German Village

For the historic district in Hamilton, Ohio, see German Village Historic District. For the mock-up of a German residential center used by the United States military to perfect fire-bombing techniques during World War II, see German Village (Dugway proving ground).
German Village

S. 3rd Street in German Village
Location Columbus, Ohio
Coordinates 39°56′45″N 82°59′34″W / 39.94583°N 82.99278°W / 39.94583; -82.99278Coordinates: 39°56′45″N 82°59′34″W / 39.94583°N 82.99278°W / 39.94583; -82.99278
Built 1820
Architectural style Italianate
NRHP Reference # 74001490[1]
Added to NRHP December 30, 1974
German Village (Boundary Increase)
Location Columbus, Ohio
NRHP Reference # 80002998[1]
Added to NRHP November 28, 1980

German Village is a historic neighborhood in Columbus, Ohio, just south of downtown. It was settled in the early-to-mid-19th century by a large number of German immigrants, who at one time comprised as much as a third of the city's entire population. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 30, 1974, becoming the list's largest privately funded preservation district,[2] and in 2007, was made a Preserve America Community by the White House. On November 28, 1980, its boundaries increased, and today it is one of the world's premier historic restorations.

History

Early

In 1796, Congress appropriated the Refugee Lands for individuals who had supported the Colonial cause in the American Revolution. By 1802, an American Revolution veteran named John McGowan claimed 328 acres (1.33 km2), most of what would become the German Village. As German immigrants arrived, McGowan sold tracts of land to them. By 1814, a settlement had grown up, originally called "Das Alte Südende" (the Old South End), and German immigrants contributed to building the first statehouse.

Immigration

By 1830, massive German immigration to the city had occurred. The most influential German newspaper in 1843 was Der Westbote. Many would serve in the American Civil War, thus gaining the universal respect of the local citizens. By 1865, one-third of Columbus's population was German and the community was flourishing. They built up the local neighborhood, including many businesses, such as Hessenauer Jewelers and Lazarus Department Stores, schools, and churches, such as the Ohio-historic St. Mary's Catholic Church, built in 1865 and adorned with a 197-foot (60 m) steeple in 1893.[3] German-American George J. Karb became mayor of the city, twice, at the end of the 19th century and again in the early 20th century.[4]

Much of the area in present-day south downtown along I-70 was at one point considered part of German Village, including the Market Exchange District, which has experienced a rebirth along with the village.[5]

During the early 20th century, the south end saw newcomers from eastern Europe aside from German immigrants, resulting in brother neighborhoods such as the Hungarian Village.[6]

The local schools the German immigrants constructed and managed were so superior that English-speaking residents of Columbus chose to attend them, such as one that once stood at Fulton Street east of S. Fourth Street.[4][7]

World War I

Capt. Eddie Rickenbacker, a World War I hero from the Columbus German-American community

The area was in serious decline throughout the first half of the 20th century, partly due to anti-German sentiment during World War I. This was sparked by the sinking of the Lusitania by Germany, in which innocent women and children lost their lives. The media used this to demonize Germany and German-Americans. The Germans claimed the ship was transporting weapons in a war zone, which the British and American governments denied. However, in 2008, millions of rounds of ammunition were found in the ship's the wreckage.[8]

During that time, the teaching of German in public schools was banned and German textbooks were burned. German street names were changed, such as Germania Street becoming the present-day Stewart Avenue,[9] and Schiller Park was temporarily renamed Washington Park. The anti-German sentiment fueled by the media was so bad that in 1918, German books were burned on Broad Street and at the foot of the Schiller statue. German canine breeds were taken from their owners and slaughtered, including German Shepherds and Dachshunds. Despite the hatred, the Columbus German American community would produce one of America's finest heroes from the war, Captain Eddie Rickenbacker, for whom Rickenbacker International Airport in southern Columbus is named.

In the early 1950s, Columbus began an urban renewal process that leveled large areas of the city, some of which were in German Village.

