List of state leaders in 1922
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This is a list of heads of state, government leaders, and other rulers in the year 1922.
Africa
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Egypt
- the Sultanate of Egypt gained independence on 28 February 1922
- High Commissioner - Edmund Allenby, Viscount Allenby, High Commissioner for Egypt (1919–1925)
- Monarch - Fuad I, King of Egypt[1] (1917–1936)
- Prime Minister -
- Adli Yakan Pasha, Prime Minister of Egypt (1921–1922)
- Abdel Khaliq Sarwat Pasha, Prime Minister of Egypt (1922)
- Muhammad Tawfiq Nasim Pasha, Prime Minister of Egypt (1922–1923)
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Ethiopia
- Monarch - Zewditu, Empress of Ethiopia (1916–1930)
- Regent - Ras Tafari Makonnen, Regent of Ethiopia (1916–1930)
- Chief Minister - Habte Giyorgis Dinagde, Chief Minister of Ethiopia (1909–1927)
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Liberia
- President - Charles D. B. King, President of Liberia (1920–1930)
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Rif Republic (unrecognized secessionist state)
- President - Abd el-Krim, President of the Rif Republic (1921–1926)
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South Africa
- Monarch - George V, King of the British Dominions Beyond the Seas (1910–1936)
- Governor-General - Prince Arthur of Connaught, Governor-General of South Africa (1920–1924)
- Prime Minister - Jan Smuts, Prime Minister of South Africa (1919–1924)
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Tripolitania (unrecognized secessionist state)
- reintegrated into Italian Libya on 12 November 1922
- Head of State - Ahmad Tahir al-Murayyid, Chairman of the Central Reform Board of Tripolitania (1918–1923)
Asia
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Afghanistan
- Monarch - Amanullah Khan, Emir of Afghanistan (1919–1929)
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Asir
- Monarch - Sayyid Muhammad ibn Ali al-Idrisi, Emir of Asir (1909–1923)
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Bukhara
- Communist Party Leader - Sagdulla Tursunhodzhayev, First Secretary of the Communist Party of Bukhara (1921–1923)
- Head of State -
- Polat Khodzhayev, Chairman of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of Bukhara (1921–1922)
- Muin Jon Aminov, Chairman of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of Bukhara (1922)
- Porsa Khodzhayev, Chairman of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of Bukhara (1922–1925)
- Premier - Fayzulla Khodzhayev, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of Bukhara (1921–1924)
- China
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Beiyang Government
- President -
- Xu Shichang, President of China (1918–1922)
- Zhou Ziqi, Acting President of China (1922)
- Li Yuanhong, President of China (1922–1923)
- Premier -
- Liang Shiyi, Premier of State Council of China (1921–1922)
- Yan Huiqing, Acting Premier of State Council of China (1922)
- Zhou Ziqi, Acting Premier of State Council of China (1922)
- Yan Huiqing, Premier of State Council of China (1922)
- Wang Ch'ung-hui, Acting Premier of State Council of China (1922)
- Wang Daxie, Acting Premier of State Council of China (1922)
- Wang Zhengting, Acting Premier of State Council of China (1922–1923)
- President -
Nationalist Government
- Head of State - Sun Yat-sen, Extraordinary President of China (1921–1922)
Tibet (unrecognized, de facto independent country)
- Monarch - Thubten Gyatso, Dalai Lama (1879–1933)
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Far Eastern Republic
- was incorporated into Russia on 15 November 1922
- Head of State - Nikolay Matveyev, Chairman of the Government of the Far Eastern Republic (1921–1922)
- Premier -
- Nikolay Matveyev, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Far Eastern Republic (1921–1922)
- Pyotr Kobozev, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Far Eastern Republic (1922)
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Hejaz
- Monarch - Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz (1908–1924)[2]
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Japan
- Monarch - Yoshihito, Emperor of Japan (1912–1926)
- Regent - Crown Prince Hirohito, Regent of Japan (1921–1926)
- Prime Minister -
- Viscount Takahashi Korekiyo, Prime Minister of Japan (1921–1922)
