Fast atom bombardment

Schematic of a fast atom bombardment ion source for a mass spectrometer.

Fast atom bombardment (FAB) is an ionization technique used in mass spectrometry in which a beam of high energy atoms strikes a surface to create ions.[1][2][3] It was developed by Michael Barber at the University of Manchester.[4] When a beam of high energy ions is used instead of atoms (as in secondary ion mass spectrometry), the method is known as liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry (LSIMS).[5][6][7] In FAB and LSIMS, the material to be analyzed is mixed with a non-volatile chemical protection environment, called a matrix, and is bombarded under vacuum with a high energy (4000 to 10,000 electron volts) beam of atoms. The atoms are typically from an inert gas such as argon or xenon. Common matrices include glycerol, thioglycerol, 3-nitrobenzyl alcohol (3-NBA), 18-crown-6 ether, 2-nitrophenyloctyl ether, sulfolane, diethanolamine, and triethanolamine. This technique is similar to secondary ion mass spectrometry and plasma desorption mass spectrometry.

Ionization mechanism

Schematic of the fast atom bombardment process.

FAB is a relatively low fragmentation (soft) ionization technique and produces primarily intact protonated molecules denoted as [M + H]+ and deprotonated molecules such as [M - H]−. The nature of its ionization mechanism is similar to matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)[8][9] and chemical ionization.[10]

Continuous flow fast atom bombardment

In continuous flow fast atom bombardment (CF-FAB), the sample is introduced into the mass spectrometer insertion probe through a small diameter capillary.[11] When a metal frit is used to disperse the liquid on the probe, the technique is known as frit FAB.[12][13] Samples can be introduced by flow injection, microdialysis, or by coupling with liquid chromatography.[14] Flow rates are typically between 1 and 20 µL/min.[12] CF-FAB has a higher sensitivity compared to static FAB[15]

Applications

ThermoQuest AvantGarde MS with quadrupole detector and FAB/EI source.

The first example of the practical application of this FAB was the elucidation of the amino acid sequence of the oligopeptide efrapeptin D. This contained a variety of very unusual amino acid residues.[16] The sequence was shown to be: N-acetyl-L-pip-AIB-L-pip-AIB-AIB-L-leu-beta-ala-gly-AIB-AIB-L-pip-AIB-gly-L-leu-L-iva-AIB-X. PIP = pipecolic acid, AIB = alpha-amino-isobutyric acid, leu = leucine, iva = isovaline, gly = glycine. This is a potent inhibitor of mitochodrial ATPase activity.

References

  1. ↑ Morris HR, Panico M, Barber M, Bordoli RS, Sedgwick RD, Tyler A (1981). "Fast atom bombardment: a new mass spectrometric method for peptide sequence analysis". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 101 (2): 623–31. doi:10.1016/0006-291X(81)91304-8. PMID 7306100.
  2. ↑ Barber, Michael; Bordoli, Robert S.; Elliott, Gerard J.; Sedgwick, R. Donald; Tyler, Andrew N. (1982). "Fast Atom Bombardment Mass Spectrometry". Analytical Chemistry. 54 (4): 645A–657A. doi:10.1021/ac00241a817. ISSN 0003-2700.
  3. ↑ Barber M, Bordoli RS, Sedgewick RD, Tyler AN (1981). "Fast atom bombardment of solids (F.A.B.): a new ion source for mass spectrometry". Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications (7): 325–7. doi:10.1039/C39810000325.
  4. ↑ Barber, M.; Bordoli, R.S.; Sedgewick, R.D.; Tyler, A.N., Nature, 293, 1981, pp270-275
  5. ↑ Stoll, R.G.; Harvan, D.J.; Hass, J.R. (1984). "Liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry with a focussed primary ion source". International Journal of Mass Spectrometry and Ion Processes. 61 (1): 71–79. Bibcode:1984IJMSI..61...71S. doi:10.1016/0168-1176(84)85118-6. ISSN 0168-1176.
  6. ↑ Dominic M. Desiderio (14 November 1990). Mass Spectrometry of Peptides. CRC Press. pp. 174–. ISBN 978-0-8493-6293-4.
  7. ↑ De Pauw, E.; Agnello, A.; Derwa, F. (1991). "Liquid matrices for liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry-fast atom bombardment: An update". Mass Spectrometry Reviews. 10 (4): 283–301. doi:10.1002/mas.1280100402. ISSN 0277-7037.
  8. ↑ Pachuta, Steven J.; Cooks, R. G. (1987). "Mechanisms in molecular SIMS". Chemical Reviews. 87 (3): 647–669. doi:10.1021/cr00079a009. ISSN 0009-2665.
  9. ↑ Tomer KB (1989). "The development of fast atom bombardment combined with tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of biomolecules". Mass Spectrometry Reviews. 8 (6): 445–82. doi:10.1002/mas.1280080602.
  10. ↑ Székely, Gabriella; Allison, John (1997). "If the ionization mechanism in fast-atom bombardment involves ion/molecule reactions, what are the reagent ions? The time dependence of fast-atom bombardment mass spectra and parallels to chemical ionization". Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry. 8 (4): 337–351. doi:10.1016/S1044-0305(97)00003-2. ISSN 1044-0305.
  11. ↑ Caprioli, Richard M. (1990). "Continuous-flow fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry". Analytical Chemistry. 62 (8): 477A–485A. doi:10.1021/ac00207a715. ISSN 0003-2700.
  12. 1 2 Jürgen H Gross (14 February 2011). Mass Spectrometry: A Textbook. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 494–. ISBN 978-3-642-10709-2.
  13. ↑ Caprioli, R. M. (1990). Continuous-flow fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. New York: Wiley. ISBN 0-471-92863-1.
  14. ↑ Abian, J. (1999). "The coupling of gas and liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry". Journal of Mass Spectrometry. 34 (3): 157–168. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-9888(199903)34:3<157::AID-JMS804>3.0.CO;2-4. ISSN 1076-5174.
  15. ↑ Tomer, K. B.; Perkins, J. R.; Parker, C. E.; Deterding, L. J. (1991-12-01). "Coaxial continuous flow fast atom bombardment for higher-molecular-weight peptides: comparison with static fast atom bombardment and electrospray ionization". Biological Mass Spectrometry. 20 (12): 783–788. doi:10.1002/bms.1200201207. ISSN 1052-9306. PMID 1812988.
  16. ↑ Bullough,D.A., Jackson C.G.,Henderson, P.J.F., Cottee, F.H.,Beechey,R.B. and Linnett, P.E. Biochemistry International (1981) 4, 543-549
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