Declared Slum

Further decline occurred later due to the closing of the local breweries during Prohibition. After the war, the south end was zoned for manufacturing, leading to the erosion of the area's residential feel. In World War II, the streetcar tracks and wrought-iron fences were confiscated for the war effort. By the 1950s, the area had become a slum and the city decided to demolish one-third of the neighborhood.[10][11]

Renewal

Frank Fetch

With the Village nearing complete destruction, Frank Fetch defied the common wisdom and purchased a house on S. Wall Street, determined to rebuild the neighborhood. Fetch would create the German Village Society. In June 1960, the society hosted the first Haus und Garten Tour, which attracted visitors and the local media to eight restored homes and two gardens. Today, the tour is one of the city's most popular events.[12] Frank Fetch Park was named after him.

Historic Preservation

Concerned citizens managed to save its historic architecture from demolition in the 1960s by lobbying for a local commission, the German Village Commission, to have power over external changes made to buildings and by getting the area listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.[13] As of 2009, the German Village Society has over 1,000 preservationists who maintain the historic quality of the buildings and neighborhood, and German Village is considered one of the most desirable areas to live in the city.[14] More than 1,600 buildings have been restored since 1960 and it is credited as one of the world's premiere restoration districts.[15] By the 1980s, the restoration was nearly complete. Today, it is the largest privately funded historic district on the National Register of Historic Places.[2]

Modern

The area is mostly a residential neighborhood of sturdy, red-brick homes with wrought iron fences along tree-lined, brick-paved streets.

The German Village Guest House has been recognized as one of the best in the Midwest by the New York Post, The Plain Dealer, and the St. Louis Post Dispatch,[16] and positively reviewed by the Washington Post and The Tennessean.[16] It was rated as the "Best Columbus Hotel 2010" by City Search.[17]

In 2007, German Village was recognized by the White House as a Preserve America Community.[18]

Oktoberfest

German tradition has long reigned in the community in the form of an annual Oktoberfest festival. It originally took place in Schiller Park and has been held at various locations within the German Village neighborhood. Due to new development in the area, it now takes place at the Ohio State Fairgrounds / Ohio Expo Center. The festival was voted to be canceled in 2009, but the Schmidt (owners and operators of Schmidt's Sausage Haus) and Cox families stepped in to keep it running.[19] A smaller Oktoberfest still goes on in the German Village itself, at the Germania Gesang und Sport Verein (Singing and Sports Club) at 543 South Front Street in the old Schlee Brewmaster's House and outdoor garden.[20]

LGBTQ

Although German Village is an eclectic community, the area is known as a Columbus "gayborhood."[21] While there are no gay establishments within the German Village, the neighboring Brewery District and Merion Village have several. The 2010 Gay Softball World Series was held at nearby Lou Berliner park.

Geography

Boundaries

German Village is bound by Pearl Street on the west; East Livingston Avenue on the north; Lathrop Street, Brust Street, Grant Avenue, Jaeger Street, and Blackberry Alley on the east; and Nursery Lane on the south (Columbus City Planning Commission, Annual Report 1964).

Parks and Landmarks

Schiller Park, named after Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller (1759-1805), was once a community meeting ground for German immigrants. It is now the site of recreational facilities, gardens, and an amphitheater that hosts free live performances of Shakespearean plays during the summer months courtesy of Actors' Theatre of Columbus.[22] It is bounded by Jaeger Street and City Park, Reinhard, and Deshler Avenues. It has been the area's center for festivals and neighborhood activities since the 1800s.

The 23-acre park's main entrance, along City Park Avenue, greets visitors with the Huntington Gardens, sponsored by Huntington National Bank and maintained by volunteers, and the Schiller statue. The statue was presented to the park by local residents in 1891. It is a second casting of the statue in Munich, Germany, designed and executed by Max von Widnmann and unveiled on May 9, 1863. The Columbus statue was transported free of charge across the Atlantic. The park is also home to the Umbrella Girl Fountain, dedicated to the citizens of German Village in October 1996 to replace the missing original sculpture.

