Yugoslav torpedo boat T5
 T5's sister ship, T3 | |
| History | |
|---|---|
 Austria-Hungary | |
| Name: | 87 F |
| Builder: | Ganz & Danubius |
| Laid down: | 5 March 1914 |
| Launched: | 20 March 1915 |
| Commissioned: | 25 October 1915 |
| Out of service: | 1918 |
| Fate: | Assigned to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes |
 Kingdom of Yugoslavia | |
| Name: | T5 |
| Acquired: | March 1921 |
| Out of service: | April 1941 |
| Fate: | Captured by Italy |
_crowned.svg.png){kind=small} Italy | |
| Name: | T5 |
| Acquired: | April 1941 |
| Out of service: | September 1943 |
| Fate: | returned to Yugoslavia |
| Kingdom of Yugoslavia | |
| Name: | T5 |
| Acquired: | December 1943 |
| Out of service: | May 1945 |
 Yugoslavia | |
| Name: | Cer |
| Acquired: | May 1945 |
| Out of service: | 1962 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type: | 250t-class, F-group sea-going torpedo boat |
| Displacement: |
|
| Length: | 58.5 m (191 ft 11 in) |
| Beam: | 5.8 m (19 ft 0 in) |
| Draught: | 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) |
| Installed power: |
|
| Propulsion: |
|
| Speed: | 28 knots (52 km/h; 32 mph) |
| Range: | 1,200 nmi (2,200 km; 1,400 mi) at 16 knots (30 km/h; 18 mph) |
| Complement: | 38–41 |
| Armament: |
|
The Yugoslav torpedo boat T5 was a sea-going torpedo boat that was operated by the Royal Yugoslav Navy between 1921 and 1941. Originally built as 87 F, a 250t-class torpedo boat built for the Austro-Hungarian Navy in 1914–15, she was armed with two 66 mm (2.6 in) guns and four 450 mm (17.7 in) torpedo tubes, and could carry 10–12 naval mines. She saw active service during World War I, performing convoy, escort and minesweeping tasks, and anti-submarine operations. Following Austria-Hungary's defeat in 1918, 87 F was allocated to the Navy of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, which became the Royal Yugoslav Navy, and was renamed T5.
During the German-led Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941, the vessel was captured by the Italians and served with the Royal Italian Navy under her Yugoslav designation. Following the Italian capitulation in September 1943, she was returned to the Royal Yugoslav Navy-in-exile and served as T5. At the end of the war she was transferred to the new Yugoslav Navy and served as Cer until she was broken up in 1962.
Background
In 1910, the Austria-Hungary Naval Technical Committee initiated the design and development of a 275-long-ton (279 t) coastal torpedo boat, specifying that it should be capable of sustaining 30 knots (56 km/h) for 10 hours. This specification was based an expectation that the Strait of Otranto, where the Adriatic Sea meets the Ionian Sea, would be blockaded by hostile forces during a future conflict. In such circumstances, there would be a need for a torpedo boat that could sail from the Austro-Hungarian Navy (German: kaiserliche und königliche Kriegsmarine) base at the Bay of Kotor (Bocche di Cattaro) to the Strait during the night, locate and attack blockading ships and return to port before morning. Steam turbine power was selected for propulsion, as diesels with the necessary power were not available, and the Austro-Hungarian Navy did not have the practical experience to run turbo-electric boats. Stabilimento Tecnico Triestino (STT) of Trieste was selected for the contract to build the first eight vessels, designated the T-group. Another tender was requested for four more boats, but when Ganz & Danubius reduced their price by ten percent, a total of sixteen boats were ordered from them, designated the F-group.[1] The F-group designation signified the location of Ganz & Danubius' main shipyard at Fiume.[2]
Description and construction
The 250t-class F-group boats had a waterline length of 58.5 metres (191 ft 11 in), a beam of 5.8 m (19 ft 0 in), and a normal draught of 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in). While their designed displacement was 266 tonnes (262 long tons), they displaced about 330 tonnes (320 long tons) fully loaded.[2] The crew consisted of 38–41 officers and enlisted men.[2][1] The boats were powered by two AEG-Curtiss steam turbines driving two propellers, using steam generated by two Yarrow water-tube boilers,[1] one of which burned fuel oil and the other coal. The turbine was rated at 5,000 shaft horsepower (3,700 kW) with a maximum output of 6,000 shp (4,500 kW) and designed to reach a top speed of 28 knots (52 km/h; 32 mph).[2] They carried 20 tonnes (19.7 long tons) of coal and 34 tonnes (33.5 long tons) of fuel oil,[3] which gave them a range of 1,200 nautical miles (2,200 km; 1,400 mi) at 16 knots (30 km/h; 18 mph).[2] The F-group had two funnels rather than the single funnel of the T-group. Despite the specifications of the contract being very close to the requirements for the coastal torpedo boat, the Ganz & Danubius boats were classified as sea-going. The 250t-class were the first small Austro-Hungarian Navy boats to use turbines, and this contributed to ongoing problems with them.[1]
The boats were armed with two Škoda 66 mm (2.6 in) L/30[lower-alpha 1] guns, and four 450 mm (17.7 in) torpedo tubes.[1] They could also carry 10–12 naval mines.[2] Sixteen F-group boats were completed between October 1913 and December 1916, designated 82 – 97 F. 87 F (later designated T5) was laid down on 5 March 1914, launched on 20 March 1915 and completed on 25 October of that year.[4]
