October 1959

October 4, 1959: Lunik 3 launched toward Moon

October 26, 1959: Earth's people see the other side of the Moon for the first time

October 5, 1959: IBM 1401, the first business computer, introduced

October 25, 1959: The last propeller driven Air Force One flight

The following events occurred in October 1959:

October 1, 1959 (Thursday)

• The 10th anniversary of the People's Republic of China is celebrated with pomp across the country.
• Aleksandr Alekseyev, a Soviet KGB agent and correspondent for TASS, arrived in Cuba to forge a relationship between the U.S.S.R. and the Castro government. By October 12, he had met with Che Guevara, and by October 15 with Fidel Castro, creating a Soviet ally 90 miles from the United States.^[1]
• NFL Enterprises, the forerunner to NFL Properties, was created as a joint project between Western star Roy Rogers and the owners of the 12 NFL teams. The first licensed product was glassware, to be given away at Standard Oil filling stations.^[2]
• Born: Youssou N'Dour, Senegalese singer, in Dakar; and Brian P. Cleary, American children's author, in Lakewood, Ohio

October 2, 1959 (Friday)

• The Twilight Zone debuted on CBS television.^[3]
• General Motors introduced the Chevrolet Corvair automobile. The Corvair, subject of Ralph Nader's 1965 book Unsafe at Any Speed, was manufactured until the 1969 model.^[4]
• The political system of Panchayati Raj was revived in India, starting with legislation in the State of Rajasthan to allow villages to elect their own local council (Gram Panchayat) to have authority on selected issues. The first new councils were in villages in the Nagaur district.^[5]
• A total eclipse of the sun was visible from the northeast United States to West Africa. During the brief time in which the Moon came between the Sun and the Earth, Maurice Allais confirmed the "Allais effect", causing a change in the swing of a pendulum, which he had first observed during a 1954 total eclipse.^[6]

October 3, 1959 (Saturday)

Theodore Roosevelt's daughter

USS Theodore Roosevelt

• The ballistic missile submarine, USS Theodore Roosevelt, was launched from Mare Island. Alice Roosevelt Longworth, the 75-year-old daughter of the 26th American president, broke the champagne across the submarine hull on her second attempt.^[7]
• Born: Fred Couples, American professional golfer (1992 Masters), in Seattle; Greg Proops, American comedian, in Phoenix; and Jack Wagner, American actor (General Hospital) in Washington, Missouri

October 4, 1959 (Sunday)

• Lunik 3, billed by the Soviet Union as "the first automatic space station", was launched into space. It would orbit the Moon and show a side never before seen by mankind.^[8]
• Born: Chris Lowe, British musician (Pet Shop Boys), in Blackpool, Lancashire

October 5, 1959 (Monday)

• The IBM 1401 computer and data processing system was introduced, providing the first fully transistorized computer intended for business use.^[9] The three piece system, which could be rented for $2,500 a month, had a memory ranging from 1.4 KB to 16K, could read 800 punchcards per minute and could print 600 lines per minute. More than 14,000 units were installed.^[10]
• Born: Maya Lin, American architect best known for Vietnam Memorial, in Athens, Ohio; and Kelly Joe Phelps, blues musician, in Sumner, Washington

October 6, 1959 (Tuesday)

• At a Congressional subcomittee, former game show contestants Herbert Stempel and James Snodgrass revealed that they had been supplied the answers in advance on the show Twenty-One.^[11] The two would be portrayed in the film Quiz Show by John Turturro and Douglas McGrath, respectively, in 1994.
• Cambodia filed suit against Thailand in the World Court claiming a violation of its territory by Thai use of the Temple of Preah Vihear. In 1962, the Court ruled in favor of Cambodia.^[12]
• The International Olive Oil Council was created, with 17 member nations, representing 97% of the world's exports of olive oil.^[13]
• A record 92,706 fans watched Game 5 of the World Series between the Dodgers and the White Sox.

