November 1959

November 17, 1959: Russell and Chamberlain begin rivalry

November 29, 1959: Dr. King leaves Dexter Avenue

November 9, 1959: HEW Secretary Flemming causes cranberry scare

The following events occurred in November 1959:

November 1, 1959 (Sunday)

• In Rwanda, violence between the Hutu and Tutsi people was triggered by an attack upon Hutu activist Dominique Mbonyumutwa. Over the next two weeks 300 people, mostly Tutsi, were killed, in what was known as the wind of destruction.^[1]
• John Howard Griffin, a white writer from Mansfield, Texas, began the process of making himself look black in order to research his classic book, Black Like Me.^[2]

Plante's mask

• Jacques Plante of the Montreal Canadiens became the first NHL goalie in modern times to wear a face mask, donning it after a shot from Andy Bathgate (New York Rangers) struck him in the face. The Canadiens won 3–1. Soon, all goalies were wearing masks.^[3]

November 2, 1959 (Monday)

• Charles Van Doren, famous for being the all-time winner on the TV game show Twenty One, admitted in a hearing in Congress that he had been supplied the answers in advance.^[4]
• Born: Saïd Aouita, Moroccan distance runner, in Kenitra

November 3, 1959 (Tuesday)

• In elections for Israel's Knesset, David Ben-Gurion's Mapai Party retained power, capturing 47 of the 120 seats, but still 13 short of a majority.^[5]
• Speaking at France's École Militaire, President Charles de Gaulle announced that France would build its own nuclear strike force, the "force de frappe", "whether we make it ourselves or buy it".^[6]
• Rioting broke out in Panama after a crowd of 2,000 students in Panama clashed with police at the American controlled Panama Canal Zone.^[7]

November 4, 1959 (Wednesday)

• The government of Morocco imposed emergency measures after more than 6,700 people had been paralyzed by tainted cooking oil, including the death penalty for manufacturers who had sold the oil in Meknes during the feast of Ramadan in September and October. Peanut oil had been mixed with a jet aircraft engine rinse purchased as surplus from a United States Air Force base at Nouasseur, and the victims were poisoned by tricresyl phosphate.^[8] More than 10,000 people eventually required treatment for injuries. Five of the manufacturers were sentenced to death, but never executed.^[9]
• Six Israeli jets and four Egyptian MiG-17s clashed in a dogfight near the border between the two nations. All planes reportedly returned safely and the battle did not lead to further action.^[10]
• Died: U.S. Congressman Charles A. Boyle of Illinois was killed in an automobile accident as he returned from a long day of campaigning on behalf of Chicago Democrats.^[11]
• Died: U.S. Congressman Steven V. Carter of Iowa died the same day, of cancer, at the age of 44.^[12]

November 5, 1959 (Thursday)

• Test pilot Scott Crossfield encountered trouble at 45,000 feet on the third flight of the North American X-15 rocket plane and was unable to jettison his fuel because of a steep glide. The plane buckled on a hard landing on a dry lake bed. By chance, the split occurred between the cabin and the fuel tanks, and the fuel did not ignite.^[13]
• Born: Bryan Adams, Canadian pop singer, in Kingston, Ontario

November 6, 1959 (Friday)

• In Boston, Dr. Bernard Lown was inspired to create the direct current heart defibrillator after using 400 volts of electricity to restore the heart rhythm of a patient, known to history only as "Mr. C___".^[14]
• Died: Jose P. Laurel, 68, Philippine President during Japanese occupation

November 7, 1959 (Saturday)

• The U.S. Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the Taft-Hartley Act, and ordered 500,000 striking steelworkers to return to work for the next 80 days. In an 8–1 decision, Justice Douglas dissenting, the Court declared that the strike "imperils the national safety".^[15]
• After his troops had control of most of the disputed Ladakh border region with India, China's Premier Zhou Enlai proposed that both sides withdraw their troops. When the Sino-Indian War was fought in 1962, China insisted on the border being based on the lines of "actual control" of 7 November 1959.^[16]
• The rivalry between Bill Russell and Wilt Chamberlain began as Russell and the Boston Celtics defeated Chamberlain's Philadelphia Warriors, 115–106. During the 1960s, Chamberlain won more scoring titles, while Russell won more team championships. Their last meeting was in Game 7 of the 1969 NBA Finals (May 5), when Boston beat the Los Angeles Lakers 108–106.^[17]
• Born: Billy Gillispie, American basketball coach, in Abilene, Texas
• Died: Victor McLaglen, 72, Western actor

