Uzi

For other uses, see Uzi (disambiguation).
Uzi
Type Submachine gun
Place of origin Israel
Service history
In service 1954–present
Used by See Users
Wars Suez Crisis
Six-Day War
Vietnam War
War of Attrition
Yom Kippur War
Colombian internal conflict
Sri Lankan Civil War
Portuguese Colonial War
Falklands War
Invasion of Grenada[1]
1982 Lebanon war
South African Border War
Rhodesian Bush War
Somali Civil War
Mexican Drug War
Syrian Civil War
Miami Drug Wars
Production history
Designer Uziel Gal[2]
Designed 1948
Manufacturer Israel Military Industries
Israel Weapon Industries
FN Herstal
Norinco
Lyttleton Engineering Works (under Vektor Arms)
RH-ALAN
Group Industries
Produced 1950–present
Number built 10,000,000+[3]
Variants See Variants
Specifications
Weight 3.5 kg (7.72 lb)[2]
Length
  • 445 mm (17.5 in) stockless
  • 470 mm (18.5 in) folding stock collapsed
  • 640 mm (25 in) folding stock extended[2]
Barrel length 260 mm (10.2 in)[2]
Cartridge 9×19mm Parabellum
.22 LR
.45 ACP
.41 AE
Action Blowback,[2] open bolt
Rate of fire 600 rounds/min[2]
Muzzle velocity 400 m/s (9mm)[4]
Effective firing range 200 m[5]
Feed system 10 (.22 and .41 AE)
16 (.45 ACP)
20, 25, 32, 40, 50 (9 mm) magazines
Sights Iron sights

The Uzi (Hebrew: עוזי‎‎, officially cased as UZI) pronunciation: i/ˈuːzi/ is a family of Israeli open-bolt, blowback-operated submachine guns. Smaller variants are considered to be machine pistols. The Uzi was one of the first weapons to use a telescoping bolt design which allows the magazine to be housed in the pistol grip for a shorter weapon.

The first Uzi submachine gun was designed by Major Uziel Gal in the late 1940s. The prototype was finished in 1950. First introduced to IDF special forces in 1954, the weapon was placed into general issue two years later. The Uzi has found use as a personal defense weapon by rear-echelon troops, officers, artillery troops and tankers, as well as a frontline weapon by elite light infantry assault forces.

The Uzi has been exported to over 90 countries.[3] Over its service lifetime, it has been manufactured by Israel Military Industries, FN Herstal, and other manufacturers. From the 1960s through the 1980s, more Uzi submachine guns were sold to more military, law enforcement and security markets than any other submachine gun ever made.[6]

Design

The Uzi uses an open-bolt, blowback-operated design, technology quite similar to the Japanese Experimental Model 2 submachine gun series and the Jaroslav Holeček-designed Czech ZK 476 (prototype only)[7] and the production Sa 23, Sa 24, Sa 25, and Sa 26 series of submachineguns. The open bolt design exposes the breech end of the barrel, and improves cooling during periods of continuous fire. However, it means that since the bolt is held to the rear when cocked, the receiver is more susceptible to contamination from sand and dirt. It uses a telescoping bolt design, in which the bolt wraps around the breech end of the barrel.[8] This allows the barrel to be moved far back into the receiver and the magazine to be housed in the pistol grip, allowing for a heavier, slower-firing bolt in a shorter, better-balanced weapon.[6]

The weapon is constructed primarily from stamped sheet metal, making it less expensive per unit to manufacture than an equivalent design machined from forgings. With relatively few moving parts, the Uzi is easy to strip for maintenance or repair. The magazine is housed within the pistol grip, allowing for intuitive and easy reloading in dark or difficult conditions, under the principle of "hand finds hand". The pistol grip is fitted with a grip safety, making it difficult to fire accidentally. However, the protruding vertical magazine makes the gun awkward to fire when prone.[8] The Uzi features a bayonet lug.[9]

Operation

The non-reciprocating charging handle on the top of the receiver cover is used to retract the bolt. Variants have a ratchet safety mechanism which will catch the bolt and lock its movement if it is retracted past the magazine, but not far enough to engage the sear. When the handle is fully retracted to the rear, the bolt will cock (catch) on the sear mechanism and the handle and cover are released to spring fully forward under power of a small spring. The cover will remain forward during firing since it does not reciprocate with the bolt. The military and police versions will fire immediately upon chambering a cartridge as the Uzi is an open bolt weapon.

