Apaxco

Apaxco
Municipality and town
Church of Francis of Assisi in Apaxco
Seal
Coordinates: 19°59′N 99°10′W / 19.98°N 99.17°W / 19.98; -99.17Coordinates: 19°59′N 99°10′W / 19.98°N 99.17°W / 19.98; -99.17
Country	Mexico
State	Mexico (state)
Founded	October 16, 1870
Area
• Total	80.34 km2 (31.02 sq mi)
Elevation	2,213 m (7,260 ft)
Population (2010)
• Total	27,521
• Density	340/km2 (890/sq mi)
Time zone	Central Standard Time (UTC-6)
• Summer (DST)	Central Daylight Time (UTC-5)
Website	www.apaxco.gob.mx

Apaxco is a municipality located in Zumpango Region, in the northeastern part of the State of Mexico in Mexico, although both are commonly called Apaxco. The municipal territory is located at a southern pass leading out of the Mezquital Valley and about 288 km (179 mi) northeast of the state capital of Toluca. This name comes from Nahuatl and means "place of the water fall".^[1]

The municipality was founded on October 16, 1870. It covers an area of 80.34 square kilometres (31.02 sq mi). Apaxco de Ocampo is a municipal seat, and is a border city with Vito and El Refugio, between the State of Mexico and the State of Hidalgo; inside of Cuenca cementera (Cement basin). It is an important area for the building industry but it has ecological problems.^[2]

Geography

Wiew of Apaxco municipality since Cerro Mesa Ahumada.

The town of Apaxco de Ocampo is a municipal seat, and has governing jurisdiction over the following communities: Coyotillos, Santa María, Loma Bonita, Pérez de Galeana and Colonia Juárez. The total municipality extends 84.37 km² and borders with the municipalities of Tequixquiac, Hueypoxtla and the state of Hidalgo (with Atotonilco de Tula and Ajacuba).

The Gran Canal de Desagüe is an artificial channel that crosses Apaxco, and was named Xothé river in the Otomi language. This channel connects with the Tula river and the Endhó dam. Other small rivers are Treviño, Zarco, El Codo and Teña, which connect with the Gran Canal.^[3] Apaxco has thermal waters, and subterranean rivers with hot springs, called Los Bañitos.^[4]

The municipal seat is a small, elongated valley, but most of the municipality is on a high mesa which transitions from the Valley of Mexico to the Mezquital Valley.^[1] The highest mountains in Apaxco are the Cerro El Estudiante, Cerro Teña, Cerro Coyotillos, Cerro Blanco and Cerro Pelón in Tezontlalpan Sierra. Other mountains are Mesa Ahumada or Cerro Colorado^[5] in the border between the municipalities of Huehuetoca and Tequixquiac. Apaxco de Ocampo has a big crater named El Hoyo, which the Aztec people named in the Nahuatl language apatztli.^[6]

Apaxco municipality is a rural territory of the Central Mexican Plateau: here there is a semi-desert climate, in the south of Mezquital Valley.

Flora and fauna

Natural border between State of Mexico and State of Hidalgo.

The flora are different since it is mainly semi-desert land with calcium stones, and the plants consist of cacti and trees with low water needs. Apaxco has got chollas, prickly pears, mesquites, huizaches, golden barrels, creosote bush, century plants, and others. In high Sierra de Tetzontlalpan there are oaks, piñon pines and cedars. In Cerro Mesa Ahumada there are other species such as ferns, tejocote trees, white zapote trees, kidneywood trees, tepozans and visnagas.

Apaxco has many native animals. Birds include the owl, eagle, falcon, turkey, colibri, turkey vulture, northern mockingbird, rufous-crowned sparrow, lesser roadrunner, and roadrunner.The reptiles and amphibians include rattlesnakes, pine snakes, xincoyotes, axolotls, frogs, and toads. The insects are red ants, bees, and others. Apaxco has two mountain ranges, where there is primarily a diversity in mammals.The south is Cerro Mesa Ahumada with cacomistle, skunk, gopher, Virginia opossum, rabbit, Mexican gray squirrel and to north with the Sierra de Tetzontlalpan, where there are bobcat, coyote and hare.^[7]

History

The first settlers in the region date back to 5000 BC, evidence of which is the expression carved on the stones around of the mountains. This region was inhabited by megafauna as cuvieronius,^[8] two valleys divided but a mountain range (Sierra de Tetzontlalpan), was a habitat for many big animals as mammoth, glyptodonts and others.

The first inhabitants were Otomian group ancestors. The civilizations that inhabited what is now Apaxco had a direct relationship with the Teotihuacan civilization, until they declined to between 650 and 900, after that were dominated by the Toltecs.

Page Xl, Codex Boturuni.

The most important source about Apaxco in pre-Columbian history, was in 1215, during the pilgrimage to the mythical promised city of the Aztecs, was the site Apaxco,^[9][10] In page XI of Boturini Codex is registered places of Atotonilco and Apaxco during the pilgrimage.^[11]

With the rise of the Aztec Empire, Apaxco region and all the neighbors were under the government of Tlacopan, one of the members of the Triple Alliance. Tenochcas subjugated the Otomi people and founded the Teotlalpan, a desert region with abundant mountains. Apaxco, Tula and Ajoloapan were places rich in lime which was a very coveted mineral for building, so the lime was a tax payment for the Aztec empire.^[12]

Apaxco remained in this position until the fall of Tenochtitlan before the army of Hernán Cortés. In colonial times Apaxco Commit entered the system imposed by the Spanish conquerors, and came under the command of Cristóbal Hernandez Mosquera in 1530.

Holcim cement factory in Apaxco (2007).