Residential

The houses of German Village are settled close together on narrow plots. The area was originally settled mostly residential with commercial buildings scattered throughout. To keep this highly residential feel, the German Village Society has the area rezoned from manufacturing and commercial to high-density residential. The houses have small or no front yards, emphasizing local parks and gardens. The average home price is $377,450.[23] Several homes in the neighborhood are priced at over $1 million, including a 5,200-square-foot (480 m2) home that sold in August 2007 for $1.5 million.[24] Another home, which was purchased for $1.4 million in 2006, boasts an underground tunnel linking the main house with the garage, which also serves as an art and wine cellar.[25]

Commercial

Dining/Bars

German Village has a commercial strip mainly centered along S. Third Street, with mostly locally owned restaurants — such as Katzinger's Delicatessen — Schmidt’s Sausage Haus and Schmidt’s Fudge Haus have been a part of German Village for 120 years, opened by George F. Schmidt. The restaurant is still run by the family, and was featured on Man vs. Food in 2008. On East Whittier Street sits a restaurant named Barcelona. Known for its European style food and the incorporation of décor from local artists, Barcelona has been voted “Best Patio” and “Top 10 Restaurants” by the Columbus Dispatch. Thurman Café opened in German Village in 1942 by Nick Suclescy. Thurman was also featured on Man vs. Food in 2008, where the Thurmanator–Thurman’s giant eating challenge burger–was created. Katzinger’s Delicatessen is another family owned restaurant that opened in 1984 and is known for their deli sandwiches.

Numerous neighborhood restaurants won 2010 ThisWeek Community Papers awards, including Skillet as the Best New Restaurant in the city, and Thurman Café for Best Burgers.[26] Barcelona, noted for its Spanish cuisine, won for Best Patio and is a consistent Columbus Dispatch best city restaurant.[27] Lindey's was runner-up for the same award that year[26] and was voted one of Columbus's top 10 restaurants for 18 years straight. It has appeared previously in the New York Times, Washington Post, USA Today, and Gourmet magazine.[28] In 2010, Max and Erma's was runner up for Best Casual Restaurant and Best Soups, Pistacia Vera runner-up for Best Desserts, and Roosters won Best Wings.[26]

German Village is the home of the first restaurant in the Max & Erma's chain. In 1972, the restaurant was opened by Barry Zacks. The name was adopted from the original tavern, started in 1958 by Max and Erma Visocnik, which the new owners converted into the popular theme restaurant.[29]

U.S Senators John McCain and Lindsey Graham were guests at the Schmidt's Sausage Haus during the 2008 U.S. Presidential campaign,[30] while in 1994, former U.S. President Bill Clinton visited nearby Katzinger's Delicatessen, where a sandwich is named in his honor (a corned beef with Swiss cheese and spicy mustard on pumpernickel) called "President Bill's Day at the Deli."[31]

Retail/imported

The neighborhood is home to one of the world's largest producers of stained glass, the Franklin Art Glass Studios Inc.,[32] as well as several art galleries including the Archive Gallery, Hawk Galleries, Keny Gallery, and Kight Studio 551.[32] Shops catering to European-imported retail include Caterina Ltd.[32]

German Village is houses a few unique shops including the 32-room Book Loft,[33] a pre-Civil War era style book store; Hausfrau Haven–a wine and gift shop; and several art galleries. There are also some import shops, specifically Caterina’s Ltd. Which sells European housewares. The neighborhood is home to one of the world's largest producers of stained glass, the Franklin Art Glass Studios Inc.,[34] as well as several art galleries including the Archive Gallery, Hawk Galleries, Keny Gallery, and Kight Studio 551.[35]

Miscellaneous

America's Great Places

In 2011, German Village was named as one of America's Great Places in the Neighborhoods category by the American Planning Association. Their description reads, "Unpretentious, renovated houses and cottages stand shoulder to shoulder. Small, meticulously maintained front yards front tree-lined streets with brick sidewalks and cultivated village planters. Small businesses and storefronts with eye-catching displays and the aroma of culinary delights draw in passing pedestrians. German Village has remained true to its mid-19th century history, architecture, and character despite periods of disinvestment, decline, and near ruin.".[36]

German Brewery District

A prosperous industry for the German immigrants was the brewing industry. Today, the Brewery District, part of the greater German Village neighborhood, still partially resembles its notable past. During the 19th century, the area was found largely along both sides of S. Front Street from Livingston Avenue to Sycamore Street.[37]

The Great Southern Hotel was constructed downtown in 1897 by Bavarian immigrant and Columbus brewing magnate Nicholas Schlee.