- Viscount Katō Tomosaburō, Prime Minister of Japan (1922–1923)
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Khorezm
- Communist Party Leader - Gaifi Sharafutdinov, First Secretary of the Communist Party of Khorezm (1921–1923)
- Head of State -
- Jangibay Murodoghli, Chairman of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of Khorezm (1921–1922)
- Abdulla Abdurahmon Khojaoghli, Chairman of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of Khorezm (1922–1923)
- Premier - Sultanmurad Kany, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of Khorezm (1921–1924)
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Kurdistan (unrecognized secessionist state)
- independence proclaimed in September 1922
- Monarch - Sheikh Mahmud Barzanji, King of Kurdistan (1922–1924)
- Prime Minister - Sheikh Qadir Barzanji, Prime Minister of Kurdistan (1922–1924)
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Mongolia
- Communist Party Leader -
- Monarch - Bogd Khan, Khan of Mongolia (1921–1924)
- Prime Minister -
- Dogsomyn Bodoo, Prime Minister of Mongolia (1921–1922)
- Jalkhanz Khutagt Sodnomyn Damdinbazar, Prime Minister of Mongolia (1922–1923)
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Muscat and Oman
- Monarch - Taimur bin Feisal, Sultan of Muscat and Oman (1913–1932)
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Nejd
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Nepal
- Monarch - Tribhuvan, King of Nepal (1911–1950)
- Prime Minister - Chandra Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana, Maharaja of Lamjung and Kaski, Prime Minister of Nepal (1901–1929)
- Ottoman Empire
- see under Turkey
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Persia
- Monarch - Ahmad Shah Qajar, Shah of Persia (1909–1925)
- Prime Minister -
- Malek Mansur Mirza Shao es-Saltaneh, Prime Minister of Persia (1921–1922)
- Hassan Pirnia, Prime Minister of Persia (1922)
- Ahmad Qavam, Prime Minister of Persia (1922–1923)
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Siam
- Monarch - Vajiravudh, King of Siam (1910–1925)
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Tannu Tuva
- Communist Party Leader - Nimachyan, General Secretary of the Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party (1921–1923)
- Premier -
- Sodnam Balchir, Chairman of the Central Council of Tannu Tuva (1921–1922)
- Lobsang-Osur, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Tannu Tuva (1922)
- Idam-Syurun, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Tannu Tuva (1922–1923)
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Turkey
- the Ottoman Empire was superseded by the Turkish State on 1 November 1922
- Monarch - Mehmed VI, Emperor of the Ottomans (1918–1922)
- Republican Head of State - Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, President of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey (1922–1923)
- Head of Government -
- Ahmed Tevfik Pasha, Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire (1920–1922)
- Fevzi Çakmak, Prime Minister of Turkey (in rebellion) (1921–1922)
- Rauf Orbay, Prime Minister of Turkey (1922–1923)
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Yemen (unrecognized state)
- Monarch - Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din, Imam of Yemen (1904–1948)[4]
Australia and Oceania
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Australia
- Monarch - George V, King of the British Dominions Beyond the Seas (1910–1936)
- Governor-General - Henry Forster, Baron Forster, Governor-General of Australia (1920–1925)
- Prime Minister - Billy Hughes, Prime Minister of Australia (1915–1923)
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New Zealand
- Monarch - George V, King of the British Dominions Beyond the Seas (1910–1936)
- Governor-General - John Jellicoe, Viscount Jellicoe, Governor-General of New Zealand (1920–1924)
- Prime Minister - William Massey, Prime Minister of New Zealand (1912–1925)
Europe
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Albania
- Head of State - High Council of Regency, Head of State of Albania (1920–1925)
- Prime Minister -
- Xhafer Bej Ypi, Prime Minister of Albania (1921–1922)
- Ahmet Zogu, Prime Minister of Albania (1922–1924)
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Andorra
- Monarchs -
- French Co-Prince - Alexandre Millerand, French Co-Prince of Andorra (1920–1924)