There are two external safety mechanisms on the Uzi. The first is the three-position selector lever located at the top of the grip and behind the trigger group. The rear position is "S", or "safe", which locks the sear and prevents movement of the bolt.

The second external safety mechanism is the grip safety, located at the rear of the grip. It is meant to help prevent accidental discharge if the weapon is dropped or the user loses a firm grip on the weapon during firing.

The trigger mechanism is a conventional firearm trigger, but functions only to control the release mechanism for either the bolt (submachine gun) or firing pin holding mechanism (semi-auto) since the UZI does not incorporate an internal cocking or hammer mechanism. While the open-bolt system is mechanically simpler than a closed-bolt design (e.g. Heckler & Koch MP5), it creates a noticeable delay between when the trigger is pulled and when the gun fires.

The magazine release button or lever is located on the lower portion of the pistol grip and is intended to be manipulated by the non-firing hand. The paddle-like button lies flush with the pistol grip in order to help prevent accidental release of the magazine during rigorous or careless handling.

When the gun is de-cocked the ejector port closes, preventing entry of dust and dirt. Though the Uzi's stamped-metal receiver is equipped with pressed reinforcement slots to accept accumulated dirt and sand, the weapon can still jam with heavy accumulations of sand in desert combat conditions when not cleaned regularly.[10] The magazine must be removed prior to de-cocking the weapon.

Stocks

An Uzi-armed Israeli on guard duty in the Negev (1956). Note wooden stock.

There are different stocks available for the Uzi proper. There is a wooden stock with a metal buttplate that comes in three similar variations that was used by the IDF. The first version had a flat butt and straight comb and had hollows for a cleaning rod and gun oil bottle. The second had an angled butt and a straight comb and no hollows. The third had an angled butt and curved comb and no hollows; a polymer version is currently available from IMI. The wooden stocks originally had a quick-release base but the ones sold in the United States have a permanent base to be compliant with US gun laws.

Choate made an aftermarket polymer stock with a rubber buttpad that had a flat butt, a straight comb, and a permanent base.

In 1967, IMI developed a downward-folding twin-strut metal stock with two swiveling sections that tucks under the rear of the receiver. The Mini Uzi has a forward-folding single-strut metal stock that is actually an inch longer than the Uzi's. Its buttplate can be used as a foregrip when stowed. The Micro Uzi has a similar model.

Uzi with a wooden stock.

Magazines

The original magazines for the 9mm Uzi were 25-round. Experimental 40- and 50-round extended magazines were tried but were found to be unreliable. A 32-round extended magazine was then tried and was later accepted as standard. The Mini Uzi and Micro Uzi use a shorter 20-round magazine. Available extended magazines include 40-, and 50-round magazines. Other high-capacity aftermarket magazines exist such as the Vector Arms 70-round and Beta Company (Beta C-Mag) 100-round drums.

The .45 ACP UZI used a 16- or 22-round magazine, while the .45 ACP Micro Uzi and Mini Uzi used a 12-round magazine. A conversion kit by Vector Arms allowed the .45-caliber Uzi to use the same 30-round magazines as the M3 "Grease Gun".[11]

Caliber conversions

The Uzi was available with caliber conversion kits in .22 LR or .41 AE. The operator just has to change the barrel, bolt and magazine. The .22 LR had 20-round magazines; the original IMI kit used a barrel insert while the aftermarket Action Arms kit used a full replacement barrel. The .41 AE also had a 20-round magazine; since it has the same bolt face as the 9×19mm Parabellum, only the barrel and magazine needed to be changed.[11]

Aftermarket caliber conversions also exist in .40 S&W and 10mm Auto. Since these calibers have a similar bolt-face as the 9×19mm Parabellum round, the bolt does not need to be changed.[11] The .40 S&W kit could be used with the regular 9mm UZI but the 10 mm Auto kit needed to use the .45 ACP UZI due to its larger size and power.