November 8, 1959 (Sunday)

• A treaty governing use of the Nile River was signed by Egypt and the Sudan, clearing the way for construction projects there.^[18]
• Habib Bourguiba, the President of Tunisia, was unopposed in his first election bid, as were all 90 candidates for the legislative seats in the Majlis al-Nuwaab.^[19]
• Elgin Baylor broke the NBA scoring record with 64 points in the Minneapolis Lakers' 136–115 win over the visiting Boston Celtics.^[20]
• Born: Selçuk Yula, Turkish footballer, in Ankara
• Died: William Langer, 73, U.S. Senator from North Dakota since 1941; and Frank S. Land, 69, founder of the Order of DeMolay.

November 9, 1959 (Monday)

The snowmobile

• Seventeen days before Thanksgiving, Arthur Flemming, the U.S. Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare, warned that some of the 1959 crop of cranberries was tainted with the carcinogen aminotriazole, and said that if a housewife did not know where the berries in a product came from, "to be on the safe side, she doesn't buy".^[21] Cranberry sales plummeted, but producers responded by finding ways to promote year-round sales of cranberry products, including cranberry juice.^[22]
• The first Ski-doo, a snowmobile with a new, light-weight (30 pound) engine, was manufactured in Valcourt, Quebec, one of 250 made on the first day of production. The lighter engine made snowmobiling more practical, and within a decade, more than 200,000 Ski-doos were being sold annually in North America.^[23]
• Born: Tony Slattery, British comedian and TV actor, in Stonebridge, London; Donnie McClurkin, American gospel singer, in Amityville, New York; and Angela Spivey, American gospel singer, in Chicago

November 10, 1959 (Tuesday)

• USS Triton, at 447 feet in length and 5,000 tons the largest submarine to that time, joined the U.S. Navy's nuclear sub force. With two nuclear reactors, the Triton had cost $100,000,000 to build. Meanwhile, Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev claimed in an interview that he had told President Eisenhower in August that "your submarines are not so bad, but the speed of our atomic submarines is double yours."^[24]
• Born: Mackenzie Phillips, American TV actress (One Day at a Time), in Alexandria, Virginia; and Linda Cohn, first female sports anchor in the U.S., in Selden, New York

November 11, 1959 (Wednesday)

• Werner Heyde, a psychiatrist who had guided the euthanizing of more than 100,000 handicapped persons in Nazi Germany, surrendered to police in Frankfurt after 13 years as a fugitive. As director of the Reich Association of Hospitals, Dr. Heyde had carried out "Action T4". Men, women and children who were mentally or physically handicapped were the victims of Heyde's "mercy killing" from 1939 to 1942, usually by lethal injection. Sentenced in absentia to death, Heyde had been practicing in Flensburg as "Dr. Fritz Sawade". On February 13, 1964, five days before his trial was to start, Dr. Heyde hanged himself at the prison in Butzbach.^[25]

November 12, 1959 (Thursday)

• William Morrison, 1st Viscount Dunrossil was selected to become the new Governor-General of Australia. Morrison, a native of Scotland, had retiired earlier in the year as Speaker of the British House of Commons. Prior to his selection, it was speculated that Princess Margaret, sister to Queen Elizabeth II, would be selected as the Head of State and representative of the Crown in Australia.^[26]

November 13, 1959 (Friday)

The Narrows Bridge

• The Narrows Bridge in Perth, Australia, was opened to traffic. At the time, the 1,301 foot structure was the largest in the world to be made of precast and prestressed concrete.^[27]

November 14, 1959 (Saturday)

• Kilauea on the island of Hawaii had begun to swell in September. At 8:08 p.m., the volcano erupted, producing fires of lava up to 300 meters high. The fire fountains ceased by December 20.^[28]
• Born: Paul McGann, British TV actor, in Liverpool

November 15, 1959 (Sunday)