Notable breweries during this period included the Bavarian Brewery, started in 1849 by George Schlegel, which ultimately became the Shlegel Bavarian Brewery in 1860 when Bavarian Nicholas Schlee immigrated and took over.[37] Schlee was president of the company that eventually constructed the Great Southern Hotel downtown.[38] Schlee also owned the Lyceum Theater and served as vice president of the Central Bank.[39] Conrad Born opened the Capital Brewery in 1859 and was also president of the Century Discount Company.[39] The industry flourished during the early 20th century.

One of the last major brewers of the city before Prohibition was August Wagner, who immigrated from Bavaria in the late 19th century and worked as the brewmaster at the City Brewery before becoming president and general manager of the Gambrinus Brewing Company. By 1919, he had purchased all of the stock for the company to become the sole owner, and in 1938 he changed the name to August Wagner Breweries, Inc.[40] He was known to parade around on a horse costumed as Gambrinus, the patron saint of beer.[41] A statue of Gambrinus is located at 605 S. Front Street.[40]

Twenty-nine breweries have existed in and around the village throughout its history.[40]

Hoster Brewing Dynasty

While English breweries were found originally in the city, as German immigrants moved in, their brewing techniques were universally embraced and became the dominant methods for producing beer.[37] Louis Hoster, an immigrant from Rheinpfalz, Germany,[42] is notably credited for this transformation when he opened the City Brewery in the 1830s. He would go on to serve on the City Council between 1846 and 1854 while establishing the city's first wollen mill in 1852. In 1864, he established the Louis Hoster & Sons Brewery, which became the Hoster Columbus Associated Breweries in 1904.[39] He would also serve on the Board of Education and was a Unionist Democrat.[42]

Later members of Louis Hoster's brewing dynasty included his son Louis Philip Hoster, president of the Columbus Structural Steel Company,[39] and Herman Hoster, son of Louis's son George,[43] a graduate of Yale University, treasurer of Hoster Columbus Associated Breweries,[39] and founder of the Columbus Envelope Company.[44] Another son of George was Carl J. Hoster, graduate of Cornell University,[45] who was President of the Hoster Columbus Associated Breweries as well as the Director of the Hayden Clinton National Bank and Columbus Driving Park Association, President of the U.S. Brewer's Association, 32nd degree of the Scottish Rite,[45] and great-great uncle of former U.S. President George W. Bush.[39][46]

Hoster Street in the German Village stretches six blocks between Lazelle and S. Front Streets.

Dr. Herman A. Hoster, Jr.

Dr. Herman A. Hoster, Jr. was the son of Herman Hoster,[44] and name-bearer of the Herman A. Hoster Research Laboratory of the Department of Medicine and the Department of Zoology at the Ohio State University. He was a graduate of Yale University and Johns Hopkins University who would suffer from Hodgkin's Disease.[47] After learning of his illness, Dr. Hoster resigned his medical position with Yale to return home to Columbus. There he focused on research of the disease at Ohio State University.[47] He became a professor of medicine and eventually an associate director of research at the College of Medicine,[48] where he performed experiments on himself related to his illness, including some at Henry Ford Hospital in Detroit. He published several leading research papers, including support of radiation therapy to treat the disease.[49]

Dr. Hoster became a charter member of the Hodgkin's Disease Research Foundation in New York City, serving as the original President between 1947 and 1951. The first headquarters of the foundation was established at St. Vincent's Hospital and included as board members Dr. Robert Chambers of New York University, Dr. Antonio Rottino, vice president of St. Vincent's Hospital, Dr. Harry Rolnick of Philadelphia, and John Finn, vice president of Fordham University.[48][50]

Film

In 2006, local media personality Andrea Cambern, in collaboration with the German Village Society and WBNS, narrated a 10-minute documentary short on the neighborhood, which won an Ohio Historic Preservation Office Award.[51]

Statue of Friedrich von Schiller in Schiller Park
City Park Scene, Columbus, Ohio (1905)

Capital University

In 1831, the German Evangelical Lutheran Seminary secured 14 acres (57,000 m2) in the south end, founded by William Schmidt, a graduate of the University of Halle in Germany.[52] The school would go on to become what is known today as Capital University, still under the leadership of the Lutheran Church and now located in nearby Bexley.[53]