Apaxco was erected as a township in 1870 after the end of the French intervention, the first school was founded in 1880. But during the Porfirio Díaz government, the municipality entered into a phase of strong economic recession and the town disappeared in 1899 for failing to keep administrative or economically, from that date until 1923 Apaxco was a part from Texquiquiac municipality.

In 1900 the engineer Luis Espinosa built a first calcium oxide factory in Apaxco, was inaugurated by president Porfirio Díaz. This factory was named in 1911 as Calera de Apasco Company.^[13] After in 1934 was built Cementos Apasco by shares of engineer Federico Garcia Cuéllar, was bad production and labor exploitation with the workers, in 1964 this cement factory was sold to Swiss company named Holderbank (now Holcim).^[14]

Communication and transport

View from the Arco Norte highway.

The Arco Norte is a principal highway that crosses by Apaxco. This municipality has three state roads: Zumpango-Apaxco number 9 which connects Mexico City to Atitalaquia, State of Hidalgo. The west road, Huehuetoca-Apaxco number 6 cross Santa María, junctions to Conejos in Atotonilco de Tula, with connection to the Tula-Jorobas highway. The other municipal road connects with Pérez de Galeana and Coyotillos.

Demography

At the census of 2010, there were 27,521 people, The population density was 343/km² (890/sq mi). The median age was twenty-four years.^[15]

Religion

The predominant religion is Catholic Christianity have an 98% of the total population of the municipality in 15 796 as in 1990, there is a parish belonging to the Diocese of Cuautitlán.^[16]

Health

IMSS Hospital in Apaxco.

There is a regional IMSS hospital. This municipality has three public clinics of health: ISEM in Apaxco de Ocampo, Santa María Apaxco, and Coyotillos town. The principal causes of death are respiratory problems caused by cancer and pneumonia.^[18]

Politics

Culture

Archeological Museum of Apaxco.

Inside Saint Francis parish in Apaxco.

The Archeological Museum of Apaxco is an important site at main plaza where there is interesting archeological pieces from Toltec, Aztec and Teotihuacan cultures.

Monuments

Saint Francis parish is a monument in Apaxco de Ocampo town. This temple was constructed in various phases, and was started by Franciscan priests. The atrium was a large space encased in stone with a cross on top of it, but with Christian and indigenous symbols, inside is boveda (arched ceiling) with a chorus to the baroque altar. The facade contains two doorways that are elaborately decorated in stonework which contain indigenous symbolism as well. The temple and the town are dedicated to the Saint Francis of Assisi.

La Misión chapel is a monument in Apaxco de Ocampo town. This chapel, constructed in the Spanish period, is a small Christian Catholic church occupied by monastery priests for the purpose of evangelizing the indigenous people.

Railroad station Apaxco is a building that was constructed in the 19th century to connect a Tula railway to Querétaro City.

Sports and Entertainment

The Hoyo, a deportive place in Apaxco de Ocampo.

The first sport practiced in Apaxco has been the football soccer. When arrived the factory workers for the Cementos Apaxco, racquetball is a sport practised in this township. Today is played racquetball at Deportivo Apaxco in Loma Bonita, site at south of town (Santa María road cross) and other sports as soon as baseball and basketball.

The hills of Apaxco had used by cows and sheep; the Spanish had very large haciendas and found it necessary to employ indigenous people as vaqueros or herdsman, who soon became excellent horsemen. This situation, is practiced the charrería here.

See also

• Cerro Mesa Ahumada

References

State of Mexico
Toluca (capital)
Municipalities	Acambay Acolman Aculco Almoloya de Alquisiras Almoloya de Juárez Almoloya del Río Amanalco Amatepec Amecameca Apaxco Atenco Atizapán Atizapán de Zaragoza Atlacomulco Atlautla Axapusco Ayapango Buenavista Calimaya Capulhuac Chalco de Díaz Covarrubias Chapa de Mota Chapultepec Chiautla Chicoloapan Chiconcuac Chimalhuacán Coacalco de Berriozábal Coatepec Harinas Cocotitlán Coyotepec Cuautitlán Cuautitlán Izcalli Donato Guerra Ecatepec de Morelos Ecatzingo El Oro Huehuetoca Hueypoxtla Huixquilucan Ixtapaluca Ixtapan de la Sal Ixtapan del Oro Ixtlahuaca Jaltenco Jilotepec Jilotzingo Jiquipilco Jocotitlán Joquicingo Juchitepec La Paz Lerma Luvianos Malinalco Melchor Ocampo Metepec Mexicaltzingo Morelos Naucalpan de Juárez Nextlalpan Nezahualcóyotl Nicolás Romero Nopaltepec Ocoyoacac Ocuilan Otumba Otzoloapan Otzolotepec Ozumba Papalotla Polotitlán Rayón San Antonio la Isla San Felipe del Progreso San Martín de las Pirámides San Mateo Atenco San Simón de Guerrero Santo Tomás Soyaniquilpan de Juárez Sultepec Tecámac Tejuplico Temamatla Temascalapa Temascalcingo Temascaltepec Temoaya Tenancingo de Degollado Tenango del Aire Tenango del Valle Teoloyucan Teotihuacán Tepetlaoxtoc Tepetlixpa Tepotzotlán Tequixquiac Texcaltitlán Texcalyacac Texcoco Tezoyuca Tianguistenco Timilpan Tlalmanalco Tlalnepantla de Baz Tlatlaya Toluca Tonatico Tonanitla Tultepec Tultitlán Valle de Bravo Valle de Chalco Solidaridad Villa de Allende Villa del Carbón Villa Guerrero Villa Victoria Xalatlaco Xonacatlán Zacazonapan Zacualpan Zinacantepec Zumpahuacán Zumpango