• Herbert and Bonnie Clutter, and their teenage children, Nancy and Kenyon, were murdered at their home near Holcomb, Kansas.^[29] Dick Hickock and Perry Smith would be captured in January, and hanged in 1965. The killings were immortalized in Truman Capote's 1966 book, In Cold Blood.^[30]
• Died: C. T. R. Wilson, 90, Scottish physicist, inventor of the cloud chamber, for which he won the Nobel Prize in 1927

November 16, 1959 (Monday)

• The Sound of Music, written by Rodgers and Hammerstein's music and lyrics, premiered on Broadway at the Lunt-Fontanne Theatre. Mary Martin starred as Maria von Trapp.^[31]
• National Airlines Flight 967, with 42 people on board, crashed into the Gulf of Mexico while en route from Tampa to New Orleans.^[32] Though an onboard bomb was suspected, the physical evidence was lost in the Gulf.^[33]

November 17, 1959 (Tuesday)

• The London Daily Herald revealed a plot to kidnap Prince Charles, the 11-year-old heir to the British throne, from his boarding school, but most observers scoffed at the exclusive story. Beneath the banner headline "ROYAL KIDNAP QUIZ" came the story that the Northern Ireland nationalist group Fianna Uladh planned to raid the Cheam School to take Charles hostage. A spokesman for Scotland Yard opined that the story had been made up by the Herald "because we refused to give information about why security measures were increased at Cheam School".^[34] The newspaper ceased publication in 1964.
• Born: William R. Moses, American TV actor; in Los Angeles
• Died: Heitor Villa-Lobos, 72, Brazilian composer

November 18, 1959 (Wednesday)

• Ben-Hur, which would go on to become the most popular film of the year and would win a record 12 Academy Awards, debuted at New York's Loews Theater in 70 mm Ultra Panavision, before nationwide and then worldwide release.^[35]
• Ornette Coleman became a sensation in the world of jazz with his East Coast debut at the "Five Spot Cafe" in New York's Greenwich Village. Described by one critic as "the only really new thing in jazz since ... the mid 40s", the alto saxophonist's style received a mixed reaction.^[36]
• Born: Jimmy Quinn, footballer and manager, in Belfast

November 19, 1959 (Thursday)

Edsel departs

• The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show was introduced. The cartoon was shown on ABC network stations at 5:30 each afternoon and was originally called Rocky and Friends, although Bullwinkle the moose soon became more popular than Rocky the flying squirrel.^[37]
• In its third unsuccessful year, the last Edsel automobile was manufactured by the Ford Motor Company, after a loss of $100,000,000 on the program. Eighteen of the 1960 Edsels were produced on the final day.^[38]
• Born: Allison Janney, American actress (The West Wing), in Dayton
• Died: Edward C. Tolman, 73, American psychologist; and Aleksandr Khinchin, 65, Soviet mathematician

November 20, 1959 (Friday)

• The Declaration of the Rights of the Child, a set of ten principles introduced by the resolution, "Whereas, mankind owes to the child the best it has to give", was passed unanimously by the United Nations, as Resolution 1386 of the 14th Session.^[39]
• Died: Roy Thomas (outfielder), 85, baseball player

November 21, 1959 (Saturday)

Dick Clark

• The career of nationally known Alan Freed ended with his firing from New York's most popular rock station, WABC (AM), after he refused to sign an affidavit denying involvement in the "payola" scandal. As a DJ for WABC, Freed had promoted selected singles for undisclosed financial gain. Dick Clark, host of TV's American Bandstand, signed a similar affidavit and had divested himself of financial interests, and his career was not interrupted by the scandal.^[40]
• The first inter-league trade without waivers in major league baseball history took place when the Chicago Cubs sent Jim Marshall and Dave Hillman to the Boston Red Sox in return for Dick Gernert.^[41]
• Died: Max Baer, 50, American boxer; world heavyweight champion 1934–1935.

