Wharton reaction
The Wharton olefin synthesis is a chemical reaction that involves the reduction of α,β-epoxy ketones using hydrazine to give allylic alcohols.[1] This reaction, introduced in 1961 by P. S. Wharton, is an extension of the Wolff–Kishner reduction. The general features of this synthesis are: 1) the epoxidation of α,β-unsaturated ketones is achieved usually in basic conditions using hydrogen peroxide solution in high yield; 2) the epoxy ketone is treated with 2–3 equivalents of a hydrazine hydrate in presence of substoichiometric amounts of acetic acid. This reaction occurs rapidly at room temperature with the evolution of nitrogen and the formation of an allylic alcohol.[1] It can be used to synthesize carenol compounds. The Wharton reaction is the chemical reaction of α,β-epoxy-ketones with hydrazine to give allylic alcohols.[1][2][3] Wharton's procedure has been improved.[4]
Mechanism and scope
The mechanism of the Wharton reaction begins with reaction of the ketone (1) with hydrazine to form a hydrazone (2). Rearrangement of the hydrazone gives intermediate 3, which can decompose giving off nitrogen gas forming the desired product 4. The final decomposition can proceed by an ionic or a radical pathway, depending on reaction temperature, solvent used, and structure of intermediate 3.[5]
The Wharton olefin synthesis allows the transformation of an α,β unsaturated ketone into an allylic alcohol. First, the epoxide is generated by the reaction of peroxide with the alkene. The reaction has two limitations:
- The classical Wharton olefin synthesis conditions are not free from the presence of water, so reactants undergoing the Wharton olefin synthesis should not be sensitive to water.
- For acyclic α,β-unsaturated ketones, the Wharton olefin synthesis does not show any selectivity for a specific configuration of the newly synthesized double bond, in terms of (E) or (Z)-stereoisomers.
Applications
The methodology has been implemented in synthesis of complex molecules:
- The total synthesis of the anticancer natural product OSW-1 provides a practical application of the Wharton olefin synthesis. An α,β-epoxyketone reacts with hydrazine hydrate to yield an allylic alcohol.[6]
- In the synthesis of warburganal, a bioactive natural product, the α,β-epoxyketone is formed from a cyclic α,β-unsaturated ketone and in a separate step reacts under the classical Wharton olefin synthesis conditions to yield an allylic diol.[7]
References
- 1 2 3 Wharton, P. S.; Bohlen, D. H. (1961). "Communications- Hydrazine Reduction of α, β-Epoxy Ketones to Allylic Alcohols". J. Org. Chem. 26 (9): 3615. doi:10.1021/jo01067a117.
- ↑ Wharton, P. S. (1961). "Communications- Stereospecific Synthesis of 6-Methyl-trans-5-cyclodecenone". J. Org. Chem. 26 (11): 4781. doi:10.1021/jo01069a609.
- ↑ Chamberlin, A. R.; Sall, D. J. (1991). "Reduction of Ketones to Alkenes". Comp. Org. Syn. 8: 927–929. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-052349-1.00251-1. ISBN 978-0-08-052349-1.
- ↑ Dupuy, C.; Luche, J. L. (1989). "New developments of the Wharton transposition". Tetrahedron. 45 (11): 3437. doi:10.1016/S0040-4020(01)81022-X.
- ↑ Stork, G. A. & Williard, P. G. (1977). "Five- and six-membered-ring formation from olefinic α,β-epoxy ketones and hydrazine". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 99 (21): 7067. doi:10.1021/ja00463a053.
- ↑ Yu, W., Jin, Z. (2002). "Total synthesis of the anticancer natural product OSW-1". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 124 (23): 6576–6583. doi:10.1021/ja012119t. PMID 12047177.
- ↑ Barrero, A.F., Cortes, M., Manzaneda, E. A., Cabrera, E., Chahboun, R., Lara, M., Rivas A. (1999). "Synthesis of 11,12-epoxydrim-8,12-en-11-ol, 11,12-diacetoxydrimane, and warburganal from (−)-sclareol". J. Nat. Prod. 62 (11): 1488–1491. doi:10.1021/np990140q. PMID 10579858.