Earnie Shavers

Earnie Shavers

Shavers in 2005
Statistics
Real name Earnie Dee Shaver
Nickname(s)
  • The Black Destroyer
  • The Acorn
  • Puncher of the Century
Rated at Heavyweight
Height 6 ft 0 in (183 cm)
Reach 79 in (201 cm)
Nationality American
Born (1944-08-31) August 31, 1944
Garland, Alabama, U.S.
Stance Orthodox
Boxing record
Total fights 89
Wins 74
Wins by KO 68
Losses 14
Draws 1

Earnie Dee Shaver (born August 31, 1944), best known as Earnie Shavers, is an American former professional boxer who competed from 1969 to 1995, and challenged twice for the world heavyweight title in 1977 and 1979. He is considered by many boxing experts to be the hardest puncher of all time, holding a 91.8% knockout-to-win ratio, and having knocked out 50 opponents in three rounds or less; 24 in the first round.

Shavers is best known for his fights with Larry Holmes and Muhammad Ali: despite losing these contests, he scored a heavy knockdown against Holmes, and had Ali badly hurt in the second round as well as during the final rounds of their fight. Shavers holds notable wins over heavyweight champions Jimmy Ellis and Ken Norton, as well as heavyweight contenders Jimmy Young and Joe Bugner.

Shavers officially retired from boxing in 1995. He released an autobiography about his life and boxing career, titled Welcome to the Big Time in 2001. Today, he attends boxing events as a special guest or autograph signer, and also works as a motivational speaker.

Amateur career

Prior to turning professional, Shavers had a short but notable amateur career. He was the 1969 National AAU Heavyweight champion.

Early professional career

Known as the "Black Destroyer", Shavers compiled an impressive record, winning 44 of his first 47 fights by knockout; mostly against unremarkable opposition. His KO streak included 27 consecutive knockouts, of which 20 victories were in the first round. He suffered setbacks with losses to Ron Stander and Stan Johnson.

He began to rise through the ranks of the heavyweight division after he hired a Cleveland-based promoter and ex-con named Don King to be his manager. His wins included a novice Jimmy Young who would later become a top contender. Stepping up the class of opposition, he came to public prominence with a first-round KO of one time WBA heavyweight champion Jimmy Ellis. His progress was halted when he was KO'd in the first round by Jerry Quarry which was followed by another loss to a journeyman Bob Stallings. Shavers then had a thunderous match with hard hitting Ron Lyle but was stopped after 6 brutal rounds. He then knocked out hard hitter Howard King and beat powerful prospect Roy Williams in a brutal back and forward battle in which Shavers was nearly knocked out. The match Shavers always said was one of the toughest of his whole career.

Shavers vs Ali

Shavers fought Muhammad Ali at Madison Square Garden on September 29, 1977.[1] Coming into the bout, Shavers had a record of 54-5-1, with 52 knockouts. Ali nicknamed Shavers "The Acorn" because of his shaved bald head, unlike early appearances. The fight was shown in prime time broadcast television by NBC, which rarely did prime time fights (ABC tended to get the Ali fights) and had the judges' scoring announced after each round to help avoid any controversial decision. Ali's cornerman Angelo Dundee had a crony (Baltimore matchmaker Eddie Hrica) in the dressing room watching the broadcast, and would get signals from his friend on the scoring. In the second round, Shavers hurt Ali badly with an overhand right. Ali exaggerated his motions enough that it seemed he might be play acting and Shavers hesitated. On the scorecard they exchanged rounds. Ali won the fifth decisively. To win the fight Ali had to survive the last three rounds. Shavers, whose stamina was suspect before the fight, came alive in the 13th round. In the 14th, he battered Ali about the ring. Before the 15th, (according to the story by Sports Illustrated's great boxing writer Pat Putnam) "Ali was on very wobbly legs."