November 22, 1959 (Sunday)

• In Minneapolis, on the morning of the American Football League's first owners' meeting, the Minneapolis Star-Journal carried the headline "MINNESOTA TO GET NFL FRANCHISE". The owners of the AFL Minneapolis team denied the story, but soon were awarded the NFL's 14th team, the Minnesota Vikings. Legend has it that Harry Wismer brought copies of the newspaper to a banquet, pointed to Max Winter, and said, "This is the last supper. And he's Judas!" The Minneapolis AFL team was replaced by the Oakland Raiders.^[42]
• Unser Sandmännchen premiered on the East German television network Deutscher Fernsehfunk. The series would continue airing on Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg

Gerhard Behrendt with Sandmännchen

• Died: Sam M. Lewis, 74, American songwriter

November 23, 1959 (Monday)

• The Curtiss-Wright Corporation announced that it had developed a new internal combustion engine, in conjunction with NSU Motorenwerke AG of Germany. With only two moving parts (the rotor and the crankshaft) this would later be called the rotary engine.^[43]
• Born: Dominique Dunne, American actress (Poltergeist), in Santa Monica; murdered 1982

November 24, 1959 (Tuesday)

• TWA Flight 595, a cargo plane with three crew members on board, crashed into a Chicago neighborhood adjacent to Midway Airport. At 5:37 a.m., the Constellation airplane crashed at the corner of 64th Street and Knox Avenue, and destroyed apartments and bungalows. In addition to the crew, eight people on the ground were killed and 13 more injured.^[44]
• Near Geneva, the Proton Synchrotron developed by the European nuclear agency, CERN, went online and exceeded expectations, accelerating protons to 25 GeV (25 billion electron volts), more than twice as much as the Soviet synchrotron at Dubna.^[45]
• Died: Dally Messenger, 76, Australian rugby league player

November 25, 1959 (Wednesday)

• The first Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) in history was signed between West Germany and Pakistan. BITs govern the terms of private investment between companies in the two nations, including provisions for arbitration of disputes.^[46]
• Born: Charles Kennedy, British MP, Liberal Democrat leader, 1999–2006, in Inverness, Scotland

November 26, 1959 (Thursday)

• The maiden flight of the Atlas-Able rocket, the most powerful ever built by the United States, failed less than a minute after its launch. The rocket lifted off at 2:26 a.m. from Cape Canaveral, with plans to carry the Pioneer V satellite to be placed in lunar orbit. Forty seconds later, parts fell from the third stage and the rocket misfired.^[47]

November 27, 1959 (Friday)

• Nazi war criminal Dr. Josef Mengele, the "Angel of Death" at the Auschwitz and Birkenau concentration camps, was granted citizenship by Paraguay, whose dictator Alfredo Stroessner refused to allow the extradition of a Paraguayan citizen. Mengele later fled to Brazil, and was never captured, living until 1979 when he drowned.^[48]
• More than 20,000 protesters in Tokyo, demanding that Japan end its military ties with the United States, stormed the grounds of the Japanese parliament. In the ensuing riot, 159 policemen and 212 civilians were injured in the worst violence in Japan since the May Day riots of 1952.^[49]
• Born: Viktoria Mullova, Russian violinist, in Zhukovsky

November 28, 1959 (Saturday)

• Victims of the mercury-poisoning induced Minamata disease, and their families, began a sit-in at the chemical factory operated by Chisso in Minamata, Japan, and after a month's protest, secured an agreement for injury compensation.^[50]
• The first of the Nashville sit-ins, aimed at ending the policy of discrimination against African-Americans at lunch counters, began with a test run at Harveys Department Store in downtown Nashville, Tennessee. By 1960, the nonviolent protests were being duplicated, successfully and nationwide.^[51]
• Born: Judd Nelson, American actor (The Breakfast Club), in Portland, Maine

November 29, 1959 (Sunday)

• The Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr., preached his final sermon as pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama, resigning to devote more time to the civil rights movement.^[52]
• Born: Rahm Emanuel, Mayor of Chicago (2011-) and White House Chief of Staff (2009-2010), in Chicago

November 30, 1959 (Monday)

• In Hungary, János Kádár, leader of that nation's Communist Party since the Soviet invasion of 1956, announced that the nearly 60,000 Soviet troops stationed in Hungary, would remain "as long as the international situation demands it".^[53] Occupation forces remained until 1991.
• Born: Lorraine Kelly, ITV news presenter; in East Kilbride, Scotland

References