Operational use

A soldier with an Uzi next to a road sign reading "ISMAILIA 36"
An Israeli soldier with an Uzi during the Yom Kippur War
Israeli soldiers on parade with Uzis, Jerusalem, 1968

The Uzi submachine gun was designed by Captain (later Major) Uziel Gal of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) following the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. The weapon was submitted to the Israeli Army for evaluation and won out over more conventional designs due to its simplicity and economy of manufacture. Gal did not want the weapon to be named after him, but his request was ignored. The Uzi was officially adopted in 1951. First introduced to IDF special forces in 1954, the weapon was placed into general issue two years later. The first Uzis were equipped with a short, fixed wooden buttstock, and this is the version that initially saw combat during the 1956 Suez Campaign. Later models would be equipped with a folding metal stock.[10]

The Uzi was used as a personal defense weapon by rear-echelon troops, officers, artillery troops and tankers, as well as a frontline weapon by elite light infantry assault forces. The Uzi's compact size and firepower proved instrumental in clearing Syrian bunkers and Jordanian defensive positions during the 1967 Six-Day War. Though the weapon was phased out of frontline IDF service in the 1980s, some Uzis and Uzi variants were still used by a few IDF units until December 2003, when the IDF announced that it was retiring the Uzi from all IDF forces.[12] It was subsequently replaced by the fully automatic Micro Tavor.

In general, the Uzi was a reliable weapon in military service. However, even the Uzi fell victim to extreme conditions of sand and dust. During the Sinai Campaign of the Yom Kippur War, IDF Army units reaching the Suez Canal reported that of all their small arms, only the 7.62 mm FN MAG machine gun was still in operation.[13]

The Uzi proved especially useful for mechanized infantry needing a compact weapon, and for infantry units clearing bunkers and other confined spaces. However, its limited range and accuracy in automatic fire (approximately 50m) could be disconcerting when encountering enemy forces armed with longer-range small arms, and heavier support weapons could not always substitute for a longer-ranged individual weapon. These failings eventually caused the phasing out of the Uzi from IDF front-line assault units .[12]

The Uzi has been used in various conflicts outside Israel and the Middle East during the 1960s and 1970s. Quantities of 9 mm Uzi submachine guns were used by Portuguese cavalry, police, and security forces during the Portuguese Colonial Wars in Africa.[10]

Worldwide sales

Secret Service agents cover Press Secretary James Brady during the assassination attempt of President Ronald Reagan by John Hinckley, Jr. on March 30, 1981. Notice the Secret Service agent unfolding the stock of an Uzi in case of further attack.

Total sales of the weapon to date (end 2001) has netted IMI over $2 billion (US), with over 90 countries using the weapons either for their armed forces or in law enforcement.[6]

Military variants

Israeli paratroopers armed with Uzis in 1958

The Uzi Submachine Gun is a standard Uzi with a 10-inch (250 mm) barrel. It has a rate of automatic fire of 600 rounds per minute (rpm) when chambered in 9mm Parabellum; the .45 ACP model's rate of fire is slower at 500 rpm.[10]

The Mini Uzi is a smaller version of the regular Uzi, first introduced in 1980. The Mini Uzi is 600 mm (23.62 inches) long or 360 mm (14.17 inches) long with the stock folded. Its barrel length is 197 mm (7.76 inches), its muzzle velocity is 375 m/s (1230 f/s) and its effective range is 100 m. It has a greater automatic rate of fire of 950 rounds per minute due to the shorter bolt. Its weight is approximately six pounds (2.7 kg).[10]

The Micro Uzi is an even further scaled down version of the Uzi, introduced in 1986. The Micro Uzi is 486 mm (19.13 in) long, reduced to 282 mm (11.10 in) with the stock folded and its barrel length is 117 mm.[16] Its muzzle velocity is 350 m/s (1148 f/s) and its cyclic rate of fire is 1,200 rpm. it weighs a bit over 3 pounds (1.5 kg).[10]

The Uzi Pro, an improved variant of the Micro Uzi, was launched in 2010 by Israel Weapon Industries Ltd. (I.W.I.), formerly the magen ("small arms") division of Israel Military Industries. The Uzi Pro is a blowback-operated, select-fire, closed-bolt submachine gun with a large lower portion, comprising grip and handguard, entirely made of polymer to reduce weight; the grip section was redesigned to allow two-handed operation and facilitate control in full-automatic fire with such a small-sized firearm. The Uzi Pro features three Picatinny rails, two at the sides of the barrel and one on the top for optics, the cocking handle having been moved on the left side.[17] The new weapon weighs 2.32 kg and has a length of 529 mm with an extended stock,[18] and 30 cm while collapsed. It has been purchased by the IDF in limited numbers for evaluation and it is yet to be decided whether or not to order additional units for all of its special forces.[18][19]