Realizing Ali needed to last three more minutes, Dundee told him, "You don't look so good. You better go out and take this round." In a furious final round, the two men tagged each other, but Ali closed strongly, nearly dropping Shavers in the last 20 seconds. He won a unanimous decision. The next day, Garden Match Maker Teddy Brenner encouraged Ali to retire by stating the Garden would never make another offer to host an Ali fight. Brenner also thought that Shavers deserved the nod against Ali. The fight made the cover of Sports Illustrated, with "ALI'S DESPERATE HOUR" featuring a photograph of Shavers scoring with an overhand right.[2] Fight doctor Ferdie Pacheco also urged Ali to retire after noting the damage Ali had absorbed against Shavers. Ali later said Shavers was the hardest puncher he ever faced, famously stating "Earnie hit me so hard, it shook my kinfolk back in Africa" although Ali had previously used this amusing punch line in reference to various other hard hitting opponents.[3]

Shavers v Norton/Holmes

In a mandatory title challenge eliminator he knocked out former champion and Ali beater Ken Norton in the first round, possibly the best win of his career.

Shavers then fought for the title against skilled champion Larry Holmes at Caesars Palace in Pardise on September 29, 1979, exactly two years after his defeat by Ali. Shavers knocked Holmes down in round seven but was himself knocked out in round eleven after taking punishment. Holmes, known for his ability to take a punch, later said that Shavers' blow was the hardest he had ever taken in his career.

Later career

The Holmes bout was the last big match for Shavers. In 1980, he was knocked out in the seventh round by durable prospect Randall "Tex" Cobb. He never again fought for the world title. In 1982 he fought Joe Bugner, also on the comeback trail. Bugner was knocked down in the first but was stopped by cuts in the second round.

Shavers continued to fight professionally for several years, retiring in 1995 after losing to Brian Yates. Many thought he should have retired after his upset loss to lower contender Bernardo Mercado. Shavers suffered a similar retinal eye injury as boxer Sugar Ray Leonard.

Fighting style

Shavers was a heavy-handed puncher who stalked his opponents, setting them up for his thunderous right, which was responsible for many of his knockouts. Although Angelo Dundee in a Sports Illustrated mid 1970s article explained "He can get you out of there with any kind of shot," basically meaning left hook, right cross or right uppercut. Several famous tough chins had fallen to each of those punches. Bugner and Ellis to the uppercut.

At times lacking grace and accuracy, Earnie had a reputation for exhausting himself before round 7, this was probably due to insufficient training funds. Critics noted he rarely won a bout that went beyond 8 rounds. Well trained later, he fought Ali effectively for 15 rounds and later Holmes for 11.

Earnie would throw punches against any legal area he could reach, exposed or covered, relying on his tremendous power to wear down his opponents and exploiting any opening. His fighting stance produced a short and powerful image. His chin was his weakness. He could however "box" as well as slug. Notably, he injured his right hand early in a 10-round match against rated craftsman Henry Clark and so then nearly jabbed Clarke's head off, beating him at his own game as it were, to win on points.

Video and book

Shavers published a video of highlights of his career in 1992 titled Earnie D. Shavers, The hardest One-Punch Hitter, and later an autobiography.

Life after boxing

Shavers retired in 1983 after retinal problems were discovered. After retirement, he became an ordained Christian minister and moved to Phoenix, where he preached for many years. He moved to England to pastor a church there in the early 2000s. He has been on the Benny Hinn TV show several times.

During the early 1980s while preparing for the feature film Rocky III, Sylvester Stallone explored the possibility of using a real heavyweight boxer in the role of James "Clubber" Lang by inviting Earnie Shavers to spar with him. Shavers initially refused to hit Stallone with anything other than a soft jab. This frustrated Stallone, who asked Shavers, "C'mon Earnie, show me something real." Earnie responded by punching him once near the liver, forcing an immediate retirement; Stallone later said: "that nearly killed me. I went straight to the men's room and threw up".[4]

Shavers has visited Ali several times and he says he, Ali, and George Foreman have become very good friends over the years. Shavers accepted the invitation of the Full Gospel Business Men's Fellowship International[5] to preach at the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester.

Earnie also works in Liverpool in the UK, as head of security at Hannahs' bar, where he is very much respected. The staff of Hannah's bar say that he does not work there now. Until five years ago (2009) he worked at Yates' Wine Lodge in Liverpool "meeting and greeting". On occasion Shavers was a troubleshooting referee in professional wrestling after his retirement.

He is also a Patron of The Shannon Bradshaw Trust,[6] a children's charity based in Warrington, Cheshire, helping children with life-threatening conditions, and their families.