October 7, 1959 (Wednesday)

• From 0330 to 0410 GMT, the Lunik 3 probe took the first pictures of the far side of the Moon, 29 images that were later transmitted back to Earth.^[14]
• On Baghdad's al-Rashid Street, Iraq's President Abd al-Karim Qasim was ambushed on his way to the East German embassy. The five man team, led by future Iraqi President Saddam Hussein, killed Qasim's driver and wounded Qasim. One assassin died and Saddam himself was injured, but escaped to farm.^[15] After the U.S. invasion of Iraq in 2003, Saddam fled to the same farm, where he was captured on December 13 of that year.^[16]
• A Taiwanese RB-57 surveillance plane, flying at an altitude of 20,000 meters, was downed by three V-750 missiles as it flew near Beijing. It was the first time that a surface-to-air missile (SAM) had brought down an aircraft.^[17]
• The U.S. Court of Claims ruled that the Tlingit and Haida Indian tribes had been the original owners of southeast Alaska and entitled to monetary compensation. An award for $7.5 million was made in 1968.^[18]

Mario Lanza

• Born: Simon Cowell, English TV producer and judge (American Idol and Britain's Got Talent), in Brighton, East Sussex; Lourdes Flores, Peruvian presidential candidate, in Lima; and Michael Paré, American film actor (The Philadelphia Experiment), in Brooklyn
• Died: Mario Lanza, 38, American tenor, of a pulmonary embolism

October 8, 1959 (Thursday)

• In the British general election, the Conservatives (led by Prime Minister Harold Macmillan) increased its majority in Parliament, capturing 365 of the 630 seats. Labour had 258 seats, followed by the Liberals (6) and the Independent Conservative Party (1).^[19]
• The Los Angeles Dodgers beat the Chicago White Sox 9–3 to win the 1959 World Series in the sixth game. Larry Sherry, the winning pitcher, had saved Games 2, 3 and 4 as well.^[20]
• The Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union issued "About some changes in History lessons in school", a decree revising the curriculum and textbooks in Soviet schools, with an emphasis on "the inevitability of the collapse of capitalism and the triumph of communism." ^[21]

October 9, 1959 (Friday)

• Russell Langelle, a CIA agent with a cover as security officer at the Embassy of the United States in Moscow, was arrested as he stepped off of a city bus, where he had met Soviet double-agent Pyotr Popov. Langelle was expelled from the Soviet Union, and Popov was later executed for treason.^[22]

Bullard

• Eugene Bullard, who had been the first African-American military pilot, received the Croix de la Légion d'honneur, France's highest military award, at a ceremony in Paris, for his services to the French Foreign Legion during World War I.^[23]
• Died: Shiro Ishii, 67 Japanese germ warfare specialist, granted immunity from war crimes prosecution

October 10, 1959 (Saturday)

• Fatah, Palestinian nationalist political party, was founded by Yasser Arafat, Khalil al-Wazir, and others to fight for Palestinian independence. "Fatah" is a reverse acronym for Harakat al Tahir al Filastini.^[24]
• A courageous letter of protest from author Viktor Nekrasov appeared in the Soviet weekly Literaturnaya Gazeta, after Nekrasov learned that the city planners of Kiev planned to pave over Babi Yar, site of the 1941 Nazi massacre of more than 30,000 Ukrainians, mostly Jews. Learning that a soccer stadium was to be built there, Nekrasov wrote, "How is this possible? Who could have thought of such a thing? On the site of such a colossal tragedy to make merry and play football? No! This must not be allowed!" ^[25] Yevgeny Yevtushenko and Anatoly Kuznetsov were inspired by Nekrasov's protest to write their own works about Babi Yar.^[26]

Ray

Watts Towers

• James Earl Ray was arrested after robbing a supermarket in St. Louis, and given a 20-year sentence in the Missouri State Penitentiary. With more than twelve years remaining on his jail term, Ray would escape on April 23, 1967, and assassinate Dr. Martin Luther King the following year.^[27]
• The Watts Towers, a metal sculpture by Simon Rodia, withstood a "10,000 pound pull" stress test and earned its right to remain a Los Angeles landmark. The city's Building and Safety Department had ordered the demolition of the landmark, but agreed to let Rodia prove that the 99-foot-tall (30 m) structure would not collapse.^[28]
• Born: Kirsty MacColl, British singer and songwriter (d. 2000)