The arts and athletics

The German immigrants brought with them a vibrant athletic and artistic heritage,[54] which was reflected in their social establishments. The Columbus Maennerchor, a singing group, was established in 1848, and as early as 1852, won a ribbon for their talent at the North American Sangerfest.[55] In 1866, the group won the silver pokal at a festival held in Louisville.[56] In the late 19th century, another singing group called the Columbus Liederkranz was formed by the Germans, but was forced to cease during World War I because of heavy anti-German pressure. Many of its members joined the Maennerchor, which survived.[6]

In the 1860s and 1870s the Maennerchor formed a drama division called the "Dramatischen Sektion." They would produce operas, dramas, and comedies until disbanding in the 1930s.[57] One of their notable performances was their 1927 production of Friedrich von Schiller's Die Räuber.[57] Another social group was the Schiller Club, founded in 1900.[58]

The Columbus Turn Verein was a social and athletic (tumbling) association that dated back to 1866, and was a main organization from which the German immigrants drew mutual support.[7] In the late 19th century the Turners merged with the Germania Gesang Verein, which hosted a Maennerchor and a Damenchor. Another merger enlarged the Germania in the late 1920s. The Germania merged with the Kicker’s Soccer Club, which for many years was a very active part of the organization. The club also now includes a Fahrrad Verein (Bicycle Club), which goes on weekend outings to bike trails throughout Central Ohio. The club's official name is now the Germania Gesang und Sport Verein (singing and sports club). The Germania Club itself was located in a residence on Kossuth Street, but outgrew its first facility. In 1927 it purchased the present location at 543 South Front Street from the estate of Nicolaus Schlee, one of the prestigious brewmasters of the neighborhood.[59] The society is now located in the neighborhood known as the Brewery District of Columbus, which is the northernmost section of the German Village. Over the years the Germania Club has made it its mission to retain, promote and disseminate all that is good about German culture. A major component of this mission is the practice and performance of German song. Their choruses participate and support public events throughout Ohio during the year in appreciation for the community’s support. The Germania Club will celebrate its 147th anniversary in 2013 with an Oktoberfest that will feature its choruses.

In 1890, the Ohio State Buckeyes football team played their first-ever home game in the south end, at a location just west of present-day Schiller Park between Jaeger, Ebner, and Whittier (then called Schiller) Streets.[60]