Earnie speaks to pupils at Barr Beacon Language College in Walsall. Earnie also gave a speech 26 February 2008 at The Streetly School in Walsall, which was based upon helping kids make the right decisions in life.

Personal life

Shavers was married to Laverne Payne and has five daughters from their union, Tamara, Cynthia, Catherine, Carla, and Amy. He also has four daughters from other unions, Catherine, Lisa, Natasha and Latonya. He has 24 grandchildren. He worked at General Motors in Lordstown, Ohio in the late 1960s. Shavers made a guest appearance on the Irish TV programme The Late Late Show hosted by Ron Lyle where the two fighters discussed their previous bout that had happened a month earlier. Shavers was a frequent visitor to the pub "Roddy Bolands" in Dublin. There is a signed picture of Shavers drinking a pint of Guinness on the wall there.

Comeback

Shavers made a short comeback in the late 1980s and early 1990s. After a few wins and losses he retired in 1995 after being KO'd by Brian Yates in round 2.

In 2003, Shavers was ranked number 10 among boxing's greatest punchers in history by The Ring. Within the sport of boxing, he is widely considered to be the hardest puncher of all time.

Shavers finished his career in 1995 with a record of 74 wins (68 by knockout, 23 inside the first round), 14 losses and 1 draw.

Professional boxing record

Professional record summary
89 fights 74 wins 14 losses
By knockout 68 7
By decision 6 6
By disqualification 0 1
Draws 1
No. Result Record Opponent Type Round, time Date Location Notes
89 Loss 74–14–1 United States Brian Yates KO 2 (10), 2:49 Nov 24, 1995 United States Ho-Chunk Casino, Wisconsin Dells, Wisconsin, U.S.
88 Win 74–13–1 United States Brian Morgan MD 8 Sep 19, 1995 United States Georgetowne Club, Omaha, Nebraska, U.S.
87 Win 73–13–1 United States Larry Sims KO 2 (10), 1:30 May 16, 1987 United States Technical College Gymnasium, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.
86 Loss 72–13–1 United States George Chaplin DQ 9 (10), 2:41 Mar 1, 1983 United States Civic Center, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S. Shavers disqualified for low blows
85 Win 72–12–1 United States Rahim Muhammad PTS 10 Jan 29, 1983 United States El Paso, Texas, U.S.
84 Win 71–12–1 United States Tony Perea KO 7 (10) Nov 5, 1982 United States El Paso, Texas, U.S.
83 Win 70–12–1 United States Phil Clinard TKO 2 (8), 1:05 Oct 14, 1982 United States Duke's Country, Tulsa, Oklahoma, U.S.
82 Win 69–12–1 United States Chuck Gardner KO 2 (10), 2:07 Sep 5, 1982 United States Wales, Wisconsin, U.S.
81 Loss 68–12–1 United States Walter Santemore UD 10 Aug 17, 1982 United States Blackham Coliseum, Lafayette, Louisiana, U.S.
80 Win 68–11–1 United States Billy Joe Thomas KO 5 (10) Jun 22, 1982 United States Astroarena, Houston, Texas, U.S.
79 Loss 67–11–1 United States James Tillis UD 10 Jun 11, 1982 United States Caesars Palace, Paradise, Nevada, U.S.
78 Win 67–10–1 United States Danny Sutton TKO 7 (10) May 15, 1982 United States USS Yorktown (CV-10), Charleston, South Carolina, U.S.
77 Win 66–10–1 United Kingdom Joe Bugner TKO 2 (10), 2:14 May 8, 1982 United States Reunion Arena, Dallas, Texas, U.S.
76 Win 65–10–1 United States Ali Haakim PTS 10 Apr 22, 1982 United States Grand Traverse Hilton, Traverse City, Michigan, U.S.