October 11, 1959 (Sunday)

• Died: Bert Bell, the Commissioner of the National Football League, 64, died of a heart attack while attending the Eagles-Steelers game in Philadelphia. Bell, who had been Commissioner since 1946, had owned both teams earlier in his career. Sports columnist Red Smith later wrote, "It was like Caruso dying in the third act of Pagliacci".^[29]

October 12, 1959 (Monday)

• The first successful test of an anti-satellite weapon took place as a missile, fired from a B-47 bomber, passed within four miles of the orbiting satellite Explorer 4, close enough to be destroyed by a one megaton nuclear explosion.^[30]
• Yuri Gagarin and Georgi Shonin were among the first test pilots selected to be Soviet cosmonauts, following evaluations at the air base at Murmansk. Gagarin would become, on April 12, 1961, the first man in outer space aboard Vostok 1.^[31]
• Died: Arnolt Bronnen, 64, Austrian director

October 13, 1959 (Tuesday)

• The satellite Explorer 7 was launched, carrying a radiometer invented by Verner E. Suomi, and other devices that permitted the first measurements from space of Earth's radiation and the first climatological studies.^[32]
• Born: Marie Osmond, American pop singer, (Paper Roses) in Ogden, Utah

David McKerlie was born.

October 14, 1959 (Wednesday)

• Ruth Urdanivia, a widow in Allentown, Pennsylvania, murdered her five children with overdoses of barbiturates, and unsuccessfully attempted suicide. After being found sane to stand trial, she pleaded guilty and was sentenced to life in prison. She was paroled in 1967.^[33]

Flynn

• Died: Errol Flynn, 50, film actor; and Alphonso Trent, 54, jazz pianist

October 15, 1959 (Thursday)

• Ukrainian nationalist Stepan Bandera was murdered by a KGB agent Bogdan Stashinsky in Munich, West Germany. The weapon was a gun that fired hydrogen cyanide gas into Bandera's face. Stashinsky, who had killed newspaperman Lev Rebet in the same manner in 1957, swallowed an antidote, and escaped.^[34]
• The television series The Untouchables, starring Robert Stack as Eliot Ness, premiered on ABC.^[35]
• A B-52F bomber and a KC-135 tanker collided during refueling and crashed in Kentucky. The two nuclear weapons on the bomber were recovered without release of radiation.^[36]
• The Antarctic Conference opened in Washington with representatives of 12 nations in attendance. The Antarctic Treaty was signed on December 1 and became effective in 1961.^[37]
• Born: Sarah Ferguson ("Fergie"; later The Duchess of York; now Sarah, Duchess of York), in London; and Emeril Lagasse ("Emeril"), American chef and TV celebrity, in Fall River, Massachusetts
• Died: Phetsarath Rattanavongsa, 69, "vice king" of Laos; and Elliott White Springs, 63, World War I ace

October 16, 1959 (Friday)

• Lee Harvey Oswald arrived in Moscow on a six-day visa, and applied for Soviet citizenship. Coincidentally, he would begin work at the Texas School Book Depository four years to the day later, on October 16, 1963.^[38]
• Television was inaugurated in the State of Western Australia as TVW7 went on the air.^[39]

Marshall

• Died: George C. Marshall, 78, World War II general, United States Secretary of State 1947–49; Nobel Peace Prize, 1953, for the Marshall Plan

October 17, 1959 (Saturday)

• Belgian authorities in colonial Rwanda removed three Tutsi chiefs, Kayihura, Rwangombwa, and Mungalurire, for inciting their tribesmen to violence against the Hutu tribe.^[40]
• After 26 years and 9,477 performances at the Theatre Mart in Los Angeles, the William H. Smith temperance play The Drunkard closed.^[41]
• Born: Francisco Flores Pérez, President of El Salvador 1999–2004, in Santa Ana; Richard Roeper, American film critic, in Chicago; and Ron Drummond, American music historian, in Seattle

October 18, 1959 (Sunday)

