Te Deum (Kodály)

Zoltán Kodály composed a choral setting of the Christian hymn Te Deum that was first performed in 1936.^[1] While best known for his work in music education, Kodály has composed many noted works. One of such works is his Te Deum, also known as Budavári Te Deum. Like most of his compositions, he employs traditional Hungarian folk music idioms, as well as creative compositional methods of his own.

Text

Te Deum is a hymn of joy and thanksgiving used in the liturgy of the Roman Catholic church.^[2] It is sometimes referred to as the “Ambrosian Hymn,” because the church originally thought was written by St. Ambrose.^[3] It is now attributed to Nicetas, Bishop of Remesiana.^[3] It is used in the common liturgy of the Catholic church, and is excluded on special occasions such as Lent or during the Christmas season.^[3]

Recordings

Kodály's setting of Te Deum has been recorded numerous times. A couple of examples are listed.

• Janos Ferencsik and the Budapest Symphony Orchestra, Hungaraton, 1994.^[4]
• Zoltán Kodály and the Budapest Chorus, Polygram, 1990.^[5]

Analysis

This work references a stylistic choice used in all of Kodály’s compositions, to reference the tools used in traditional Hungarian folk music. In this way, he was quite similar to Béla Bartók, who also used these traditional resources in his compositions. The works of these two composers use certain pentatonic groups, isometric strophe structure, and tempo giusto most commonly. It can be seen from this example that most of the Te Deum follows the traditional compositional style of Kodály. Not only does one see stepwise motion in two of the voices (one of the common pentatonic groups he uses), but one also notices the leap of a fourth in the first measure in the bass line. This is a technique of Hungarian folk music that Kodály commonly uses, and continues to use consistently throughout Te Deum, particularly in the bass line.^[3] As is common in Hungarian folk music, he employs verse structure, giving each section of the text its own individual musical style. There are no true or even tonal repeats at all throughout the work. Kodály begins the work in A minor, however he modulates multiple times throughout this lengthy work. He slowly modulates upward by step until the B section, during which he moves to E-flat major. The C section moves to E major. The D section slows down significantly, changing from 4/4 to 3/4 and introduces B-flat major. This is the solo section, and continues on in B-flat major, and it finally returns to E major. The remainder of the work contrasts between E major and E-flat major, ending in A major. The work contains a large amount of dynamic contrast, consistently alternating between forte and piano (or pianissimo). The overall mood of the dynamic starts forte and slowly wind down to a pianissimo finish.

Throughout, the work is less concerned with overall text painting, and seems more focused on portraying the folk music of his country.. Kodály uses a strong fortissimo marking with the text “pleni sunt coeli et terra” ("heaven and earth are full of majesty"), which most composers paint in a soft and subtle manner.

References

• Kodály, Zoltán. Te Deum, Choral Score. London: Universal Edition, 1952.
• Szabolcsi, B. “Zoltan Kodaly.” Studia musicological Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, Vol. 14, No. 1 (1972): 5-9. doi: 0039-3266.