75 Win 64–10–1 United States Jeff Sims KO 5 (10), 1:34 Dec 11, 1981 The Bahamas Queen Elizabeth Sports Centre, Nassau, Bahamas
74 Win 63–10–1 United States Mike Rodgers KO 2 (10), 1:38 Sep 9, 1981 United States Civic Center, Lansing, Michigan, U.S.
73 Win 62–10–1 United States Terry Mims KO 2 (10), 1:35 Jul 29, 1981 United States Civic Center, Saginaw, Michigan, U.S.
72 Win 61–10–1 United States Ted Wadkins TKO 2 (10), 1:30 Oct 17, 1980 United States Auditorium, West Palm Beach, Florida, U.S.
71 Loss 60–10–1 United States Randall Cobb TKO 8 (10), 2:19 Aug 2, 1980 United States Joe Louis Arena, Detroit, Michigan, U.S.
70 Win 60–9–1 United States Leroy Boone UD 10 Jun 14, 1980 United States Riverfront Coliseum, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.
69 Loss 59–9–1 Colombia Bernardo Mercado TKO 7 (10), 0:41 Aug 2, 1980 United States The Great Gorge Playboy Club Hotel, Vernon Township, New Jersey, U.S.
68 Loss 59–8–1 United States Larry Holmes TKO 11 (15), 2:00 Sep 28, 1979 United States Caesars Palace, Paradise, Nevada, U.S. For WBC heavyweight title
67 Win 59–7–1 United States Virgin Islands Eddie Parotte TKO 3 (10) May 25, 1979 United States Coliseum, Richfield, Ohio, U.S.
66 Win 58–7–1 United States Ken Norton TKO 1 (12), 1:58 Mar 23, 1979 United States Las Vegas Hilton, Winchester, Nevada, U.S.
65 Win 57–7–1 United States Harold Carter KO 3 (10) Dec 4, 1978 United States Civic Center, Saginaw, Michigan, U.S.
64 Win 56–7–1 United States John Girowski KO 4 (10), 1:48 Oct 9, 1978 United States Coliseum, Hampton, Virginia, U.S.
63 Win 55–7–1 United States Harry Terrell RTD 1 (10) Jul 20, 1978 United States The Dome Civic Center, Virginia Beach, Virginia, U.S.
62 Loss 54–7–1 United States Larry Holmes UD 12 Mar 25, 1978 United States Caesars Palace, Paradise, Nevada, U.S.
61 Loss 54–6–1 United States Muhammad Ali UD 15 Sep 29, 1977 United States Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, U.S. For WBA, WBC, The Ring, and lineal heavyweight titles
60 Win 54–5–1 United States Howard Smith KO 2 (10), 2:18 Apr 16, 1977 United States The Aladdin, Paradise, Nevada, U.S.
59 Win 53–5–1 United States Roy Williams KO 10 (10), 2:46 Dec 11, 1976 United States The Aladdin, Paradise, Nevada, U.S.
58 Win 52–5–1 United States Henry Clark TKO 2 (10), 2:19 Sep 28, 1976 United States Yankee Stadium, New York City, New York, U.S.
57 Win 51–5–1 United States Henry Clark PTS 10 Mar 28, 1976 France Pavillon de Paris, Paris, France
56 Win 50–5–1 United States Tommy Howard KO 3 (10), 2:00 Nov 13, 1975 United States Howard Johnson's, Monroeville, Pennsylvania, U.S.
55 Loss 49–5–1 United States Ron Lyle TKO 6 (12), 0:47 Sep 13, 1975 United States Coliseum, Denver, Colorado, U.S.
54 Win 49–4–1 Jamaica Oliver Wright TKO 3 (10), 1:55 May 8, 1975 United States Steelworkers Hall, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.
53 Win 48–4–1 United States Rochell Norris TKO 10 (10), 0:31 Apr 9, 1975 United States Broome County Veterans Memorial Arena, Binghamton, New York, U.S.
52 Win 47–4–1 United States Leon Shaw KO 1 (10), 2:55 Feb 11, 1975 United States Sports Stadium, Orlando, Florida, U.S.
51 Draw 46–4–1 United States Jimmy Young SD 10 Nov 26, 1974 United States Capital Centre, Landover, Maryland, U.S.
50 Loss 46–4 United States Bob Stallings UD 10 Nov 4, 1974 United States Felt Forum, New York City, New York, U.S.
