The Extreme

The Extreme (Italian: L'Estrema), also known as Historical Far-Left (Italian: Estrema Sinistra Storica) and Party of Democracy (Italian: Partito della Democrazia), was a parliamentary group and coalition of Radical, Republican, and Socialist politicians in Italy during the second half of the 19th century.

Formerly known as the extreme wing of the Historical Left before the unification of Italy, it became a separate group when the latter accepted the leadership of the House of Savoy to build the new Italian State.

History

The Extreme was founded in 1877 by Agostino Bertani and Felice Cavallotti as a radical-liberal party. In 1882 the Radicals formed a "far left" parliamentary group with Andrea Costa, the first Socialist to be elected to the Italian Parliament. The PR supported complete separation of church and state, decentralization toward municipal governments, the United States of Europe according to Carlo Cattaneo's beliefs, progressive taxation, an independent judiciary, free and compulsory education for children, universal suffrage, women's and workers' rights, while opposing capital punishment, as well as any kind of protectionism, nationalism, imperialism and colonialism.^[1][2][3]

The Extreme was mainly formed by three groups:

• the Radicals, which supported democratic ideas, even transitionally accepting the constitutional monarchy if it would allow the universal suffrage;
• the Republicans, which claimed the proclamation of an Italian Republic and consequently refused any collaboration with the existing monarchist State;
• the Socialists, which saw the universal suffrage and the proclamation of the republic as a first step to a social revolution.

The Extreme, supporting the republic and consequently the abrogation of the Albertine Statute, was seen as an anticonstitutional movement.^[4] Under the oligarchic electoral law of newly unified Italy, there was no possibilities for the Extreme to enter into the Italian Parliament except for some national heroes as Giuseppe Garibaldi and few others.^[5] The electoral reform of 1882 allowed the possibility to form a small opposition parliamentary group, but only after the introduction of the universal suffrage in 1913 the Extreme became the left-wing of the Italian Chamber of Deputies and, more, the winning coalition in many municipal and provincial elections in Northern Italy.^[6]

The Extreme emerged as an important parliamentary force when the progressive Historical Left, overthrew Marco Minghetti's government during the so-called "Parliamentary Revolution" of 1876, which brought Agostino Depretis to become Prime Minister. However, Depretis immediately began to look for support among Rightists MPs, who readily changed their positions, in a context of widespread corruption. This phenomenon, known in Italian as Trasformismo (roughly translatable in English as "transformism"—in a satirical newspaper, the PM was depicted as a chameleon), effectively removed political differences in Parliament, which was dominated by an undistinguished liberal bloc with a landslide majority until after World War I.^[7]

Important members

• Agostino Bertani
• Andrea Costa
• Filippo Turati
• Napoleone Colajanni
• Francesco Saverio Nitti
• Giovanni Bovio
• Giovanni Cantoni
• Felice Cavallotti
• Enrico Ferri
• Ernesto Nathan
• Ettore Sacchi

Electoral results

Chamber of Deputies
Election year	# of overall votes	% of overall vote	# of overall seats won	+/–	Leader
1861	unknown (#3)	2.3	14 / 443	–	Giuseppe Mazzini
1865	unknown (#3)	3.5	15 / 443	1	Giuseppe Mazzini
1867	unknown (#3)	2.7	0 / 493	15	Agostino Bertani
1870	unknown (#3)	1.9	0 / 493	–	Agostino Bertani
1874	unknown (#3)	1.6	0 / 508	–	Agostino Bertani
1876	unknown (#3)	1.5	0 / 508	–	Agostino Bertani
1880	unknown (#4)	1.8	0 / 508	–	Agostino Bertani
1882	unknown (#3)	8.6	44 / 508	44	Agostino Bertani
1886	73,621 (#3)	5.2	45 / 508	1	Felice Cavallotti
1890	101,924 (#3)	6.9	42 / 508	3	Felice Cavallotti
1892	182,256 (#3)	11.0	56 / 508	14	Felice Cavallotti
1895	224,879 (#3)	18.5	62 / 508	6	Felice Cavallotti
1897	201,120 (#3)	16.2	82 / 508	20	Felice Cavallotti
1900	333,945 (#2)	26.3	96 / 508	14	Ettore Sacchi

References

19th-century political groups in Italy
Pre-Unification   Action Party   Moderate Party
Post-Unification   The Extreme   The Pentarchy   Historical Left   Historical Right   Conservative Catholics
Politics of Italy 20th-century Italian parties 21st-century Italian parties