- Co-Prince's Representative - Charles Romeu (1887–1933)
- Episcopal Co-Prince - Justí Guitart i Vilardebó, Episcopal Co-Prince of Andorra (1920–1940)
- Co-Prince's Representative - Joseph de Riba (1915–1933)
- French Co-Prince - Alexandre Millerand, French Co-Prince of Andorra (1920–1924)
- First Syndic - Bonaventura Villarubia, First Syndic of Andorra (1920–1923)
- Monarchs -
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Armenia
- became a founder of Transcaucasia on 12 March 1922
- Communist Party Leader -
- Sergey Lukashin, First Secretary of the Communist Party of Armenia (1921–1922)
- Ashot Hovhannisyan, First Secretary of the Communist Party of Armenia (1922–1927)
- Head of State -
- Aleksandr Myasnikyan, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of Armenia (1921–1922)
- Sarkis Ambartsumyan, Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of Armenia (1922–1925)
- Premier - Sergey Lukashin, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of Armenia (1922–1925)
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Austria
- President - Michael Hainisch, Federal President of Austria (1920–1928)
- Chancellor -
- Johann Schober, Federal Chancellor of Austria (1921–1922)
- Walter Breisky, Federal Chancellor of Austria (1922)
- Johann Schober, Federal Chancellor of Austria (1922)
- Ignaz Seipel, Federal Chancellor of Austria (1922–1924)
- Azerbaijan
- became a founder of Transcaucasia on 12 March 1922
- Communist Party Leader - Sergey Kirov, First secretary of the Azerbaijani Communist Party (1921–1926)
- Head of State -
- Mukhtar Hajiyev, Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of Azerbaijan (1921–1922)
- Samed Aga Aliyev, Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of Azerbaijan (1922–1930)
- Premier -
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Belgium
- Monarch - Albert I, King of the Belgians (1909–1934)
- Prime Minister - Georges Theunis, Prime Minister of Belgium (1921–1925)
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Bulgaria
- Monarch - Boris III, Tsar of the Bulgarians (1918–1943)
- Premier - Aleksandar Stamboliyski, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bulgaria (1919–1923)
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Byelorussia
- became a founder of the Soviet Union on 30 December 1922
- Communist Party Leader - Vilhelm Knorin, First secretary of the Byelorussian Communist Party (1920–1923)
- Head of State - Alexander Chervyakov, Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of Byelorussia (1920–1937)
- Premier - Alexander Chervyakov, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of Byelorussia (1920–1924)
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Czechoslovakia
- President - Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, President of Czechoslovakia (1918–1935)
- Prime Minister -
- Edvard Beneš, Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia (1921–1922)
- Antonín Švehla, Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia (1922–1926)
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Danzig (free city under League of Nations protection)
- High Commissioner - Sir Richard Haking, League of Nations High Commissioner for Danzig (1921–1923)
- Head of State - Heinrich Sahm, President of the Senate of Danzig (1920–1931)
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Denmark
- Monarch - Christian X, King of Denmark (1912–1947)
- Prime Minister - Niels Neergaard, Prime Minister of Denmark (1920–1924)
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Estonia
- Head of State -
- Konstantin Päts, State Elder of Estonia (1921–1922)
- Juhan Kukk, State Elder of Estonia (1922–1923)
- Head of State -
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Finland
- President - Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg, President of Finland (1919–1925)
- Prime Minister -
- Juho Vennola, Prime Minister of Finland (1921–1922)
- Aimo Cajander, Prime Minister of Finland (1922)
- Kyösti Kallio, Prime Minister of Finland (1922–1924)
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Fiume
- Head of State -
- Riccardo Zanella, President of Fiume (1921–1922)
- Committee of National Defense, Head of State of Fiume (1922)
- Giovanni Giuriati, Provisional President of Fiume (1922)
- Attilio Depoli, Provisional Head of State of Fiume (1922–1923)
- Head of State -
-
France
- President - Alexandre Millerand, President of France (1920–1924)
