Varieties of English
According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, varieties of English include British English (including Irish English), American English and Canadian English, Australian/New Zealand English (listed together by EB), India-Pakistan English (also listed together), and African English (especially as spoken in Republic of South Africa).[1]
As a natural language
Major varieties of spoken English
English is spoken by large numbers of people in Africa, North America, the British Isles, Australia and New Zealand, and parts of Asia.
One million or more native speakers
Major English speaking countries/regions with one million native speakers or more include (data from Ethnologue[2] unless noted):
- American English 225M speakers (2010 census)
- Australian English 15.6M speakers (2006 census)
- British English 55.6M native speakers (2012)
- Canadian English 19.4M speakers (2011 census)
- Hiberno-English (Irish English) 4.27M speakers (2012)
- Hong Kong English c. 2.88M speakers (2001)[3]–3.1M (2011)[4] (English is co-official language there)
- 2011 HK census, 238,288 reported English as their "usual" language.[4]
- Jamaican English 2.6M native speakers[5]
- New Zealand English 3.82M speakers (2013 census)
- Singapore English 1.1M native (2010)
- South African English 4.89M native speakers (2011 census)
Millions of non-native speakers
Many countries have millions of non-native English speakers. International English is sometimes considered a distinct variation of English. The countries with substantial numbers of English speakers and their own varieties of English are listed below.
India
English is the first language of 230,000 people in India. English has 125 million speakers in India, more than any other language except Hindi.[6]
Nigeria
Nigeria was the third- or fourth-place English speaking country worldwide in 2000, behind the U.S., the U.K. and ahead of India if c. 30 million speakers of Nigerian Pidgin English are counted.[7][8]
As of 2010, there were 83 million speakers of English in Nigeria, with growth of approximately 6% per year. English is an official national language, and the de facto national language for business, government and education.[9]
Others
Other countries with 50 million or more speakers of English include Pakistan (Pakistani English) and the Philippines (Philippine English).
Pidgins and creoles
Pidgins and creoles exist which are based on, or incorporate, English, including Chinook Jargon (a mostly extinct trade language), American Indian Pidgin English, and Manglish (Malaysian English-Malay-Chinese-Tamil).
A pan-Asian English variation called Globalese has been described.[10]
As a constructed language
Several constructed languages exist based on English, which have never been adopted as a vernacular. These constructed languages include Basic English, E-Prime, Globish, Newspeak, Pure Saxon English,[11]:302 Special English, Simplified English, Synthetic English,[11]:309 Merican,[11]:310 and Inglish.[11]:313 Language scholars have stated that constructed languages are "no longer of practical use" with English as a de facto global language.[12]
Technical and occupational
English has been adopted in many fields of international endeavor. Specialized subsets of English are used in certain fields.
- Aviation and air traffic control – Aviation English (used for Air traffic control)[13][14][15]
- Computing – English in computing
- Maritime navigation – Seaspeak, Standard Marine Communication Phrases (see also MarTEL testing)
- Police and emergency services – PoliceSpeak
References
- ↑ Brittanica 1974.
- ↑ English at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
- ↑ Bolton 2002, p. 2.
- 1 2 HONG KONG GOVERNMENT'S CENSUS AND STATISTICS DEPARTMENT 2011
- ↑ Crystal 2003, p. 109.
- ↑ "Indiaspeak: English is our 2nd language", The Times of India, Mar 14, 2010
- ↑ Barbara Wallraff (November 2000), "What Global Language?", The Atlantic, retrieved 2015-10-22
- ↑ Ethnologue 2009
- ↑ Robert Pinon, Jon Haydon (2010), The Benefits of the English Language for Individuals and Societies: Quantitative Indicators from Cameroon, Nigeria, Rwanda, Bangladesh and Pakistan (PDF), Euromonitor International
- ↑ Nunan 2012, p. 186.
- 1 2 3 4 Okrent 2010.
- ↑ Fischer 2004, p. 181 "[T]he goal [of constructed languages] is no longer of practical use... Living languages are of far greater influence in the world ... world languages are emerging naturally for the first time in history. Indeed, the English language -- by historical circumstance, not by design -- presently counts more second-language speakers than any other tongue on Earth and numbers are growing."
- ↑ Sharkey, Joe (2012-05-21), "English Skills a Concern as Global Aviation Grows", The New York Times, retrieved 2015-10-22
- ↑ Millward, David (2008-03-05), "English to become compulsory for pilots", The Telegraph, retrieved 2015-10-22
- ↑ Hu, Claire (2014-02-26), Language of air travel: How traffic control keeps you safe, CNN, retrieved 2015-10-22
Books
- "English Language§Varieties of English", Encyclopædia Britannica (Fifth ed.), Vol. 6 Earth–Everglades, pp. 883–886, 1974
- Bolton, K. (2002), Hong Kong English: Autonomy and Creativity, Asian Englishes Today, Hong Kong University Press, ISBN 978-962-209-553-3, retrieved 2015-10-22
- Crystal, David (2003). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language (Second ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 109. ISBN 0-521-53033-4. Retrieved 2006-07-20.
- Fischer, Steven Roger (2004), History of Language, Reaktion Books, ISBN 978-1-86189-594-3
- Okrent, A. (2010), In the Land of Invented Languages: A Celebration of Linguistic Creativity, Madness, and Genius, Spiegel & Grau Trade Paperbacks, ISBN 978-0-8129-8089-9
- Nunan, David (2012), What Is This Thing Called Language?, Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 978-1-137-28499-0
External links
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Wikivoyage has a travel guide for English language varieties. |