• The X-3C, a circular wing hovercraft designed at Princeton University, made its first flight. Twenty feet in diameter and constructed of aluminum, the X-3C has been described as the closest approximation to a flying saucer.^[42]
• Former President Harry S. Truman appeared in a series of comic sketches on The Jack Benny Program. Critics disagreed on whether the dignity of the American presidency had been compromised.^[43]
• Died: Boughera El Ouafi, 61, Algerian runner and 1928 Olympic marathon winner (murdered)

October 19, 1959 (Monday)

• The Miracle Worker, starring Anne Bancroft as Annie Sullivan and Patty Duke as Helen Keller, opened on Broadway at the (now closed) Playhouse Theatre. The production won a Tony Award for the best play, best dramatic actress (for Bancroft), and best director (Arthur Penn).^[44]

October 20, 1959 (Tuesday)

• The University of Oxford revised its rules to elevate its five affiliated women's colleges (Lady Margaret Hall or LMH, Somerville, St Anne's, St Hugh's and St Hilda's) to equal status with its men's colleges.^[45]
• Died: Werner Krauss, 75, German film actor

October 21, 1959 (Wednesday)

The Guggenheim

• The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, popularly referred to as "the Guggenheim", opened in New York. The art museum, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright, is built in the form of a spiral.^[46]
• After being told to leave the U.S.S.R., Lee Harvey Oswald slashed his wrists at his Moscow hotel room. His life was saved after Rima Shirokova found Oswald unconscious and had him taken to the Botkinskaya Hospital.^[47]
• Major Pedro Diaz Lanz, who had been chief of the Cuban Air Force until defecting in July, flew an airplane from Florida and dropped thousands of leaflets over Havana, then returned to the U.S. In the chaos that followed, 2 people died and 45 were injured, and Fidel Castro charged that the United States had bombed Cuba.^[48]
• Wernher von Braun's team of rocket scientists was transferred from the Army Ballistic Missile Agency to NASA.^[49]
• Ten members of India's Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) were killed near Ladakh at Hot Springs, while defending an incursion by soldiers from neighboring China. The other members of the 21 man patrol were taken prisoner, though later released. October 21 is now observed as Police Commemoration Day throughout India.^[50]
• Born: Ken Watanabe, Japanese film actor (The Last Samurai), in Koide; and Tony Ganios, American actor (Porky's), in Brooklyn

October 22, 1959 (Thursday)

• Rioting broke out in San'ya, the ghetto area of Tokyo, as a crowd of about 300 attacked the local police station.^[51]
• The Franco-German Extradition Treaty, adopted in 1951, went into effect.^[52]
• VES (vesicular exanthema of swine), which had caused a 15-month-long epizootic in 1952 and 1953, was declared to be eradicated.^[53]
• Died: Joseph Cahill, 68, Premier of New South Wales 1952–59

October 23, 1959 (Friday)

• India and Pakistan signed an agreement that provided that any border disputes would be submitted to "an impartial tribunal consisting of three members".^[54]
• The Mummy, the most popular horror film to that time, was released in American theaters.^[55]
• Born: "Weird Al" Yankovic, American singer and parodist, in Lynwood, California

October 24, 1959 (Saturday)

• Cuba instituted Law 851, nationalizing more than 150 American investments, including the hotels, casinos and racetrack. Foreign tourism, which had been nearly 275,000 in 1957, fell to 87,000 by 1960.^[56]
• Playboy's Penthouse began a brief run on syndicated television. Broadcast live from Chicago, the program was in the format of a cocktail party hosted by Hugh Hefner. Besides increasing sales of the magazine, the program paved the way to the creation of the Playboy Clubs.^[57]

October 25, 1959 (Sunday)

• A propeller driven plane served as Air Force One for the last time. President Eisenhower flew from Augusta, Georgia, back to Washington on the "Columbine", a VC-121E Super Constellation.^[58]
• The shrine "Our Lady of the Highways" was dedicated on Route 66 in Litchfield, Illinois, for travelers who wished to seek the assistance of the Virgin Mary on their journeys.^[59]
• Born: Christina Amphlett, Australian singer (Divinyls), in Geelong, Victoria

October 26, 1959 (Monday)