- Prime Minister -
- Georgia
- became a founder of Transcaucasia on 12 March 1922
- Communist Party Leader -
- Mamia Orakhelashvili, First secretary of the Georgian Communist Party (1921–1922)
- Mikhail Okudzhava, First secretary of the Georgian Communist Party (1922)
- Vissarion Lominadze, First secretary of the Georgian Communist Party (1921–1924)
- Head of State -
- Polikarp Mdivani, Chairman of the Revolutionary Committee of Georgia (1921–1922)
- Filipp Makharadze, Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of Georgia (1922)
- Ivan Sturua, Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of Georgia (1922–1923)
- Premier -
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Germany
- President - Friedrich Ebert, President of Germany (1919–1925)
- Chancellor -
- Joseph Wirth, Chancellor of Germany (1921–1922)
- Wilhelm Cuno, Chancellor of Germany (1922–1923)
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Greece
- Monarch -
- Constantine I, King of the Hellenes (1920–1922)
- George II, King of the Hellenes (1922–1924)
- Prime Minister -
- Dimitrios Gounaris, Prime Minister of Greece (1921–1922)
- Nikolaos Stratos, Prime Minister of Greece (1922)
- Petros Protopapadakis, Prime Minister of Greece (1922)
- Nikolaos Triantafyllakos, Prime Minister of Greece (1922)
- Anastasios Charalambis, Prime Minister of Greece (1922)
- Sotirios Krokidas, Prime Minister of Greece (1922)
- Stylianos Gonatas, Prime Minister of Greece (1922–1924)
- Monarch -
-
Hungary
- Head of State - Miklós Horthy, Regent of Hungary (1920–1944)
- Prime Minister - Count István Bethlen, Prime Minister of Hungary (1921–1931)
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Iceland
- Monarch - Christian X, King of Iceland (1918–1944)
- Prime Minister -
- Jón Magnússon, Prime Minister of Iceland (1917–1922)[5]
- Sigurður Eggerz, Prime Minister of Iceland (1922–1924)
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Ireland
- the unrecognized Irish Republic was superseded by the Irish Free State on 6 December 1922
- President -
- Éamon de Valera, President of Ireland (1919–1922)
- Arthur Griffith, President of Ireland (1922)
- W. T. Cosgrave, President of Ireland (1922)
- Monarch - George V, King of Ireland (1922–1936)
- Governor-General - Tim Healy, Governor-General of Ireland (1922–1928)
- Head of Government -
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Italy
- Monarch - Victor Emmanuel III, King of Italy (1900–1946)
- Prime Minister -
-
Latvia
- name changed from Latvia to Latvian Republic on 7 November 1922
- President - Jānis Čakste, President of Latvia[7] (1918–1927)
- Prime Minister - Zigfrīds Anna Meierovics, Prime Minister of Latvia (1921–1923)
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Liechtenstein
- Monarch - Johann II, Prince of Liechtenstein (1859–1929)
- Head of Government -
- Josef Ospelt, Head of Government of Liechtenstein (1921–1922)
- Alfons Feger, Provisional Head of Government of Liechtenstein (1922)
- Felix Gubelmann, Provisional Head of Government of Liechtenstein (1922)
- Gustav Schädler, Head of Government of Liechtenstein (1922–1928)
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Lithuania
- President - Aleksandras Stulginskis, President of Lithuania (1920–1926)
- Prime Minister -
- Kazys Grinius, Prime Minister of Lithuania (1920–1922)
- Ernestas Galvanauskas, Prime Minister of Lithuania (1922–1924)
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Central Lithuania (unrecognized state)
- was annexed by Poland on 18 April 1922
- Head of State - Lucjan Żeligowski, Head of State of Central Lithuania (1920–1922)
- Head of Government - Aleksander Michal Marian Meysztowicz, Chairman of the Provisional Commission of Government of Central Lithiania (1921–1922)
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Luxembourg
- Monarch - Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg (1919–1964)[8]
- Prime Minister - Émile Reuter, President of the Government of Luxembourg (1918–1925)
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Monaco
- Monarch -
- Albert I, Prince of Monaco (1889–1922)
- Louis II, Prince of Monaco (1922–1949)
- Head of Government - Raymond Le Bourdon, Minister of State of Monaco (1919–1923)
- Monarch -
-
Netherlands
- Monarch - Wilhelmina, Queen of the Netherlands (1890–1948)[8]
- Prime Minister - Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Netherlands (1918–1925)