Civilian variants

Uzi carbine

The Uzi carbine is similar in appearance to the Uzi submachine gun. The Uzi carbine is fitted with a 16-inch (410 mm) barrel (400mm), to meet the minimum rifle barrel length requirement for civilian sales in the United States. A small number of Uzi carbines were produced with the standard length barrel for special markets. It fires from a closed-bolt position in semi-automatic mode only and uses a floating firing pin as opposed to a fixed firing pin.[13] The FS-style selector switch has two positions (the automatic setting was blocked): "F" for "fire" (semi-auto) and "S" for "safe". Uzi carbines are available in calibers .22LR, 9mm, .41 AE, and .45 ACP.

The Uzi carbine has two main variants, the Model A (imported from 1980 to 1983) and the Model B (imported from 1983 until 1989). These two variants were imported and distributed by Action Arms.[13]

The American firm Group Industries made limited numbers of a copy of the Uzi "B" model semiauto carbine for sale in the US along with copies of the Uzi submachinegun for the US collectors' market. After registering several hundred submachineguns transferable to the general public through a special government regulated process, production was halted due to financial troubles at the company. Company assets (including partially made Uzi submachineguns, parts, and tooling) were purchased by an investment group later to become known as Vector Arms. Vector Arms built and marketed numerous versions of the Uzi carbine and the Mini Uzi.[20]

Today, while the civilian manufacture, sale and possession of post 1986 select-fire UZI and its variants is prohibited in the United States it is still legal to sell templates, tooling and manuals to complete such conversion. These items are typically marketed as being "post-sample" materials for use by Federal Firearm Licensees for manufacturing/distributing select-fire variants of the Uzi to Law Enforcement, Military and Overseas customers.[21]

Mini Uzi carbine

The Mini Uzi Carbine is similar in appearance to the Mini Uzi machine pistol. The Mini Uzi carbine is fitted with a 19.8 inch barrel, to meet the minimum rifle overall length requirement for civilian sales in the United States. It fires from a closed-bolt position in semi-automatic mode only.[13] This version was used in an August 2014 accidental shooting of a range instructor by a nine-year-old girl in Arizona.[22]

Uzi pistol

An Uzi Pistol with a 20-round magazine.

The Uzi Pistol is a semi-automatic, closed bolt, and blowback-operated pistol variant. Its muzzle velocity is 345 m/s. It is a Micro Uzi with no shoulder stock or full-automatic firing capability. The intended users of the pistol are various security agencies in need of a high-capacity semi-automatic pistol, or civilian shooters who want a gun with those qualities and the familiarity of the Uzi style. It was introduced in 1984 and produced until 1993.[10]

Foreign copies

AG Strojnica ERO

Strojnica ERO

The Arma Grupa Strojnica ERO (Arms Group "ERO machine-gun") was a Croatian UZI clone that was made locally by Arma Grupa of Zagreb during the Yugoslav War. It was the same dimensions as the UZI except it was made entirely from stamped steel, causing it to weigh more (3.73 kg. / 8.22 lbs).[23] The only difference from the UZI is that its selector switch is marked R (Rafalno > "Burst", or "Full Auto"), P (Pojedinačno > "Single Fire") and Z (Zaključan > "Locked", or "Safe") and its Rate of Fire is 650 rounds per minute. It uses the 32-round magazine as standard, but can use any 9mm UZI-interface magazine of 25-rounds or larger.

The Strojnica Mini ERO is a clone of the Micro Uzi; it differs in that it had a heavy-gauge folding wire stock like the Vz.61 Skorpion Machine Pistol. It weighs 2.2 kg / 4.85 lbs. unloaded and is 545.5 mm / 21.47 inches overall with the folding stock extended and 250 mm / 9.84 inches with the stock folded.It uses the 20-round Mini Uzi magazine.

Norinco M320

Norinco of China manufactures an unlicensed copy of the Uzi Model B that is sold as the M320. Early versions were marked "POLICE Model" in English. Modifications were made to avoid the US Assault Weapon Import Ban: the folding stock was replaced with a wooden thumbhole stock, the barrel nut was welded in place, and the bayonet lug was removed.[24] The gun had a gray parkerized finish, a 410-mm (16-inch) carbine-length barrel and is 800 mm (31.49 inches) overall.