• Earth's residents were able to see the far side of the Moon for the first time, as photographs from the Lunik 3 satellite were released by the Soviet Union.^[60]
• The Plymouth Valiant was unveiled by Chrysler, not in Detroit but at the International Motor Show in London.^[61]
• Born: Evo Morales, President of Bolivia since 2006, in Orinoca; and Brian Bovell, British actor, in London

October 27, 1959 (Tuesday)

• More than 1,000 people in Mexico were killed by a hurricane that struck the states of Colima and Jalisco. The town of Minatitlán was heaviest hit, with winds, floods and landslides.^[62]
• Pakistan's President Muhammad Ayub Khan instituted the program he called "Basic Democracy", whereby the nation would be divided into 80,000 constituencies, each of which would elect its own representative. These 80,000 persons would elect members of parliament and provincial legislatures, as well as the President, and would carry out governmental programs.^[63]
• Born: Rick Carlisle, American NBA player, later coach of the NBA 2010-11 champion Dallas Mavericks; in Ogdensburg, New York

October 28, 1959 (Wednesday)

• The synthetic fabric spandex (trademarked as Lycra) was introduced by DuPont, relying upon a "Fiber K", a synthetic elastomer that was lighter and more durable than conventional elastic, making it ideal for swimsuits.^[64]
• U.S. Senator John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts began the planning of a presidential run with a meeting at Bobby Kennedy's home in Hyannisport.^[65]

October 29, 1959 (Thursday)

Cienfuegos

Sri Savang Vatthana

• Camilo Cienfuegos, the 26-year-old Commander of Cuba's revolutionary army, took off in a Cessna 310 from Camagüey, bound for Havana, along with three other people. The airplane vanished without a trace, although a bulletin on November 4 from Cuba announced that Cienfuegos had been found on "an island off southern Cuba".^[66] Cienfuegos was later celebrated as a Cuban martyr.^[67]
• The character of Astérix the Gaul made his debut, appearing in the first regular issue of the comic magazine Pilote.^[68]
• The Arkansas State Press, an African-American weekly newspaper founded in 1941 by Lucious Bates, published its last issue. During its 14 years, the newspaper had lobbied to end racial discrimination in Arkansas.^[69] 0
• Died: Sisavang Vong, 74, King of Laos, who had reigned since 1904, in Luang Phrabang. He was succeeded by Crown Prince Savang Vatthana, who would be the last monarch.^[70]

October 30, 1959 (Friday)

• In Stanleyville (now Kisangani), thirty African protesters were killed when colonial soldiers in the Belgian Congo dispersed a protest march made by Patrice Lumumba's Congolese National Movement, and Lumumba was arrested.^[71]
• The Alabama Polytechnic Institute was formally renamed as Auburn University.^[72]
• Piedmont Airlines Flight 349, en route from Washington DC crashed into a mountain near Crozet, Virginia, near the plane's destination of Charlottesville, killing 23 of the 24 people on board. The lone survivor, Phil Bradley, was located after 36 hours, and participated in the dedication of a memorial on the 50th anniversary of the disaster.^[73]
• Died: War Admiral, 25, Triple Crown winning horse in 1937

October 31, 1959 (Saturday)

• The first American ICBM to carry a nuclear warhead was created when the 576th Flight Test Squadron armed an Atlas D missile at the Vandenberg Air Force Base, after which the missile was placed on alert.^[74]
• Television was seen in Africa for the first time, as the Western Nigeria Television Service started commercial broadcasting on WNTV in Ibadan.^[75]

Lee Oswald USMC

• Lee Harvey Oswald entered the U.S. Embassy in Moscow and told officer Richard Edward Snyder that he wished to renounce his American citizenship. Snyder accepted Oswald's passport and a written note, but told Oswald that further paperwork would need to be completed. Oswald did not complete the process and returned to the United States in 1962.^[76] News of the defection made the front pages of American newspapers four years before he would resurface as the accused assassin of John F. Kennedy.^[77]
• Born: Neal Stephenson, American sci-fi author (The Diamond Age) writer, in Fort Meade, Maryland

References