Documentaries

See also

References

  1. 1 2 National Park Service (2008-04-15). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
  2. 1 2 Insider's Guide To Columbus, Shawnie Kelley. Globe Pequot, 2006. ISBN 0-7627-3542-2, ISBN 978-0-7627-3542-6. p. 269.
  3. ↑ "St. Mary Church", J. J. Prats. Historical Marker Database. 4 July 2009. Retrieved 7 September 2010.
  4. 1 2 German Village Society History Retrieved 15 sept 2012.
  5. ↑ German Columbus, Jeffrey T. Darbee, Nancy A. Recchie. Arcadia Publishing, 2005. ISBN 0-7385-3396-3, ISBN 978-0-7385-3396-4. pp. 7, 17.
  6. 1 2 Darbee and Recchie, p. 26.
  7. 1 2 Darbee and Recchie, p. 18.
  8. ↑ "Secret of the Lusitania: Arms find challenges Allied claims it was solely a passenger ship", Daily Mail December 20, 2008.
  9. ↑ Darbee and Recchie, p. 13.
  10. ↑ German Village Society, 1914-1920 Retrieved 26 July 2009.
  11. ↑ German Village Society, 1920-1960 Retrieved 26 July 2009.
  12. ↑ German Village Society, 1960-1990 Retrieved 26 July 2009.
  13. ↑ German Village Society, 1960-1990 Retrieved 26 July 2009
  14. ↑ German Village Society, History Retrieved 26 July 2009.
  15. ↑ German Village Society, 1990-today Retrieved 26 July 2009.
  16. 1 2 "Let’s Do the Tryst", Caitlin Barnett. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
  17. ↑ "“Sweet rooms, and roomy suites...”, German Village Guest House. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
  18. ↑ Preserve America Retrieved 26 July 2009.
  19. ↑ Columbus Oktoberfest
  20. ↑ Oktoberfest, Germania Gesang und Sport Verein.
  21. ↑ Travis Hoewischer, "Why is Columbus so Gay? How the capital city of a conservative state became the GLBT mecca of the Midwest", 614 magazine, June 1, 2011. Retrieved March 20, 2013.
  22. ↑ The Actor's Theatre
  23. ↑ Realtor Neighborhoods, "German Village", Realtor. Retrieved 26 July 2009.
  24. ↑ "August Real Estate News", Columbus Homes. September 2007. Retrieved 26 July 2009.
  25. ↑ "Beck St. Secrets", Tim Feran. Columbus Dispatch. 29 June 2008. Retrieved 28 September 2009.
  26. 1 2 3 "Kudos to GV Businesses!", German Village Society. 22 August 2010. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
  27. ↑ "Barcelona Restaurant: Traditional Spanish Cuisine in Columbus", Lee Ann Mullen. Hello Columbus. 20 dec 2009. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
  28. ↑ "Lindey's Restaurant & Bar", Ivonne Rovira. Hello Metro. 1 May 2010. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
  29. ↑ "Our Memories". Max and Erma's. Retrieved Nov 13, 2010.
  30. ↑ "John McCain does his own German thing", Don Frederick. Los Angeles Times. 24 July 2008. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
  31. ↑ Kelley, p. 51.
  32. 1 2 3 "SHOP", German Village Society. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
  33. ↑ Book Loft
  34. ↑ http://www.franklinartglass.com/shop/
  35. ↑ http://www.yelp.com/search?cflt=galleries&find_loc=German+Village%2C+Columbus%2C+OH
  36. ↑ German Village, Columbus, Ohio, Neighborhoods, Great Places in America, American Planning Association, retrieved March 20, 2013.
  37. 1 2 3 Darbee and Recchie, p. 60.
  38. ↑ Darbee and Recchie, p. 68.
  39. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Columbus in Historic Photographs", Columbus Metropolitan Library. Retrieved 7 September 2010.
  40. 1 2 3 "Brewery District", Touring Ohio. 2010. Retrieved 7 September 2010.
  41. ↑ Darbee and Recchie, p. 27.
  42. 1 2 "THE L. HOSTER BREWING COMPANY", OhioBreweriana. Retrieved 7 September 2010.
  43. ↑ Centennial history of Columbus and Franklin County, Ohio, Volume 2, William Alexander Taylor, S. J. Clarke Publishing Co., 1909. p. 731.
  44. 1 2 Obituary record of graduates of Yale University, Yale University, 1915. p. 897.
  45. 1 2 Centennial history of Columbus and Franklin County, Ohio, Volume 1, William Alexander Taylor, S. J. Clarke Publishing Co., 1909. pp. 608–09.
  46. ↑ "Feature articles in Grandview ThisWeek Newspaper Weekly Moment in Time Column", The Grandview Heights Marble Cliff Historical Society. 2006–2007. Retrieved 7 September 2008.
  47. 1 2 "A Tireless Determination: Herman A. Hoster, M.D.", House Call. Medical Heritage Center of Ohio State University. Winter 2003. Retrieved 7 September 2010.
  48. 1 2 Journal of the American Medical Association, Volume 133, Number 10, March 8, 1947 (subscription required).
  49. ↑ "Hodgkin's Disease and Other Lymphomas". Republished by the National Center for Biotechnology Information. Original December 1972. Retrieved 7 September 2010.
  50. ↑ The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography, James Terry White. University Microfilms, 1967. p. 358.
  51. ↑ "German Village Society and WBNS 10TV", Ohio Historic Preservation Office. 2006. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
  52. ↑ Educational history of Ohio, James Jesse Burns. Historical Pub. Co., 1905. p. 349.
  53. ↑ "Capital University", U.S. News and World Report. 2010. Retrieved 7 September 2010.
  54. ↑ German Columbus, Jeffrey T. Darbee, Nancy A. Recchie. Arcadia Publishing, 2005. ISBN 0-7385-3396-3, ISBN 978-0-7385-3396-4.
  55. ↑ Darbee and Recchie, p. 19.
  56. ↑ Darbee and Recchie, p. 21.
  57. 1 2 Darbee and Recchie, p. 24.
  58. ↑ Darbee and Recchie, p. 25.
  59. ↑ Darbee and Recchie, pp. 60, 68.
  60. ↑ "Site of First Ohio State Home Football Game / The Ohio State University First Football Team 1890", William Fischer, Jr. 13 oct 2008. Retrieved 7 September 2010.
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