Zastava M97

The Zastava M97 is a Serbian clone of the Mini-Uzi.[25] Two variants consist of the M97 with an 8" barrel and the M97K with a 6.5" barrel and no folding stock.[25]

Users

A visit, board, search and seizure team attached to the Brazilian Navy frigate Independencia rappels onto a ship from a Brazilian Navy Lynx helicopter during an exercise in 2007.
A Nigerien soldier with an Uzi.

Africa

Asia

Europe

North America

Oceania

South America

Gallery

See also

References

  1. ↑ Lee E. Russel (1985). Grenade 1983. p. 39.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Miller, David (2001). The Illustrated Directory of 20th Century Guns. London: Salamander Books. pp. 391–393. ISBN 1-84065-245-4. OCLC 59522369. Retrieved 7 January 2011.
  3. 1 2 McManners, Hugh (2003). Ultimate Special Forces. New York: DK Publishing. p. 157. ISBN 0-7894-9973-8. OCLC 53221575. Retrieved 6 January 2011.
  4. ↑ "Firearms". The Uzi Official Website. Uzi Brands International. Retrieved 6 January 2011.
  5. ↑ Popenker, Max R. "UZI / Mini UZI / Micro UZI submachine gun (Israel)". World Guns: Modern Firearms & Ammunition. Retrieved 6 January 2011.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Hackathorn, Ken (1995). "Using the Uzi". Fighting Firearms. Soldier of Fortune. 3 (1): 18–23.
  7. ↑ Mulcahy, Paul. "IMI Uzi". Retrieved 25 November 2012.
  8. 1 2 Hogg, Ian V. (1979). Guns and How They Work. New York: Everest House. pp. 157–158. ISBN 0-89696-023-4.
  9. ↑ Lewis, Jack; Steele, David E. (2000). The Gun Digest Book of Assault Weapons (5th ed.). Iola, Wis.: Krause Publications. p. 222. ISBN 0-87341-778-X. OCLC 43521989.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Dockery, Kevin (2007). Future Weapons. New York: Berkley Caliber. pp. 227–229. ISBN 978-0-425-21750-4.
  11. 1 2 3 McNab, Chris (2011). The Uzi Submachine Gun. Osprey Publishing. pp. 20–25. ISBN 978-1-84908-543-4. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
  12. 1 2 "Israel's army phases out country's iconic Uzi submachine gun". USA Today. Associated Press. 18 December 2003. Retrieved 6 January 2011.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 Long, Duncan (1989). Terrifying Three: Uzi, Ingram and Intratec Weapons Families. Boulder, Colo.: Paladin Press. pp. 25–31. ISBN 978-0-87364-523-2. OCLC 21678853.
  14. ↑ "Gardaí feel like ‘sitting ducks’ after decision to withdraw Uzi submachine guns", TheJournal.ie, March 23, 2015
  15. ↑ Capt. Kelly Sweeney (October–November 2008). "Mariners need to be able to defend themselves against pirates". Professional Mariner. Retrieved 2011-10-26.
  16. ↑ Weapon.GE, retrieved on February 01, 2011.
  17. ↑ "UZI Pro". Israel Weapon Industries (IWI) Ltd. Retrieved 6 January 2011.
  18. 1 2 Katz, Yaakov (5 December 2011). "New version of legendary Uzi unveiled". JPost.com. Retrieved 6 December 2011.
  19. ↑ "Uzi 2012". Bamahane (in Hebrew). No. 3109. November 25, 2011. p. 13.
  20. ↑ Peterson, Phillip (2010). Gun Digest Buyer's Guide to Tactical Rifles. Iola, WI: Gun Digest Books. pp. 180–181. ISBN 978-1-4402-1446-2.
  21. ↑ "Select-Fire (Fully Automatic) conversion information".
  22. ↑ Cassidy, Megan (2 September 2014). "Girl who shot instructor said Uzi was too powerful". USA Today. Retrieved 2 September 2014.
  23. ↑ Will Fowler, Anthony North, Charles Stronge & Patrick Sweeney.The Illustrated Encyclopedia of GUNS (2013). Metro Books: New York. pg.242.
