Gopherus

Gopherus
Gopher tortoise, Gopherus polyphemus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Sauropsida
Order:	Testudines
Suborder:	Cryptodira
Superfamily:	Testudinoidea
Family:	Testudinidae
Genus:	Gopherus Rafinesque, 1832
Species
G. agassizii (Cooper, 1863) G. berlandieri (Agassiz, 1857) G. flavomarginatus (Legler, 1959) G. morafkai (Murphy et al., 2011) G. polyphemus (Daudin, 1802) G. evgoodei (Edwards et al., 2016)

Gopherus is a genus of fossorial tortoises commonly referred to as gopher tortoises. The gopher tortoise is grouped with land tortoises that originated 60 million years ago, in North America. A genetic study has shown that their closest relatives are in the Asian genus Manouria.^[1] The gopher tortoises live in the southern United States from California's Mojave Desert across to Florida, and in parts of northern Mexico. Gopher tortoises are so named because of their ability to dig large, deep burrows; those of the Gopher tortoise can be up to 40 feet (12 m) in length and 10 feet (3.0 m) in depth.^[2] These burrows are used by a variety of other species, including mammals, other reptiles, amphibians, and birds.^[3] Gopher tortoises are 20–50 cm (7.9–19.7 in) in length, depending on the species.^[4] All five species are found in xeric habitats.

Diet

Gopher tortoises are mainly herbivores that feed on low growing plant life. Their diet consists mostly of grasses and legumes. Gopher tortoises are scavengers and will also feed on small berries, fruits, carrion, and excrement. Gopher tortoises are rarely seen drinking from still water. Most of the water gopher tortoises consume comes from within the food they eat.

Desert tortoise, Gopherus agassizii

Breeding

Gopher tortoises usually mate during the months of April and May. The female will then choose either a sunny spot nearby or a sandy mound in front of her burrow to lay between 3 and 15 eggs. The eggs then hatch from 70 to 100 days later. Once hatched the baby tortoises spend most of their time in their mother's burrow until they learn to dig their own. They do not reach maturity until they are around 10 to 15 years old. Gopher tortoises have an abbreviated mating season in early spring, when male tortoises visit the female tortoise' burrows and mate with them.^[5]

Species

In July 2011, researchers decided on the basis of DNA and behavioral data that the Sonoran and Mojave populations of the desert tortoise were distinct species.^[6] As such, there are currently six recognized species in the genus Gopherus:

Listed alphabetically by binomial name.^[7]

• Mojave desert tortoise of Agassiz's desert tortoise Gopherus agassizii (Cooper, 1863)
• Texas tortoise Gopherus berlandieri (Agassiz, 1857)
• Bolson tortoise Gopherus flavomarginatus (Legler, 1959)
• Sonoran desert tortoise or Morafka’s desert tortoise Gopherus morafkai (Murphy et al., 2011)^[6]
• Sinaloan desert tortoise or Goode's desert tortoise Gopherus evgoodei (Edwards et al., 2016)^[8]
• Gopher tortoise Gopherus polyphemus (Daudin, 1802)

Members of Gopherus that became extinct in the late Pleistocene:

• Gopherus donlaloi (Reynoso and Montellano-Ballesteros, 2004)^[9][10][11]

Conservation

Populations of all six species of Gopherus have declined dramatically. In the past, gopher tortoises were hunted for their meat, which was used in stews.^[12] Currently the most significant threat to their survival is habitat destruction, but the pet trade and collisions with vehicles have also taken their toll.^[4] To help decrease gopher tortoise death due to collisions with vehicles, the US Department of Transportation in Mississippi has recently placed angled fences along the road side to keep tortoise from wandering onto the highways near their habitats.^[13] On November 9, 2009, the US Fish and Wildlife Service proposed rulemaking to include the Eastern Population of the Gopher tortoise, Gopherus polyphemus, in the List of Threatened Wildlife.^[14]

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gopherus.

Wikispecies has information related to: Gopherus

• Gopher Tortoise Council
• The Gopher Tortoise Organization

Tortoise family of turtles (Testudinidae)
Genus	Species of the tortoise family
Aldabrachelys	Aldabra giant tortoise
Astrochelys	Angonoka tortoise Radiated tortoise
Chelonoidis	Yellow-footed tortoise Chaco tortoise Galápagos tortoise Red-footed tortoise
Chersina	Angulate tortoise
Centrochelys	African spurred tortoise
Cylindraspis†	Domed Mauritius giant tortoise† Domed Rodrigues giant tortoise† Réunion giant tortoise† Saddle-backed Mauritius giant tortoise† Saddle-backed Rodrigues giant tortoise†
Geochelone	Burmese star tortoise Indian star tortoise
Gopherus	Bolson tortoise Desert tortoise Gopher tortoise Sonoran Desert tortoise Texas tortoise
Homopus	Common padloper Nama padloper Karoo padloper Greater padloper Speckled padloper
Indotestudo	Elongated tortoise Forsten's tortoise Travancore tortoise
Kinixys	Bell's hinge-back tortoise Forest hinge-back tortoise Home's hinge-back tortoise Lobatse hinge-back tortoise Natal hinge-back tortoise Speke's hinge-back tortoise
Malacochersus	Pancake tortoise
Manouria	Asian forest tortoise Impressed tortoise
Psammobates	Geometric tortoise Serrated tortoise Tent tortoise
Pyxis	Flat-backed spider tortoise Spider tortoise
Stigmochelys	Leopard tortoise
Testudo	Hermann's tortoise Kleinmann's tortoise Marginated tortoise Russian tortoise Spur-thighed tortoise
Phylogenetic arrangement based on turtles of the world 2012 update: annotated checklist. Key: †=extinct.