49 Win 46–3 United States Roy Wallace KO 1 (10), 2:11 May 16, 1974 United States Civic Auditorium, San Jose, California, U.S.
48 Loss 45–3 United States Jerry Quarry TKO 1 (10), 2:21 Dec 14, 1973 United States Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, U.S.
47 Win 45–2 United States Jimmy Ellis KO 1 (10), 2:39 Jun 18, 1973 United States Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, U.S.
46 Win 44–2 United States Harold Carter KO 1 (10), 2:10 May 12, 1973 Canada Windsor Arena, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
45 Win 43–2 United States Jimmy Young TKO 3 (10), 2:59 Feb 19, 1973 United States Spectrum, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
44 Win 42–2 United States Leroy Caldwell KO 2 (10), 2:00 Oct 25, 1972 United States High School Gym, Newton Falls, Ohio, U.S.
43 Win 41–2 United States A J Staples TKO 1 (10), 2:12 Sep 22, 1972 United States Moonlight Gardens Ballroom, Canton, Ohio, U.S.
42 Win 40–2 Venezuela Vicente Rondón UD 10 Aug 26, 1972 United States Memorial Auditorium, Canton, Ohio, U.S.
41 Win 39–2 United States Lou Bailey KO 2 (10), 1:07 May 5, 1972 United States Armory, Akron, Ohio, U.S.
40 Win 38–2 Canada Bob Felstein TKO 5 (10), 2:38 Apr 22, 1972 United States Fieldhouse, Struthers, Ohio, U.S.
39 Win 37–2 United States Charley Polite KO 3 (10), 0:50 Apr 6, 1972 United States Packard Music Hall, Warren, Ohio, U.S.
38 Win 36–2 United States Elgie Walters KO 2 (10), 0:20 Feb 15, 1972 United States Beaumont, Texas, U.S.
37 Win 35–2 United States Ted Gullick KO 6 (10) Feb 1, 1972 United States Packard Music Hall, Warren, Ohio, U.S.
36 Win 34–2 United States Del Morris KO 3 (10), 2:40 Nov 28, 1971 United States Bryant, South Dakota, U.S.
35 Win 33–2 United States Cleo Daniels KO 2 (10) Nov 23, 1971 United States Packard Music Hall, Warren, Ohio, U.S.
34 Win 32–2 United States Elmo Henderson KO 4 (10), 2:35 Oct 28, 1971 United States Sahara Tahoe, Stateline, Nevada, U.S.
33 Win 31–2 United States Charlie Boston KO 2 (10), 1:55 Oct 16, 1971 United States Dean Chance Gymnasium, Akron, Ohio, U.S.
32 Win 30–2 United States Pat Duncan KO 5 (10) Sep 28, 1971 United States Primadonna, Reno, Nevada, U.S. Won vacant Nevada State heavyweight title
31 Win 29–2 United States Richard Pittman KO 1 (10) Aug 11, 1971 United States Silver Slipper, Paradise, Nevada, U.S.
30 Win 28–2 United States Bill McMurray KO 1 (10), 2:56 Jul 13, 1971 United States Sahara Tahoe, Stateline, Nevada, U.S.
29 Win 27–2 United States Bill Hardney KO 1 (10), 1:52 Jun 29, 1971 United States Western Reserve Field, Warren, Ohio, U.S.
28 Win 26–2 United States Chuck Leslie KO 10 (10), 1:15 Jun 10, 1971 United States Sahara Tahoe, Stateline, Nevada, U.S.
27 Win 25–2 United States Willie Johnson TKO 4 (10), 0:33 Apr 24, 1971 United States Curtis Hixon Hall, Tampa, Florida, U.S.
26 Win 24–2 United States Mac Harrison KO 2 (10), 1:16 Apr 21, 1971 United States Dean Chance Gymnasium, Akron, Ohio, U.S.
25 Win 23–2 Nigeria Young Agabab KO 1 (10) Mar 24, 1971 United States Silver Slipper, Paradise, Nevada, U.S.
24 Win 22–2 United States Steve Carter TKO 1 (10) Mar 3, 1971 United States Silver Slipper, Paradise, Nevada, U.S.
23 Win 21–2 United States Dick Gosha TKO 5 (10), 2:38 Feb 17, 1971 United States Armory, Akron, Ohio, U.S.
22 Win 20–2 United States Johnny Mac KO 3 (10) Feb 3, 1971 United States Silver Slipper, Paradise, Nevada, U.S.