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Norway
- Monarch - Haakon VII, King of Norway (1905–1957)[8]
- Prime Minister - Otto Blehr, Prime Minister of Norway (1921–1923)
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Poland
- Head of State -
- Józef Piłsudski, Chief of State of Poland (1918–1922)
- Gabriel Narutowicz, President of Poland (1922)
- Maciej Rataj, Acting President of Poland (1922)
- Stanisław Wojciechowski, President of Poland (1922–1926)
- Prime Minister -
- Head of State -
-
Portugal
- President - António José de Almeida, President of Portugal (1919–1923)
- Premier -
- Francisco Cunha Leal, President of the Ministry of Portugal (1921–1922)
- António Maria da Silva, President of the Ministry of Portugal (1922–1923)
-
Romania
- Monarch - Ferdinand I, King of the Romanians (1914–1927)
- Premier -
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Russia
- became a founder of the Soviet Union on 30 December 1922
- Head of State - Mikhail Kalinin, Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets (1919–1938)
- Premier - Vladimir Lenin, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of Russia (1917–1924)
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San Marino
- Captains Regent -
- Egisto Morri and Giuseppe Lanci, Captains Regent of San Marino (1921–1922)
- Eugenio Reffi and Giovanni Arzilli, Captains Regent of San Marino (1922)
- Onofrio Fattori and Giuseppe Balducci, Captains Regent of San Marino (1922–1923)
- Captains Regent -
-
Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
- Monarch - Alexander I, King of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1921–1934)
- Prime Minister - Nikola Pašić, Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1921–1924)
- Soviet Union (unrecognized state)
- founded on 30 December 1922
- Communist Party Leader - Joseph Stalin, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1922–1953)
- Head of State - Mikhail Kalinin, Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Congress of Soviets of the Soviet Union (1922–1946)
- Premier - Vladimir Lenin, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union (1922–1924)
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Spain
- Monarch - Alfonso XIII, King of Spain (1886–1931)
- Prime Minister -
-
Sweden
- Monarch - Gustaf V, King of Sweden (1907–1950)
- Prime Minister - Hjalmar Branting, Prime Minister of Sweden (1921–1923)
-
Switzerland
- Federal Council:[9]
- Giuseppe Motta (1911–1940), Edmund Schulthess (1912–1935), Robert Haab (1917–1929, President), Ernest Chuard (1919–1928), Karl Scheurer (1919–1929), Jean-Marie Musy (1919–1934), Heinrich Häberlin (1920–1934)
- Federal Council:[9]
-
Transcaucasia
- created on 12 March 1922, and became a founder of the Soviet Union on 30 December 1922
- Communist Party Leader - Aleksandr Myasnikyan, First Secretary of the Transcaucasian Communist Party (1922–1925)
- Head of State - Nariman Narimanov + Polikarp Mdivani + Aleksandr Myasnikyan, Chairmen of the Union Council of Transcaucasia (1922)
- Premier - Mikhail Tskhakaya, Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of Transcaucasia (1922–1927)
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Ukraine (unrecognized state)
- became a founder of the Soviet Union on 30 December 1922
- Communist Party Leader - Dmitry Manuilsky, First Secretary of the Communist Party (1921–1923)
- Head of State - Grigory Petrovsky, Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of Ukraine (1919–1938)
- Premier - Christian Rakovsky, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of Ukraine (1920–1923)
-
United Kingdom
- Monarch - George V, King of the United Kingdom (1910–1936)
- Prime Minister -
- David Lloyd George, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1916–1922)
- Bonar Law, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1922–1923)
North America and the Caribbean
-
Canada
- Monarch - George V, King of the British Dominions Beyond the Seas (1910–1936)
- Governor General - Julian Byng, Baron Byng of Vimy, Governor General of Canada (1921–1926)
- Prime Minister - William Lyon Mackenzie King, Prime Minister of Canada (1921–1926)
-
Costa Rica
- President - Julio Acosta García, President of Costa Rica (1920–1924)
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Cuba
- President - Alfredo Zayas y Alfonso, President of Cuba (1921–1925)
-
