Weak topology (polar topology)

In functional analysis and related areas of mathematics the weak topology is the coarsest polar topology, the topology with the fewest open sets, on a dual pair. The finest polar topology is called strong topology.

Under the weak topology the bounded sets coincide with the relatively compact sets which leads to the important Bourbaki–Alaoglu theorem.

Definition

Given a dual pair $(X,Y,\langle ,\rangle )$ the weak topology $\sigma (X,Y)$ is the weakest polar topology on $X$ so that

(X,\sigma (X,Y))'\simeq Y

That is the continuous dual of $(X,\sigma (X,Y))$ is equal to $Y$ up to isomorphism.

The weak topology is constructed as follows:

For every $y$ in $Y$ on $X$ we define a semi norm on $X$

p_{y}:X\to \mathbb {R}

with

p_{y}(x):=\vert \langle x,y\rangle \vert \qquad x\in X

This family of semi norms defines a locally convex topology on $X$ .

Examples

Given a normed vector space $X$ and its continuous dual $X'$ , $\sigma (X,X')$ is called the weak topology on $X$ and $\sigma(X', X)$ the weak* topology on $X'$

Functional analysis

Set / subset types	Absolutely convex Absorbing Balanced Bounded Convex Radial Star-shaped Symmetric Linear cone (subset) Convex cone (subset)

TVS types	Banach Barrelled Bornological Brauner F-space Finite-dimensional Fréchet (tame) Hilbert LF-space Locally convex Mackey Montel Nuclear Normed (norm) Quasinormed Reflexive Riesz Smith Stereotype Webbed Topological tensor product (of Hilbert spaces)

Mapping topologies	Dual Dual space Operator Ultraweak Weak (operator) Mackey Strong (polar operator) Ultrastrong Uniform convergence

Linear operators	Adjoint Bilinear (form) Bounded / Unbounded Closed Continuous / Discontinuous Compact Fredholm Hilbert–Schmidt Functionals (positive) Normal Nuclear Self-adjoint Strictly singular Trace class Transpose Unitary

Set operations	Algebraic interior (core) Interior Minkowski addition Polar

Operator theory	Banach algebras C-algebras Spectrum (C-algebra radius) Spectral theory (of ODEs Spectral theorem) Polar decomposition Singular value decomposition

Theorems	Banach–Alaoglu Banach–Saks Banach–Mazur Bessel's inequality Cauchy–Schwarz inequality Closed range Closed graph Eberlein–Šmulian Freudenthal spectral Gelfand–Mazur Goldstine Hahn–Banach (hyperplane separation) Kakutani fixed-point Lomonosov's invariant subspace Mackey–Arens Mazur's lemma M. Riesz extension Open mapping Parseval's identity Schauder fixed-point

Analysis	Bochner space Differentiation in Fréchet spaces Derivatives (Fréchet Gâteaux functional holomorphic) Integrals (Bochner Dunford Gelfand–Pettis regulated weak) Functional calculus (Borel continuous holomorphic) Inverse function theorem (Nash–Moser theorem) Vector measure Weakly measurable function

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