Career
World War I
During World War I, 87 F was used for convoy, escort and minesweeping tasks, and anti-submarine operations.[1] She also conducted patrols and supported seaplane raids against the Italian coast. Due to inadequate funding, 87 F and the rest of the 250t class were essentially coastal vessels, despite the original intention that they would be used for "high seas" operations.[5] In 1917, one of the 66 mm (2.6 in) guns on each boat was placed on an anti-aircraft mount.[2]
Interwar period
87 F survived the war intact.[1] In 1920, under the terms of the previous year's Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, she was allocated to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (KSCS, later Yugoslavia). Along with three other 250t-class F-group boats, 93 F, 96 F and 97 F, and four 250t-class T-group boats, she served with the Royal Yugoslav Navy (Serbo-Croatian: Kraljevska Jugoslovenska Ratna Mornarica, KJRM; Кpaљeвcкa Југословенска Pатна Морнарица). In KJRM service, 87 F was renamed T5.[2] In May – June 1929, six of the eight 250t-class torpedo boats accompanied the light cruiser Dalmacija, the submarine tender Hvar and the submarines Hrabri and Nebojša, on a cruise to Malta, the Greek island of Corfu in the Ionian Sea, and Bizerte in the French protectorate of Tunisia. It is not clear if T5 was one of the torpedo boats involved. The ships and crews made a very good impression while visiting Malta.[6] In 1932, the British naval attaché reported that Yugoslav ships engaged in few exercises, manoeuvres or gunnery training due to reduced budgets.[7]
World War II and post-war service
In April 1941, Yugoslavia entered World War II when it was invaded by the German-led Axis powers. At the time of the invasion, T5 was assigned to the 3rd Torpedo Division located at Šibenik, which included her three former F-group sisters.[8] On 8 April, the four boats of the 3rd Torpedo Division, along with other vessels, were tasked to support an attack on the Italian enclave of Zadar on the Dalmatia coast. They were subjected to three Italian air attacks and, after the last one, sailed from the area of Zaton into Lake Prokljan, where they remained until 11 April.[9] On 12 April, the 3rd Torpedo Division arrived at Milna on the island of Brač, and refused to follow orders to sail to the Bay of Kotor.[10] All four F-group boats were then captured by the Italians.[11]
T5 was then operated by the Italians under her Yugoslav designation, conducting coastal and second-line escort duties in the Adriatic. Her guns were replaced by two 76 mm (3.0 in) L/40 anti-aircraft guns,[12] but no other significant alterations was made to her.[13] After the Italians capitulated in September 1943, she was returned to the KJRM-in-exile in December of that year.[1] T5 was commissioned by the Yugoslav Navy after the war,[14] and renamed Cer. She was fitted with two 40 mm (1.6 in) guns on single mounts and one 20 mm (0.79 in) gun, and her torpedo tubes were also removed. She served until 1962, when she was broken up.[15]
See also
Notes
Footnotes
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Gardiner 1985, p. 339.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Greger 1976, p. 58.
- ↑ Jane's Information Group 1989, p. 313.
- ↑ Greger 1976, p. 60.
- ↑ O'Hara, Worth & Dickson 2013, pp. 26–27.
- ↑ Jarman 1997, p. 183.
- ↑ Jarman 1997, p. 451.
- ↑ Niehorster 2016.
- ↑ Terzić 1982, p. 333.
- ↑ Terzić 1982, p. 404.
- ↑ Greger 1976, pp. 58 & 60.
- ↑ Brescia 2012, p. 151.
- ↑ Chesneau 1980, p. 304.
- ↑ Chesneau 1980, p. 357.
- ↑ Gardiner 1983, p. 388.
References
- Brescia, Maurizio (2012). Mussolini's Navy. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-59114-544-8.
- Chesneau, Roger, ed. (1980). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships, 1922–1946. London, England: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 978-0-85177-146-5.
- Gardiner, Robert, ed. (1985). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships, 1906–1921. London, England: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 978-0-85177-245-5.
- Gardiner, Robert, ed. (1983). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships, 1947–1982. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-919-1.
- Greger, René (1976). Austro-Hungarian Warships of World War I. London, England: Allan. ISBN 978-0-7110-0623-2.
- Jane's Information Group (1989) [1946/47]. Jane's Fighting Ships of World War II. London, England: Studio Editions. ISBN 978-1-85170-194-0.
- Jarman, Robert L., ed. (1997). Yugoslavia political diaries 1918–1965. 2. Slough, Berkshire: Archives Edition. ISBN 978-1-85207-950-5.
- Niehorster, Dr. Leo (2016). "Balkan Operations Order of Battle Royal Yugoslavian Navy 6th April 1941". World War II Armed Forces: Orders of Battle and Organizations. Dr. Leo Niehorster. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
- O'Hara, Vincent; Worth, Richard; Dickson, W. (2013). To Crown the Waves: The Great Navies of the First World War. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-61251-269-3.
- Terzić, Velimir (1982). Slom Kraljevine Jugoslavije 1941: Uzroci i posledice poraza [The Collapse of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1941: Causes and Consequences of Defeat] (in Serbo-Croatian). 2. Belgrade, Yugoslavia: Narodna knjiga. OCLC 10276738.