Dominican Republic (under US occupation)
- Governor - Samuel Robison, Governor of Santo Domingo (1921–1922)
- President - Juan Bautista Vicini Burgos, President of the Dominican Republic (1922–1924)
-
El Salvador
- President - Jorge Meléndez, President of El Salvador (1919–1923)
-
Guatemala
- President - José María Orellana, President of Guatemala (1921–1926)
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Haiti (under US occupation)
- High Commissioner - John H. Russell, Jr., High Commissioner to Haiti[10] (1919–1930)
- President -
- Philippe Sudré Dartiguenave, President of Haiti (1915–1922)
- Louis Borno, President of Haiti (1922–1930)
-
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Honduras
- President - Rafael López Gutiérrez, President of Honduras (1920–1924)
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Mexico
- President - Álvaro Obregón, President of Mexico (1920–1924)
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Newfoundland
- Monarch - George V, King of the British Dominions Beyond the Seas (1910–1936)
- Governor -
- Sir Charles Alexander Harris, Governor of Newfoundland (1917–1922)
- Sir William Allardyce, Governor of Newfoundland (1922–1928)
- Prime Minister - Sir Richard Squires, Prime Minister of Newfoundland (1919–1923)
-
Nicaragua
- President - Diego Manuel Chamorro, President of Nicaragua (1921–1923)
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Panama
- President - Belisario Porras Barahona, President of Panama (1920–1924)
-
United States
- President - Warren G. Harding, President of the United States (1921–1923)
South America
-
Argentina
- President -
- Hipólito Yrigoyen, President of Argentina (1916–1922)
- Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear, President of Argentina (1922–1928)
- President -
-
Bolivia
- President - Bautista Saavedra, President of Bolivia (1921–1925)
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Brazil
- President -
- Epitácio Pessoa, President of Brazil (1919–1922)
- Artur Bernardes, President of Brazil (1922–1926)
- President -
-
Chile
- President - Arturo Alessandri, President of Chile (1920–1924)
-
Colombia
- President -
- Marco Fidel Suárez, President of Colombia (1918–1922)
- Jorge Holguín, Acting President of Colombia (1921–1922)
- Pedro Nel Ospina Váquez, President of Colombia (1922–1926)
- President -
-
Ecuador
- President - José Luis Tamayo, President of Ecuador (1920–1924)
-
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Paraguay
- President - Eusebio Ayala, Acting President of Paraguay (1921–1923)
-
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Peru
- President - Augusto B. Leguía, President of Peru (1919–1930)
- Prime Minister -
- Germán Leguía y Martínez Jakeway, President of the council of ministers of Peru (1919–1922)
- Julio Enrique Ego Aguirre, President of the council of ministers of Peru (1922–1924)
-
Uruguay
- President - Baltasar Brum, President of Uruguay (1919–1923)
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Venezuela
- President -
- Victorino Márquez Bustillos, Provisional President of Venezuela (1914–1922)
- Juan Vicente Gómez, President of Venezuela (1922–1929)
- President -
References
- ↑ The monarch's title changed from Sultan to King on 16 March 1922.
- ↑ Hussein bin Ali was Sharif and Emir of Mecca from 1908 and King of Hejaz from 1916.
- ↑ Ibn Saud was Emir of Nejd and Hasa between 1902 and 1921, Sultan of Nejd between 1921 and 1927, King of Nejd between 1927 and 1932 additionally King of Hejaz between 1926 and 1932 (collectively referred to as King of Nejd and Hejaz), and King of Saudi Arabia from 1932.
- ↑ Yemen only became independent in 1918.
- ↑ Iceland only became independent in 1918.
- ↑ The title of the Irish head of government changed from Chairman of the Provisional Government to President of the Executive Council on 6 December 1922.
- ↑ The title of the Latvian head of state changed from President of the Constituent Assembly to State president on 7 November 1922.
- 1 2 3 In exile between 1940 and 1945.
- ↑ The seven member Swiss Federal Council is the collective head of state and the government of Switzerland. Within the Council, the President of the Swiss Confederation serves solely in a primus inter pares capacity for one year.
- ↑ The title changed from Military Commander to High Commissioner on 11 February 1922.
External links
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