 December 1782 15 February 1783 Grand Turk North America Rhode Island Charles Town Savannah 1st Long Island Cape Henry Cape Breton Cape Ann Yorktown Chesapeake Yorktown Hudson Bay 2nd Long Island Delaware Bay 2nd Chesapeake East Indies Pondicherry Porto Praya Sadras Providien Negapatam Pisang Trincomalee 1st Cuddalore 2nd Cuddalore

Map in French of the battle ground Cuddalore, 13 June 1783.

The Siege of Cuddalore was a siege attempt by British troops against a combined French and Mysorean garrison at the fortress of Cuddalore in the Second Anglo-Mysore War. The siege ended when news arrived of a preliminary peace treaty between France and Britain.

Siege

British troops were under the command of Major-General James Stuart and arrived outside Cuddalore on 7 June 1783. This army consisted of the 73rd and 78th Highlanders, the 101st regiment, and a considerable body of Sepoys. It was subsequently reinforced by a detachment of two regiments of Hanoverian (German troops) under Colonel Christoph August von Wangenheim.

On 6 June, the army took up a position on the sandy ground two miles from the garrison, between the sea on the right and the Bandipollum hills on the left, with a reserve line in the rear. The French and Mysoreans, commanded by Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau, took an intermediate and parallel position half a mile (0.8 km) in front of the fort.

Attack on the Redoubt

On 13 June, Stuart decided to attack the redoubt in front of the fort in order to press the allies harder within Cuddalore itself. The assault took place at four in the morning, granting the British army the element of surprise. Eventually, the allies were driven from their principal defenses and the last allied counterattack was defeated. By mutual consent, a cessation of firing took place. The allies suffered serious losses of nearly 500 casualties, representing a serious blow. Stuart's forces also suffered heavily: more than 900 British, Hanoverian, and Sepoys were killed or wounded, significantly weakening the force for the siege. However, Stuart, now in position, continued on to besiege Cuddalore proper and prepared for further reinforcements from the sea.

Naval Battle

Key naval support for the British was interrupted on the 20 June by the arrival of a French fleet under the Bailli de Suffren, which met the British fleet in naval battle, and forced it to withdraw to Madras. Suffren, with this advantage, was able to land 2,400 soldiers, marines and sailors in support of de Bussy's garrison, resulting in nearly equal-sized forces.

Repulse of the French Sortie

De Bussy's additional reinforcements now had enough men to launch a sortie on the British siege works. Stuart, aware of the newly arrived French reinforcements, prepared for a major attack. On 25 June the French made repeated sallies on the British lines. Despite some initial progress, the French were not able to press their advantage, and shortly afterward, Stuart was able to counter-attack and repel the remaining French assaults. De Bussy called off the attack after realizing no progress had been made at a considerable cost. The assault was a disaster, and De Bussy realized he had lost a great opportunity in defeating the besiegers, especially with the reinforcements he had received. French morale plummeted as they had lost the advantage in numbers and now realized the balance had swung back in favor of the besieging British. The British had no more than 23 men killed and wounded. On the other hand, De Bussy's attacking force had 450 killed and wounded with another 150 taken prisoner. A number of French officers were captured including the officer who led the assault, the Chevalier de Dumas, who was captured unwounded. Among the French prisoners was a young sergeant in the French marines who was also wounded and had landed from Suffren's squadron on 20 June; Jean Bernadotte later became a Marshal of France and, more famously, was crowned the King of Sweden.

End of the Siege

The siege continued for another five days. Both sides were weakening from disease and growing casualties, but Stuart's forces suffered more heavily than De Bussy's. Stuart wrote letters to the Madras government asserting that he had been abandoned. De Bussy planned another attack by a more circuitous route directed at the main camp of the British forces, but this attack was not carried out before a British frigate arrived on 30 June with news of a preliminary peace between France and Britain.

Aftermath

On 2 July, Britain and France negotiated a cessation of hostilities, although the war between Mysore and Britain was still ongoing. In the Peace of Paris (1783), Cuddalore was returned to Great Britain in exchange for Pondicherry and Mahé, two French territories that British forces had captured earlier in the war. Fighting continued between the British and Mysoreans until the Treaty of Mangalore was signed in March 1784.

Notes

References

• Fortescue, Sir John William (1902), A history of the British army, 3, Macmillan, pp. 481–485 
• Gaudart, Edmond (1922), Catalogue des manuscrits des anciennes archives de l'Inde française ..., 1, Leroux : Pondichéry, Bibliothèque coloniale, p. 129 
• Wilks, Mark; Murray, Hammick (1989) [1810], History of Mysore, 2, Asian Educational Services, p. 181, ISBN 978-81-206-0491-9 
• Wilson, W. J. (1882), History of the Madras Army, 2, E. Keys at the Government Press, p. 76 
• Knesebeck, Ernst von dem (1845), Geschichte der churhannoverschen Truppen in Gibraltar: Minorca und Ostindien (in German), Im Verlage der Helwingschen Hof-Buchhandlung, p. 140