  24. ↑ Department oF the Treasury Study on the Sporting Suitability oF ModiFied Semiautomatic Assault RiFles (4-98)
  25. 1 2 Cutshaw, Charles Q. (2006). Tactical Small Arms Of The 21st Century: A Complete Guide to Small Arms From Around the World. Iola, Wis.: Krause Publications. p. 171. ISBN 087349914X.
  26. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 Jones, Richard D. (ed.); Ness, Leland S. (ed.) (27 January 2009). Jane's Infantry Weapons 2009–2010 (35th ed.). Coulsdon, Surry: Jane's Information Group. p. 117. ISBN 978-0-7106-2869-5. OCLC 268790196. Retrieved 7 January 2011.
  27. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Diez, Octavio (2000). Hand Guns (in Arabic). Barcelona: Lema Publications. ISBN 84-8463-013-7. OCLC 44059526.
  28. ↑ "IMI Uzi Submachine gun". www.Military-Today.com. ARG. Retrieved 2011-04-27. It was license-produced in ... Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe).
  29. ↑ http://i077.radikal.ru/0903/ec/608627f21424.jpg
  30. ↑ "Uzi Submachine Gun". BDMilitary.com. Defenceview Group. Retrieved 7 January 2011.
  31. ↑ Unnithan, Sandeep (August 22, 2008). "If Looks Could Kill". India Today (Online). Retrieved 2009-04-04.
  32. ↑ Meyr, Eitan (6 January 1999). "Special Weapons for Counter-terrorist Units". Jane's — Law Enforcement. Retrieved 2009-09-26.
  33. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Cadiou, Yves L.; Richard, Alphonse (1977). Modern Firearms. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 86–93. ISBN 978-0-7100-8424-8.
  34. ↑ Improvement, Modernization and Development for Special Operation Weapons (Cải tiến, hiện đại hóa, phát triển vũ khí đặc công, in Vietnamese)
  35. ↑ "UZI". www.mil.be (in Dutch). Belgische Defensie. Retrieved 7 January 2011.
  36. ↑ "Submachine Gun Type "Ero" cal. 9x19mm > Alan Agency > Product Catalogue". Aalan.hr. Retrieved 2009-10-22.
  37. ↑ "Eesti Kaitsevägi — Tehnika — Püstolkuulipilduja Mini UZI". Mil.ee. Retrieved 2009-06-09.
  38. ↑ "Commuter-belt garda squad to carry new armour-piercing submachine gun". Irish Independent. 30 August 2009. Retrieved 2010-01-31.
  39. ↑ "Garda College Yearbook listing weapons training on page 66" (PDF).
  40. ↑ Italian Ministry of Interior - Decree n° 559/A/1/ORG/DIP.GP/14 of March 6, 2009, concerning weapons and equipments in use with the Italian National Police - in Italian Retrieved on August 25, 2010.
  41. ↑ "Pistoletas - kulkosvaidis UZI" (in Lithuanian). LR Krašto apsaugos ministerija. 11 December 2009. Retrieved 7 January 2011.
  42. ↑ Unwin, Charles C.; Vanessa U., Mike R., eds. (2002). 20th Century Military Uniforms (2nd ed.). Kent: Grange Books. ISBN 1-84013-476-3.
  43. ↑ http://www.exercito.pt/meios/Documents/media_MeiosOp/Armamento/UZI%209mm.pdf
  44. ↑ "Politia Militara". Ministerul Apararii Nationale. Retrieved 2010-02-15.
  45. ↑ "imgur: the simple image sharer". Imgur. Retrieved 5 December 2014.
  46. ↑ "imgur: the simple image sharer". Imgur. Retrieved 5 December 2014.
  47. ↑ http://www.bermudaregiment.bm/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=171:uzi-sub-machine-gun&catid=48:weaponscat&Itemid=223 Uzi sub-machine gun
  48. ↑ McCulloch, Jude (2001). Blue Army: Paramilitary Policing in Australia. Carlton South, Vic.: Melbourne University Press. p. 66. ISBN 0-522-84960-1. OCLC 48129650. Retrieved 7 January 2011.
  49. ↑ "Tongan Navy March". Pacificdocs. Retrieved 5 December 2014.
  50. ↑ http://i44.photobucket.com/albums/f34/rhcp04/solds-1.jpg

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