Willow Island disaster
 Willow Island Memorial | |
| Date | April 27, 1978 |
|---|---|
| Location | Willow Island, West Virginia |
| Coordinates | 39°22′02″N 81°17′29″W / 39.367238°N 81.291484°WCoordinates: 39°22′02″N 81°17′29″W / 39.367238°N 81.291484°W |
| Cause | Scaffolding collapse due to falling concrete |
| Outcome | 51 construction workers killed |
The Willow Island disaster was the collapse of a cooling tower under construction at the Pleasants Power Station at Willow Island, West Virginia, on April 27, 1978. Falling concrete caused scaffolding to collapse, killing 51 construction workers. It is thought to be the deadliest construction accident in U.S. history.[1][2][3]
Background
During the 1970s, many coal-powered power plants were being built in the valley along the Ohio River. The Allegheny Power System was building another, larger plant at Willow Island, which would have two electric generators with a total capacity of 1,300 megawatts. This was in addition to the two smaller units that were already installed there.[3]
By April 1978, one natural draft cooling tower had been built, and a second was under construction. One of the contractors, New Jersey-based Research-Cottrell, was well known for constructing such towers around the country.[3]
The scaffolding
The usual method of scaffold construction has the base of the scaffold built on the ground, with the top being built higher to keep up with the height of the tower.
The scaffolding on the Willow Island cooling tower was bolted to the structure it was being used to build.[4] A layer of concrete was poured; then, after the concrete forms were removed, the scaffolding was raised and bolted onto the new section. Cranes atop the scaffolding raised buckets of concrete. One 5-foot lift of concrete was poured each day.[3][5]
Tragedy
On April 27, 1978, tower number 2 had reached a height of 166 feet (51 m). Just after 10:00 a.m., as the third bucket of concrete was being raised, the cable hoisting the bucket slackened, and the crane pulling it up fell toward the inside of the tower. The previous day's concrete then started to collapse. Concrete began to unwrap from the top of the tower, first peeling counter-clockwise, then in both directions. A jumble of concrete, wooden forms, and metal scaffolding fell into the hollow center of the tower. All fifty-one construction workers on the scaffold fell to their deaths.[3][5][6]
Rescue efforts
Immediately following the collapse, other construction workers onsite immediately began digging for their coworkers.[6] Fire departments from Belmont, Parkersburg, Vienna, and St. Marys in West Virginia, and Marietta in Ohio, were called in. Ambulances from Parkersburg and Marietta hospitals were also dispatched.
The Volunteer Fire Department in Belmont was turned into a temporary morgue.[7] Many of the men were only able to be identified by the contents of their pockets. All but one one worker was identified by co-workers.
Investigation
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) investigation team arrived at the site the day of the accident. A team from the National Bureau of Standards (now called the National Institute of Standards and Technology) arrived two days later.[5]
A number of safety lapses caused the collapse:
- Scaffold was attached to concrete that had not had time to sufficiently cure.
- Bolts were missing and the existing bolts were of insufficient grade. See Bolted joint
- Only one access ladder, restricting ability to escape.
- An elaborate concrete hoisting system was modified without proper engineering review.
- Contractors were rushing the construction.[3]
On June 8, 1978, OSHA cited Willow Island contractors for 20 violations, including failures to field test concrete and anchor the scaffold system properly. The cases were settled for $85,500, or about $1,700 per worker killed. OSHA referred the case to the United States Department of Justice for criminal investigation. A grand jury was convened, but no charges were filed.[3]
List of the dead
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Other cooling tower collapses
- A cooling tower at the Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Plant collapsed on August 22, 2007. There were no fatalities.
- On November 1, 1965, three of the cooling towers at Ferrybridge Power Station collapsed due to vibrations in 85 mph winds.
- Scaffolding collapsed on a cooling tower being built at at the Fengcheng power plant in the eastern Chinese province of Jiangxi on November 24, 2016. At least 74 workers were killed.[9]
See also
References
- ↑ Ross, Steven S. (1984). Construction Disasters: Design Failures, Causes, and Prevention. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 377–388. ISBN 0-07-053865-4. LCCN 83-16215.
- ↑ Feld, Jacob; Carper, Kenneth L. (1997). Construction Failure (second ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 422–424. ISBN 0-471-57477-5. LCCN 96-33425.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Ward, Jr., Ken (April 27, 2008). "'It was gone': String of problems led to 51 deaths at Willow Island". The Charleston Gazette. Archived from the original on May 1, 2008. Retrieved April 10, 2013.
- ↑ Kaminetzky, Dov (1991). Design and Construction Failures: Lessons from Forensic Investigations. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 168. ISBN 0-07-033565-6. LCCN 90-46691.
- 1 2 3 Lew, H. S.; Fattal, S. G.; Shaver, J. R.; Reinhold, T. A.; Hunt, B. J. (November 1979). "Investigation of Construction Failure of Reinforced Concrete Cooling Tower at Willow Island, West Virginia" (PDF). Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, Occupational Safety and Health Administration. pp. 1–2. Retrieved April 10, 2013.
- 1 2 Tuckwiller, Tara (April 27, 2008). "'Start praying that our dad's alive': Disaster resonates to this day for family left behind". The Charleston Gazette. Archived from the original on May 3, 2008. Retrieved April 10, 2013.
- ↑ Morris, Robert (April 28, 1978). "Silence Devastating At Morgue Site" (PDF). The Charleston Gazette. Retrieved April 10, 2013.
- ↑ Governor's Commission on Willow Island, cited in "Willow Island Disaster Victims". The Charleston Gazette. April 27, 2008. Retrieved April 10, 2013.
- ↑ Wong, Chun Han. "Scaffolding Collapse at China Power Plant Kills Dozens". The Wall Street Journal. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 25 November 2016.
External links
- Willow Island Cooling Tower engineering case study, with bibliography.
- http://www.wvgazette.com/News/WillowIsland Collection of articles about the disaster
- http://wvgazette.com/static/willowdocs/willowfrontpage.pdf PDF of the front page of Charleston Gazette newspaper the day after the accident.
- https://www.osha.gov/index.html Occupational Safety and Health Administration
- http://wvgazette.com/News/WillowIsland/200804240435 Downloads of OSHA investigation reports
- http://matdl.org/failurecases/Other%20failures/Willow.htm Pictures and diagrams