21 Win 19–2 United States Nat Shaver KO 1 (6) Jan 15, 1971 United States Convention Center, Miami Beach, Florida, U.S.
20 Win 18–2 United States Lee Estes KO 2 (8) Jan 6, 1971 United States Silver Slipper, Paradise, Nevada, U.S.
19 Win 17–2 United States Bunky Akins KO 1 (6), 0:59 Dec 7, 1970 United States Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, U.S.
18 Win 16–2 United States Johnny Mac TKO 4 (8) Nov 18, 1970 United States Fitch High School Gym, Austintown, Ohio, U.S.
17 Win 15–2 United States John Hudgins KO 1 (6), 0:55 Oct 14, 1970 United States Moonlight Gardens Ballroom, Canton, Ohio, U.S.
16 Win 14–2 United States Don Branch KO 1 (6) Sep 12, 1970 United States Cooper Stadium, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.
15 Win 13–2 United States Jim Daniels KO 1 (10) Aug 29, 1970 United States Fitch High School Gym, Austintown, Ohio, U.S.
14 Loss 12–2 United States Ron Stander KO 5 (8), 0:52 May 11, 1970 United States Civic Auditorium, Omaha, Nebraska, U.S.
13 Win 12–1 United States Frank Smith KO 4 (6) Apr 14, 1970 United States Moonlight Gardens Ballroom, Canton, Ohio, U.S.
12 Win 11–1 United States Ron Asher KO 1 (8), 0:58 Mar 23, 1970 United States Fitch High School Gym, Austintown, Ohio, U.S.
11 Win 10–1 United States Art Miller TKO 1 (6), 2:41 Mar 10, 1970 United States Moonlight Gardens Ballroom, Canton, Ohio, U.S.
10 Win 9–1 United States Abe Brown TKO 5 (6), 1:35 Jan 27, 1970 United States Sports Stadium, Orlando, Florida, U.S.
9 Win 8–1 United States Joe Byrd TKO 3 (6), 1:35 Jan 24, 1970 United States Memorial Auditorium, Canton, Ohio, U.S.
8 Win 7–1 United States Abe Brown TKO 1 (6), 1:44 Jan 7, 1970 United States Armory, Akron, Ohio, U.S.
7 Win 6–1 United States Chico Froncano KO 1 (4), 2:05 Dec 18, 1969 United States Memorial Auditorium, Canton, Ohio, U.S.
6 Win 5–1 United States Gene Idelette KO 2 (6) Dec 9, 1969 United States Sports Stadium, Orlando, Florida, U.S.
5 Win 4–1 United States J. D. McCauley KO 2 (4), 2:18 Dec 4, 1969 United States Armory, Akron, Ohio, U.S.
4 Win 3–1 United States Lee Roy KO 3 (6), 2:20 Nov 21, 1969 United States Municipal Auditorium, Rapid City, South Dakota, U.S.
3 Loss 2–1 United States Stan Johnson UD 4 Nov 13, 1969 United States Ice Arena, Seattle, Washington, U.S.
2 Win 2–0 United States George Holden KO 1 (6), 1:01 Nov 11, 1969 United States Sports Stadium, Orlando, Florida, U.S.
1 Win 1–0 United States Silas Howell TKO 1 (4), 2:20 Nov 6, 1969 United States Armory, Akron, Ohio, U.S. Professional debut

Titles in boxing

Amateur titles
Previous:
George Foreman
United States heavyweight champion
1969
Next:
Ron Lyle
Regional titles
New title Nevada State heavyweight champion
September 28, 1971 – October 1978
Vacated
Vacant
Title next held by
Mike Weaver

References

  1. Mulvaney, Kieran (2011-11-28). "Remembering Ron Lyle". ESPN. Retrieved 2012-03-15.
  2. Keown, Tim (2012-01-17). "70 reasons to celebrate Muhammad Ali". ESPN. Retrieved 2012-01-17.
  3. Bob Westerdale (2007-09-04). "Junior's close Shave with ring legend Ernie". The Star. Retrieved 2008-02-07.
  4. Romano, Frederick V. (August 27, 2004). The boxing filmography: American features, 1920–2003. McFarland & Company. p. 171. ISBN 978-0-7864-1793-3.
  5. Full Gospel Business Men's Fellowship International FGBMFI UK & Ireland empower men for life
  6. Shannon Bradshaw Trust
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